Pairs Of Metacentric Chromosomes Research Articles

Karyotypes and Physical Mapping of Ribosomal DNA with Oligo-Probes in Eranthis sect. Eranthis (Ranunculaceae).

A comparative karyotype analysis of four species of yellow-flowered Eranthis sect. Eranthis, i.e., E. bulgarica, E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata from different areas, has been carried out for the first time. All the studied specimens had somatic chromosome number 2n = 16 with basic chromosome number x = 8. Karyotypes of the investigated plants included five pairs of metacentric chromosomes and three pairs of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes. The chromosome sets of the investigated species differ mainly in the ratio of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes, their relative lengths, and arm ratios. A new oligonucleotide probe was developed and tested to detect 45S rDNA clusters. Using this probe and an oligonucleotide probe to 5S rDNA, 45S and 5S rDNA clusters were localized for the first time on chromosomes of E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata. Major 45S rDNA clusters were identified on satellite chromosomes in all the species; in E. cilicica, minor clusters were also identified in the terminal regions of one metacentric chromosome pair. The number and distribution of 5S rDNA clusters is more specific. In E. cilicica, two major clusters were identified in the pericentromeric region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes. Two major clusters in the pericentromeric region of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes and two major clusters in the interstitial region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes were observed in E. longistipitata. E. hyemalis has many clusters of different sizes, localized mainly in the pericentromeric regions. Summarizing new data on the karyotype structure of E. sect. Eranthis and previously obtained data on E. sect. Shibateranthis allowed conclusions to be formed about the clear interspecific karyological differences of the genus Eranthis.

KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS OF PACHIRA (PACHIRA AQUATICA)

Pachira aquatica belongs to the Bombacaceae group, the clades in the family Malvaceae. The subfamily contains about 304 species, most with high economic and medicinal values. Considering their importance, some of the plants attained special cultural status. Pachira comes from Central America and South America, introduced and spread to Europe, Africa, and Asia. The diversity of plant morphology can result from environmental factors interacting with genetic features, then expressed as phenotypes. Geographic isolation can prevent gene flow between populations. Geographic separation allows mutations to occur, and natural selection and genetic drift can alter allele frequencies differently in separate populations leading to allopatric speciation. The present study aims to determine the characteristics and chromosomal composition of P. aquatica. This study used the squashing method, often employed to obtain chromosomes by squeezing the preparations. The results showed that the number of chromosomes of pachira was 2n = 66. The chromosome length of pachira ranged from 0.812±0.009 to 1.955±0.009 μm. The chromosome shape of pachira is metacentric. The karyotype arrangement of pachira is 2n = 2× = 29m + 4sm, where 2n equals to 29 pairs of metacentric chromosomes and four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) of the chromosome of pachira scored at 0.19±0.001, with the value of the interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2) at 0.224±0.021.

First karyotype description of the species of Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 (Anura, Leptodactylidae) in the " thomei" clade.

The genus Adenomera Steindachner, 1867 currently comprises 29 nominal species, some of which are suggested to be cryptic species complexes. The present study was carried out with specimens of the "thomei" clade that encompasses three taxa distributed in the Atlantic Forest biome: Adenomerathomei Almeida et Angulo, 2006, Adenomera sp. L., and Adenomera sp. M. We used classical cytogenetics to describe the diploid number and karyomorphology of these three species collected in two different locations in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Our results revealed the diploid number 2n = 24 (FN = 34) with two pairs of metacentric chromosomes (pairs 1 and 5), three pairs of submetacentric chromosomes (pairs 2, 3, and 4), and seven pairs of telocentric chromosomes (pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12). Further morphological, bioacoustic, and cytogenetic data (C-banding and AgNor) are needed to better delineate the lineages within the "thomei" clade.

Cytogenetical analysis of Clitoria ternatea

Clitoria ternatea L. of the family Fabaceae is an economical, ornamental as well as medicinal important species. Chromosome characterization of C. ternatea, encompassing karyomorphological as well as fluorochrome binding was carried out in the present investigation. Karyomorphological studies showed the presence of 2n = 16 somatic chromosome number with three pairs of metacentric chromosomes and five pairs of submedian chromosomes. The analysis also revealed the present of one pair of nucleolar organizing region or satellite. Fluorochrome binding using chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) showed the presence of GC- and AT- rich heterochromatic region. Further analysis revealed the percentage of GC-rich was comparatively higher than AT-rich heterochromatic region. This is the first report on heterochromatin characterization in C. ternatea.

Chromosome Mapping of U2 snDNA in Species of Leptodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of molecules involved in the processing of pre-mRNA and in regulatory cell processes. snRNAs are always associated with a set of specific proteins. The complexes are referred to as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and spliceosome U RNAs are their most common snRNA components. The repetitive sequences of U snDNAs have been cytogenetically mapped in several species of Arthropoda, fishes, and mammals; however, their distribution remains unknown in amphibians. Here, we show results of FISH mapping of U2 snDNA repetitive sequences in species of the amphibian genus Leptodactylus to reveal the distribution patterns of this sequence in their karyotypes. The probe hybridized in the metacentric chromosome pair 6 in Leptodactylus fuscus, L. gracilis, L. latrans, L. chaquensis, L. petersii, L. podicipinus, and L. brevipes. A different pattern was observed in L. labyrinthicus with hybridization signals in 4 chromosome pairs. The same localization of U2 gene sequences in most of the species analyzed suggests a relatively conserved pattern and a similarity of the chromosome 6 among these species of Leptodactylus.

A Study of Constitutive Heterochromatin and NOR Banding in Three Species of Puntius from the State of Haryana, India

The purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the karyotypes of three species of Puntius viz. Puntius sarana (Hamilton, 1822), Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822) and Puntius ticto (Hamilton, 1822) belonging to family Cyprinidae in terms of chromosomal architecture, banding pattern and number of chromosomes from aquatic ecosystems of Haryana, India. Diploid chromosome no. 50 was observed in all 3 species of Puntius. The chromosomes of 3 species of Puntius showed constitutive heterochromatin at telomeric and centromeric regions of chromosomes.The Ag-NOR (Argyrophilic-Nucleolus Organizer Region) bands were observed on homologous chromosome pair nos. 2, 8 and 14 in P. sophore, pair nos. 2, 9 and 14 in P. ticto. The diploid chromosome number in P. sarana was found to be 2n = 50, 2 pairs of metacentric chromosomes, 3 pairs of subtelocentric and 20 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. Chromosomal studies on the P. sophore revealed the diploid chromosome number to be 2n = 50, showed 16 pairs of metacentric chromosomes, 5 pairs of submetacentric, 2 pairs of subtelocentric and 2 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The diploid chromosome number in P. ticto was found to be 2n = 50, with 15 pairs of metacentric chromosomes, 6 pairs of submetacentric, 2 pairs of subtelocentric and 2 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were cytologically detected. Variations in chromosomes are observed with respect to earlier studies which may be due to variation in habitat conditions as a result of anthropogenic activities.

Contributions to the taxonomy of Trachelyopterus (Siluriformes): comparative cytogenetic analysis in three species of Auchenipteridae

ABSTRACT Auchenipteridae is divided into subfamilies Centromochlinae and Auchenipterinae. Parauchenipterus is included in the latter and is subject of taxonomic discussions concerning its validation or synonymization with Trachelyopterus. Herein, three species from two hydrographic basins were cytogenetically analyzed: Parauchenipterus striatulus from Doce River and two sympatric species, P. galeatus and Trachelyopterus coriaceus, from the Araguaia River. Diploid number of 58 chromosomes was verified for all species, but P. striatulus has different karyotype formula from the others. The three species have heterochromatin located in terminal regions of almost all chromosomes and in pericentromeric region on acrocentric chromosomes. Simple NORs was verified on a subtelocentric chromosome for all species. 5S rDNA sites were detected in three submetacentric chromosome pairs in P. striatulus; in a metacentric chromosome pair and submetacentric pair in T. coriaceus; and in one metacentric chromosome pair in P. galeatus. The similarities found in the karyotypes of the three species suggest the existence of only one genus, Trachelyopterus; therefore, our data refutes the validation of Parauchenipterus. Moreover, the differences in 5S rDNA distribution in P. galeatus in comparison with other populations already studied, indicate the existence of a new taxonomic unit, which suggests a species complex in P. galeatus.

Regions enriched for DNA repeats in chromosomes of Macrostomum mirumnovem, a species with a recent Whole Genome Duplication.

The free-living flatworm Macrostomum mirumnovem is a neopolyploid species whose genome underwent a recent Whole Genome Duplication (WGD). In the result of chromosome fusions of the ancient haploid chromosome set, large metacentric chromosomes were formed. In addition to three pairs of small metacentrics, the current karyotype of M. mirumnovem contains two pairs of large metacentric chromosomes, MMI1 and MMI2. The generation of microdissected DNA libraries enriched for DNA repeats followed by DNA probe preparation and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed. The DNA probes obtained marked chromosome regions enriched for different DNA repeats in the M. mirumnovem chromosomes. The size and localization of these regions varied in different copies of large chromosomes. They varied even in homologous chromosomes, suggesting their divergence due to genome re-diploidization after a WGD. Besides the newly formed chromosome regions enriched for DNA repeats, B chromosomes were found in the karyotypes of the studied specimens of M. mirumnovem. These B chromosomes varied in size and morphology. FISH with microdissected DNA probes revealed that some Bs had a distinct DNA content. FISH could paint differently B chromosomes in different worms and even in the same sample. B chromosomes could carry a bright specific fluorescent signal or could show no fluorescent signal at all. In latter cases, the specific FISH signal could be absent even in the pericentromeric region of the B chromosome. Possible mechanisms of B chromosome formation and their further evolution are discussed. The results obtained indicate an important role that repetitive DNAs play in genome re-diploidization initiating a rapid differentiation of large chromosome copies. Taking together, karyotype peculiarities (a high level of intraspecific karyotypic diversity associated with chromosome number variation, structural chromosomal rearrangements, and the formation of new regions enriched for DNA repeats) and some phenotypic features of M. mirumnovem (small body size, short lifecycle, easy maintenance in the laboratory) make this species a perspective model in the studies of genomic and karyotypic evolution in species passed through a recent WGD event.

First chromosome analysis of Thai pufferfish Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866)

Abstract. Pissaparn M, Phimphan S, Chaiyasan P, Tanoamtong A, Liehr T, Suwannapoom C, Reungsing M, Supiwong W. 2020. First chromosome analysis of Thai pufferfish Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866). Biodiversitas 21: 4309-4316. Here first analysis of chromosomes and nucleolar organizer region (NOR) pattern in pufferfish Pao cochinchinensis (Steindachner, 1866) was undertaken. Chromosomal preparations were obtained from kidney of P. cochinchinensis from Chi River basin in Thailand. Chromosomal characteristics were analyzed by Giemsa staining, Ag-NOR banding as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using microsatellites d(CA)15 and d(CGG)10 probes. P. cochinchinensis had 2n = 40 with the fundamental number (NF) 74, both in male and female. The karyotype exhibited 12 metacentric (m), 10 submetacentric (sm), 12 acrocentric (a) and 6 telocentric (t) chromosomes. No differentiated heteromorphic sex chromosomes were observed. NORs were located on short arms adjacent to telomere of the metacentric chromosome pair 4, which coincide with signals of d(CGG)10 probe. FISH with d(CGG)10 sequences were also displayed at the telomeres of most other chromosomes, whereas d(CA)15 repeats highly accumulated throughout almost all entire chromosomes except for centromeric regions. The results of conventional Giemsa staining presented the differentiation even the same genus. The localization of NORs on one pair of chromosomes only is a common characteristic found in many fish groups as well as other vertebrates. Mapping of two distinct microsatellites demonstrated the remarkable chromosomal diversification that characterizes evolution in the genus Pao. Both, conventional and molecular cytogenetics are excellent tools to study, and better understand chromosomal evolution, as well as to uncover biodiversity among fishes.

Cytogenetic analysis of Bienertia sinuspersici Akhani as the first step in genome sequencing.

C4 plants are efficient in suppressing photorespiration and enhancing carbon gain as compared to C3 plants. Bienertia sinuspersici Akhani is one of the few species in the family Amaranthaceae that can perform C4 photosynthesis within individual chlorenchyma cells, without the conventional Kranz anatomy in its leaf. This plant is salt-tolerant and is well-adapted to thrive in hot and humid climates. To date, there have been no reported cytogenetic analyses yet on this species. This study aims to provide a cytogenetic analysis of B. sinuspersici as the first step in genome sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotype analysis was conducted using the metaphase chromosomes of B. sinuspersici probed with 5S and 45S rDNA and Arabidopsis-type telomeric repeats. Results of the cytogenetic analysis confirmed that B. sinuspersici has 2n = 2x = 18 consisting of nine pairs of metacentric chromosomes. Two loci of 45S rDNA were found on the distal regions of the short arm of chromosome 7. Nine loci of 5S rDNA were found in the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8, which also colocalized with Arabidopsis-type telomeric repeats; while four loci in the interstitial regions of chromosome 5 and 8 can be observed. The single locus of 5S rDNA that was found in chromosome 8 appears to be hemizygous. The FISH karyotype analysis, based on the combination of rDNAs, telomeric tandem repeat markers and C0t DNA chromosome landmarks, allowed efficient chromosome identification and provided useful information in characterizing the genome of B. sinuspersici.

Description of the karyotype of Sphyracephala detrahens (Diptera, Diopsidae).

The eye stalks in Diopsidae (Bilberg, 1820) have been widely examined, but the evolutionary origin of this unique trait remains unclear. Thus, further studies of Sphiracephala (Say, 1828), the extant genus forming a basal branch of Diopsinae, are needed. The present study aimed to identify the karyotype of Sphyracephala detrahens (Walker, 1860) with conventional Giemsa staining. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a diploid number of 2n = 10 including two pairs of metacentric chromosomes, a pair of telocentric chromosomes, a pair of dot-like chromosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes in S. detrahens. The congener Sphyracephala brevicornis (Say, 1817) has been reported to have the same diploid number, 2n = 10, but different chromosome formula. These results demonstrate that chromosome rearrangements often occur in the genus Sphyracephala.

Evolution of the Proto Sex-Chromosome in Solea senegalensis.

Solea senegalensis is a flatfish belonging to the Soleidae family within the Pleuronectiformes order. It has a karyotype of 2n = 42 (FN = 60; 6M + 4 SM + 8 St + 24 T) and a XX/XY system. The first pair of metacentric chromosomes has been proposed as a proto sex-chromosome originated by a Robertsonian fusion between acrocentric chromosomes. In order to elucidate a possible evolutionary origin of this chromosome 1, studies of genomic synteny were carried out with eight fish species. A total of 88 genes annotated within of 14 BACs located in the chromosome 1 of S. senegalensis were used to elaborate syntenic maps. Six BACs (BAC5K5, BAC52C17, BAC53B20, BAC84K7, BAC56H24, and BAC48P7) were distributed in, at least, 5 chromosomes in the species studied, and a group of four genes from BAC53B20 (grsf1, rufy3, slc4a4 and npffr2) and genes from BAC48K7 (dmrt2, dmrt3, dmrt1, c9orf117, kank1 and fbp1) formed a conserved cluster in all species. The analysis of repetitive sequences showed that the number of retroelements and simple repeat per BAC showed its highest value in the subcentromeric region where 53B20, 16E16 and 48K7 BACs were localized. This region contains all the dmrt genes, which are associated with sex determination in some species. In addition, the presence of a satellite “chromosome Y” (motif length: 860 bp) was detected in this region. These findings allowed to trace an evolutionary trend for the large metacentric chromosome of S. senegalensis, throughout different rearrangements, which could be at an initial phase of differentiation as sex chromosome.

Chromosomal study of Khawia abbottinae (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea): karyotype and localization of telomeric and ribosomal sequences after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

An original cytogenetic study combining classical karyotype analysis and modern fluorescence in situ hybridization using telomeric (TTAGGG)n and ribosomal sequences (18S rDNA) was performed in Khawia abbottinae (Cestoda, Caryophyllidea), a parasite of Chinese false gudgeon (Abbottina rivularis) from China. Analyses based on conventional Giemsa staining, DAPI, YOYO-1 dye, and silver (Ag) staining were also carried out. The karyotype is composed of eight pairs of metacentric and telocentric chromosomes (2n = 16, n=5m + 3t). Constitutive heterochromatin was mainly positioned at pericentromeric regions, and telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)n were restricted to the end of all chromosomes. In mitotic preparations stained with Giemsa, both homologues of chromosome pair 4 showed a distinct secondary constriction. FISH with rDNA probe confirmed that this secondary constriction contains a nucleolar organizer region (NOR). The process of spermatocyte meiosis and the dynamics of nucleolus degradation in dividing cell were scrutinized. The present study and its results enhance the limited knowledge on basic karyotype characteristics and 18S rDNA clusters location in caryophyllidean tapeworms.

Hybrid Zone between the Sok and Serov Chromosomal Races of the Common Shrew Sorex araneus (Lipotyphla, Mammalia) in European Russia

Analysis of the frequencies of karyotypic variants in the hybrid zone between the Sok and Serov chromosomal races of the common shrew Sorex araneus revealed that the zone has a complex configuration. A large part of the contact zone is located in a monotonous mid taiga zone, where there are no significant barriers to limit dispersion of shrews. Another part of the zone runs along the Pechora River (Komi Republic). Analysis of distribution of the diagnostic chromosomes on a transect along the Pechora River showed that the hybrid zone could be described by opposing metacentric clines. Individuals of both pure Sok and Serov races, as well as F1 hybrids, were found only on the left bank of the Pechora River. The right bank was occupied only by the Serov race, and F1 hybrids were rare there. The observed number of interracial hybrids in the center of the zone does not differ from that expected in the case of random breeding. This allows us to define this zone as unimodal. The standard width of the zone is about 40 km. This is considerably higher than all known cases of hybrid zones with the same level of karyotypic differences between parental races: two pairs of diagnostic metacentric chromosomes with monobrachial homology. We discuss possible causes of this phenomenon.

Chromosomal and molecular characterization of 5S rRNA genes in the North American abalones Haliotis rufescens Swainson (red abalone) and H. fulgens Philippi (blue abalone)

Abalone is an extremely valuable food source derived from cultured and wild animals, the later from populations under intense fishing exploitation and of high conservation value. As part of a long-term study to characterize genes from abalone that can be used as markers for hybrids certification, we characterised 5S ribosomal DNA (5S rDNA) in red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and blue abalone (H. fulgens). The 5S rDNA arrays occur to a single pair of metacentric chromosomes at interstitial positions in both species. Two types of 5S genes were found, named types I and II, each associated with different non-transcribed spacer (NTS) sequences. The structure of the 5S rRNA genes and the NTS indicate incomplete homogenisation of the 5S rDNA arrays. The divergence of the 5S genes between species provide polymorphisms which can be used to distinguish red from blue abalone in forensic analysis of commercial production.

Cytogenetic studies in three diploid species of Andropogon (Andropogoneae), section Leptopogon

Abstract Karyotypes can provide a relevant information about relationships and evolutionary origin among species of the Andropogon genus. This paper presents the karyotype, C+ and DAPI/CMA3 banding and DNA content of three diploid (2n=20) species belonging to section Leptopogon: A. selloanus, A. macrothrix and A. gyrans. Karyotypes of the three diploid species are symmetrical. We propose a karyotype formulae (18m + 2sm) for each of them. The three species show a pair of metacentric chromosomes with a terminal secondary constriction on short arms. Fluorochrome banding revealed different constitutive heterochromatin patterns and CMA3+/DAPI¬ terminal bands related to the nucleolar organizer region in each species. Nuclear DNA content was estimated by flow cytometry ranged from 2.22 to 2.61 pg. FISH technique revealed that these three species have two 45S rDNA loci at the distal ends of the short arms of two metacentric chromosomes. We compare the genomes of the diploids A. selloanus, A. macrothrix and A. gyrans, and the triploid A. ternatus using GISH. These technique allowed us to confirm the hypotheses that the A. selloanus, A. macrothrix and A. gyrans constitute a homogeneous group that share a common S genome that comprises just one of the genomes in the triploid A. ternatus.

An Introduction to the Systematics of Small-BodiedNeacomys(Rodentia: Cricetidae) from Peru with Descriptions of Two New Species

The genus Neacomys includes 10 recognized species of Neotropical spiny mice in the tribe Oryzomyini. Five species have previously been reported from Peru, but the small-bodied Peruvian taxa remain unrevised. In this report, we present the first systematic and taxonomic revision of small-bodied Neacomys populations in Peru and describe two new species based on molecular, morphological, and karyotype data: (1) Neacomys rosalindae, sp. nov., from northeastern Peru, is distinguished from congeneric species by, among other differences, short incisive foramina with a wide maxillary portion of the septum, a small subsquamosal fenestra, and a karyotype of 2n = 48, FN = 50. (2) Neacomys macedoruizi, sp. nov., from central Peru, is distinguished by its gray-based ventral fur, large infraorbital foramen, and karyotype of 2n = 28, FN = 36, with a distinctively large pair of metacentric chromosomes. The results of our molecular analyses suggest that N. minutus (as currently recognized) is a species complex comprised of N. minutus sensu stricto, N. macedoruizi, and a third form that remains to be described. The other species described here, N. rosalindae, is the sister taxon to a cluster that includes the N. minutus complex plus N. musseri. Our data suggest that the upper Amazon River constitutes an important dispersal barrier for species in this genus.

Karyotype Characterization of Nine Periwinkle Species (Gastropoda, Littorinidae).

Periwinkles of the family Littorinidae (Children, 1834) are common members of seashore littoral communities worldwide. Although the family is composed of more than 200 species belonging to 18 genera, chromosome numbers have been described in only eleven of them. A molecular cytogenetic analysis of nine periwinkle species, the rough periwinkles Littorina arcana, L. saxatilis, and L. compressa, the flat periwinkles L. obtusata and L. fabalis, the common periwinkle L. littorea, the mangrove periwinkle Littoraria angulifera, the beaded periwinkle Cenchritis muricatus, and the small periwinkle Melarhaphe neritoides was performed. All species showed diploid chromosome numbers of 2n = 34, and karyotypes were mostly composed of metacentric and submetacentric chromosome pairs. None of the periwinkle species showed chromosomal differences between male and female specimens. The chromosomal mapping of major and minor rDNA and H3 histone gene clusters by fluorescent in situ hybridization demonstrated that the patterns of distribution of these DNA sequences were conserved among closely related species and differed among less related ones. All signals occupied separated loci on different chromosome pairs without any evidence of co-localization in any of the species.

A Report on Classical Cytogenetics of Hihgfin Barb Fish, <i>Cyclocheilichthys armatus</i> (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae)

Conventional staining and Ag-NORs banding techniques were applied on the chromosomes of hihgfin barb fish, Cyclocheilichthys armatus. Specimens were collected from the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. The mitotic chromosome preparations were directly obtained from kidney tissues of eight males and eight females. The results revealed that the diploid chromosome numbers of C. armatus was 2n=50 and the fundamental number (NF) was 94 in both males and females. The karyotype consists of four large metacentric, six large submetacentric, two large acrocentric, eight medium metacentric, 12 medium submetacentric, 12 medium acrocentric and six medium telocentric chromosomes. No sex chromosome was observed. Ag-NORs indicating NORs were clearly exhibited at the region adjacent to telomere of the short arm of some chromosomes. The NORs located on chromosomes of the metacentric chromosome pair 3 and the submetacentric chromosome pair 7. The karyotype formula of C. armatus is 2n=50=Lm4+Lsm6+La2+Mm8+Msm12+Ma12+Mt6. Cytogenetic data of cyprinid fishes can be used as the basic knowledge for enhancing the existing cytotaxonomic information and chromosome evolution of the Cyprinidae especially in the genus Cyclocheilichthys.

Chromosome numbers and karyotype features of Phlomis olivieri Benth. (Lamiaceae) from Iran

AbstractChromosome numbers were determined in ten accessions ofPhlomis olivieriBenth. (Lamiaceae). The seeds were collected from natural habitats in the west of Iran. Chromosome numbers of all accessions were 2n=2x=20. The chromosomes of accessions were metacentric or submetacentric, ranging in length from 2.66 to 8.604 μm. According to the average values of ten accessions, the karyotype of this species consists of 10 pairs of metacentric chromosomes. An ideogram was depicted for the species. This is the first report on the chromo-some number and karyotype analysis ofP. olivierifrom Iran.