Hybrid Pair Research Articles

A many-body quantum model is proposed as the mechanism responsible for accelerating rates of heat uptake by oceans as anthropogenic heat inputs rise

Abstract A recent many-body quantum approach to thermal radiation (Smith GB, et al 2022 J. Phys. Commun. 6, 065004) reveals that the energy capacitance of heated water is about twice its heat capacitance, due to energy stored as local hybrid pairs of photons coupled resonantly to local matter excitations, with pair density weighted by mass density. Energy exchange between photons and localised dipole excitations inside water at steady temperature T, occurs at sites where a hybridisation potential within the Hamiltonian couples local oscillation modes to ‘free’ photon modes. Photon modes in both directions are phase retarded at exit sides of a hybrid site. Optically sharp variations with frequency in the index of refraction n(f) and photon density of states follow. Exit spectral intensities at equilibrium temperature T carry quantum information on the energy density of matter excitations coupled to photons, while occupied hybrid sites are the source of all ‘free’ photons and internal spectral intensities. The matter excitations coupled locally to photons are distinct from those that define specific heat, but in water both arise from molecular oscillations. The energy capacitance CEX(T) of hybrid pairs depends on mass density and is independent of the heat capacitance CHT(T), which sets temperature T. CEX(T) is sensitive to T and doubles as a capacitance of energy and of ‘quantum information’. Expressions for CEX(T) are derived from first principles and applied to water. The density of occupied hybrids is amplified near surfaces by photons reflected off the surface, which create new hybrid pairs, but not extra heat. Energy capacitance CEX(T)+CHT(T) sets dT(t)/dt prior to a new equilibrium state emerging, after input heating rate dQ/dt is switched. Rising atmospheric intensities then raise T, dQ/dt, CEX(T) and CHT(T). The times available to cool overnight are fixed, so that a rising capacitance, adds to energy stored at an accelerating rate.

Enhanced activity of split trehalase biosensors by interspecies domain combineering.

The split trehalase biosensor has potential as a versatile diagnostic technology. Split enzymes are engineered proteins, divided into inactive fragments, which can reassemble and regain activity when brought together by an analyte. The split TreA biosensor requires no sample processing and produces stable signals (in the form of glucose). Split trehalase reagents can function in blood, but periplasmic trehalase of E.coli requires blood acidification for maximal activity. The objective of this study was to obtain split trehalase with near physiological pH optimum. For this purpose, periplasmic trehalases of Cellvibrio spp. with higher activity at neutral pH, were split in analogy with the E. coli TreA into hood and catalytic domains. However, these split trehalases displayed self-complementation due to spontaneous reassembly. In contrast, when catalytic domains of Cellvibrio trehalases were combined with E.coli hood domains, these hybrids displayed conditional complementation capacity when split trehalase fragments fused to immunoglobulin-binding protein G (STIGA) were used to quantify immunoglobulin concentrations. Other hybrid combinations of Cellvibrio spp. had increased activity compared to the cognate pairs, albeit with strong self-complementation. A mutagenesis analysis of residues responsible for self-complementation led to uncoupling of self-complementation from allostery. The Michaelis-Menten kinetics of Cellvibrio enzymes and fragment pairs confirmed improved activity of a mutated hybrid pair of Cellvibrio hood and catalytic domains at physiological pH. In conclusion, the improvements in pH optimum and activity, demonstrated with STIGA, can now be leveraged to enhance other variations of the split trehalase biosensor platform, broadening its utility for testing clinical samples.

Developing small Cas9 hybrids using molecular modeling

The contraction of CAG/CTG repeats is an attractive approach to correct the mutation that causes at least 15 neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease and Myotonic Dystrophy type 1. Contractions can be achieved in vivo using the Cas9 D10A nickase from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) using a single guide RNA (sgRNA) against the repeat tract. One hurdle on the path to the clinic is that SpCas9 is too large to be packaged together with its sgRNA into a single adeno-associated virus. Here we aimed to circumvent this problem using the smaller Cas9 orthologue, SlugCas9, and the Cas9 ancestor OgeuIscB. We found them to be ineffective in inducing contractions, despite their advertised PAM sequences being compatible with CAG/CTG repeats. Thus, we further developed smaller Cas9 hybrids, made of the PAM interacting domain of S. pyogenes and the catalytic domains of the smaller Cas9 orthologues. We also designed the cognate sgRNA hybrids using molecular dynamic simulations and binding energy calculations. We found that the four Cas9/sgRNA hybrid pairs tested in human cells failed to edit their target sequences. We conclude that in silico approaches can identify functional changes caused by point mutations but are not sufficient for designing larger scale complexes of Cas9/sgRNA hybrids.

The Selection of the Suitable Renewable Hybrid Pairs: A Case Study

The renewable hybrid energy system may be quite an energy that uses the same energy infrastructure. Although hybrid energy structures are fed from different types of renewable energy sources, they are systems that give energy to the grid over the same busbar and energy transmission line. The amount of energy that hybrid energy systems can deliver to the grid is limited by the installed capacity of the main source. A well-designed hybrid system can produce more stable electricity throughout the year. The advanced technology networks of various energy sources guarantee the very best efficiency in energy production. Hybrid energy systems combine centralized and non-local storage with intelligent and low-loss control and energy consumption. Also, energy management is provided owing to this integrated renewable hybrid system. During this study, a brand-new algorithm was designed for renewable hybrid selection. Algorithm and integrated renewable hybrid systems are clarified by a case study. A solar power system is used as one of the hybrid pairs for all renewable energy sources.

Chiral three-dimensional organic-inorganic lead iodide hybrid semiconductors.

Chiral hybrid metal halides (CHMHs) have received a considerable amount of attention in chiroptoelectronics, spintronics, and ferroelectrics due to their superior optoelectrical properties and structural flexibility. Owing to limitations in synthesis, the theoretical prediction of room-temperature stable chiral three-dimensional (3D) CHFClNH3PbI3 has not been successfully prepared, and the optoelectronic properties of such structures cannot be studied. Herein, we have successfully constructed two pairs of chiral 3D lead iodide hybrids (R/S/Rac-3AEP)Pb2I6 (3R/S/Rac, 3AEP = 3-(1-aminoethyl)pyridin-1-ium) and (R/S/Rac-2AEP)Pb2I6 (2R/S/Rac, 2AEP = 2-(1-aminoethyl)pyridin-1-ium) through chiral introduction and ortho substitution strategies, and obtained bulk single crystals of 3R/S/Rac. The 3R/S exhibits optical activity and bulk photovoltaic effect induced by chirality. The 3R crystal device exhibits stable circularly polarized light performance at 565 nm with a maximum anisotropy factor of 0.07, responsivity of 0.25 A W-1, and detectivity of 3.4 × 1012 jones. This study provides new insights into the synthesis of chiral 3D lead halide hybrids and the development of chiral electronic devices.

Hybrid pair programming in distributed software development

Hybrid pair programming in distributed software development

Integrated Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Silkworm Pupae (Bombyx mori) Species and Sex Identification

Hybrid pairing of the corresponding silkworm species is a pivotal link in sericulture, ensuring egg quality and directly influencing silk quantity and quality. Considering the potential of image recognition and the impact of varying pupal postures, this study used machine learning and deep learning for global modeling to identify pupae species and sex separately or simultaneously. The performance of traditional feature-based approaches, deep learning feature-based approaches, and their fusion approaches were compared. First, 3600 images of the back, abdomen, and side postures of 5 species of male and female pupae were captured. Next, six traditional descriptors, including the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), and six deep learning descriptors, including ConvNeXt-S, were utilized to extract significant species and sex features. Finally, classification models were constructed using the multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine, and random forest. The results indicate that the {HOG + ConvNeXt-S + MLP} model excelled, achieving 99.09% accuracy for separate species and sex recognition and 98.40% for simultaneous recognition, with precision–recall and receiver operating characteristic curves ranging from 0.984 to 1.0 and 0.996 to 1.0, respectively. In conclusion, it can capture subtle distinctions between pupal species and sexes and shows promise for extensive application in sericulture.

ASSESSMENT OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SUGAR BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.) USING SSR MARKERS

The genetic diversity and homogeneity of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) source lines underwent analysis to select the promising parental pairs for hybridization. The 420 individual plants from 21 sugar beet lines served as research materials. A result of the study of polymorphism with nine SSR markers obtained 22 alleles, with an average of 2.4 alleles per marker. The Bvv155 marker emerged as the most useful for detecting the genetic diversity of sugar beet lines and predicting heterosis. Identifying the FDSB1002, FDSB1007, and FDSB957 markers as polymorphic determined the intra-linear heterogeneity of the source material. The analysis of molecular variance showed that in the studied sugar beet samples, the highest variation was prominent among the populations (48%), while heterogeneity within the population was 21%. The genetic distances between pollinator lines and lines with cytoplasmic male sterility ranged by 1.4–3.5 (Euclidean distances) and 0.12–1.0 (Nei’s distances). Distinguishing seven parent pairs of sugar beet attained endorsement for crosses having Nei’s genetic distance of D = 0.81 will create highly productive hybrids. The presented results may play a vital role in developing heterotic hybrids in sugar beet through a practical breeding program.

Stereoselective Plasmonic Interaction in Peptide-tethered Photopolymerizable Diacetylenes Doped with Chiral Gold Nanoparticles.

Designing polymeric systems with ultra-high optical activity is instrumental in the pursuit of smart artificial chiroptical materials, including the fundamental understanding of structure/property relations. Herein, we report a diacetylene (DA) moiety flanked by chiral D- and L-FF dipeptide methyl esters that exhibits efficient topochemical photopolymerization in the solid phase to furnish polydiacetylene (PDA) with desired control over the chiroptical properties. The doping of the achiral gold nanoparticles provides plasmonic interaction with the PDAs to render asymmetric shape to the circular dichroism bands. With the judicious design of the chiral amino acid ligand appended to the AuNPs, we demonstrate the first example of selective chiral amplification mediated by stereo-structural matching of the polymer-plasmonic AuNP hybrid pairs. Such ordered self-assembly aided by topochemical polymerization in peptide-tethered PDA provides a smart strategy to produce soft responsive materials for applications in chiral photonics.

Stereoselective Plasmonic Interaction in Peptide‐tethered Photopolymerizable Diacetylenes Doped with Chiral Gold Nanoparticles

AbstractDesigning polymeric systems with ultra‐high optical activity is instrumental in the pursuit of smart artificial chiroptical materials, including the fundamental understanding of structure/property relations. Herein, we report a diacetylene (DA) moiety flanked by chiral D‐ and L‐FF dipeptide methyl esters that exhibits efficient topochemical photopolymerization in the solid phase to furnish polydiacetylene (PDA) with desired control over the chiroptical properties. The doping of the achiral gold nanoparticles provides plasmonic interaction with the PDAs to render asymmetric shape to the circular dichroism bands. With the judicious design of the chiral amino acid ligand appended to the AuNPs, we demonstrate the first example of selective chiral amplification mediated by stereo‐structural matching of the polymer‐plasmonic AuNP hybrid pairs. Such ordered self‐assembly aided by topochemical polymerization in peptide‐tethered PDA provides a smart strategy to produce soft responsive materials for applications in chiral photonics.

Transposable elements and gene expression variation in the intraspecific hybrids of Capsella rubella

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) are prevalent components of diverse genomes, and play an important role on the genomic stability and expression regulation of their adjacent genes. It is interesting to know the variation of TE expression and the effects of the presence/absence of TEs on gene expression after hybridization. Here we assessed the expression variation of TEs and the impacts of TEs on expression of nearby genes after hybridization based on comparisons of three pairs of reciprocal F1 hybrids and four parents in Capsella rubella. Of the 480 TE families expressed in all the four parents and six F1 hybrids, 7–23 (1.5%–4.2%) TE families were significantly differentially expressed between in silico and real F1 hybrids, indicating the expression levels of these TE families were affected during hybridization. In particular, there was a Copia TE superfamily and a non‐long terminal repeat (non‐LTR) TE differentially expressed between the reciprocal F1 hybrids of 879 and 86IT1, indicating maternal effects may have impacts on expression of TEs in these F1 hybrids. Besides the impacts on the expression of TE families of the hybridization, genes adjacent to polymorphic TEs tended to show a higher proportion (24.83%) of allele‐specific expression (ASE) in F1 hybrids. Overall, our results highlight the impacts of hybridization on the expression level variation of TEs, and the effects of TEs on ASE after hybridization.

Homoeologous Chromosome Pairing and Alien Introgression in Backcrossing Progenies Derived from Hybrids Solanum tuberosum (+) Mexican 2x (1 EBN) B-Genome Potato Species

We applied a genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to analyze the genomic constitution of and meiotic pairing in interspecific somatic hybrids, and in a wide subset of backcrossing derivatives (BC1–BC5), from three interspecific combinations involving the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum (AAAA genome), and three diploid (1 EBN) wild Mexican potato species (genome BB)—S. tarnii, S. pinnatisectum, and S. bulbocastanum. The theoretically expected genomic composition was detected in the somatic hybrids (AAAABB) and in the BC1 progeny (AAAAB), whereas in the subsequent BC2–BC4 generations, the partial loss of alien chromosomes was observed and almost all the BC5 genotypes showed a complete chromosome elimination of wild species. GISH revealed a homoeologous pairing between the chromosomes of the A- and the B-genomes in each of the hybrid progenies. Using GISH, we selected introgression lines with a single chromosome of the wild species in a potato genome background, as well as introgression lines with intergenomic recombinant chromosomes. Moreover, via molecular screening, BC hybrids with diagnostic markers for the R-genes conferring resistance to late blight disease and to the quarantine pest of the potato–Columbia root-knot nematode—were selected. The potential application of the results obtained for the planning of introgressive schemes directed to the breeding of advanced lines with multiple disease and pest resistance is discussed.

Genome Shock in a Synthetic Allotetraploid Wheat Invokes Subgenome-Partitioned Gene Regulation, Meiotic Instability and Karyotype Variation.

It becomes increasingly evident that interspecific hybridization at homoploid level or coupled with whole genome duplication (i.e., allopolyploidization) has played a major role in biological evolution. Yet, the direct impact of hybridization and allopolyploidization on genome structure and function, phenotype, and fitness remains to be fully understood. Synthetic hybrids and allopolyploids are trackable experimental systems to address this issue. Here, we resynthesized a pair of reciprocal F1 hybrids and corresponding reciprocal allotetraploids using the two diploid progenitor species, Triticum urartu (AA) and Aegilops tauschii (DD), of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., BBAADD). By comparing phenotypes related to growth, development and fitness, andanalyzing genome expression in both hybrids and allotetraploids in relation to parents, we find the types and trends of karyotype variation in the immediately formed allotetraploids, are correlated with both meiosis instability and chromosome- and subgenome-biased expression. We document clear advantages of allotetraploids over diploid F1 hybrids in several morphological traits including fitness, which mirror the tissue- and developmental stage-dependent subgenome-partitioning of the allotetraploids. The allotetraploids are meiotically unstable primarily due to homoeologous pairing that varies dramatically among the chromosomes. Nonetheless, the manifestation of organismal karyotype variation and occurrence of meiotic irregularity are not concordant, suggesting a role of functional constraints probably imposed by subgenome- and chromosome-biased gene expression. Our results provide new insights into the direct impacts and consequences of hybridization and allopolyploidization, which are relevant to evolution and likely informative to crop improvement by synthetic polyploid approaches.

More Effective Protection Supports Male Better Than Female Siblings over Water Deficit in Artificially Bred Poplar Hybrids

Sexually dimorphic response to stress has been observed in assorted natural dioecious plants. Up to now, few studies have focused on the difference of stress responses between artificially bred siblings. To determine the sexual dimorphism between artificially bred sibling poplar trees, we conducted a study comparing the response to water deficit between male and female Populus × euramericana siblings. This pair of hybrids was analyzed in terms of growth, photosynthesis, membrane injury and repair systems, as well as gene regulation patterns. The female and male siblings presented distinct responses to water deficit, with greater inhibition in females’ growth and photosynthesis. The results also displayed that in females, relative electrolyte leakage and malonaldehyde content were higher than those in males under water deficit conditions. On the other hand, water deficit caused a greater increase in both SOD activity and POD activity in males than those in females. Consistent with these physiological differences, the expression of several stress-related genes, including SOD, GST, bHLH35, and PsbX1, was regulated differently between female and male hybrids by water deficit stress. Higher expression of SOD in moderate-water-deficit-treated females and higher GST, bHLH35 expression in both moderate- and severe-water-deficit-treated females suggest that the female sib is more sensitive, whilst higher expression of SOD in severe-water-deficit-treated males and higher PsbX1 expression in water-deficit-treated males testify that males protect cells better. To achieve an integrated view, all these variables were analyzed through the use of a principal component analysis and a total discrepancy between the sexes in their response to water deficit was demonstrated. The results indicate that, compared with male poplar sibs, females are more sensitive, but deploy a weaker protective apparatus to deal with water deficit.

Transgene by germplasm interactions can impact transgene evaluation

AbstractTransgenes have been successfully commercialized for qualitatively inherited insect and herbicide resistance traits that show similar effects across genetic backgrounds. However, for quantitative traits like yield, genetic background may affect the measured transgene value. In this paper, we evaluated whether different genetic backgrounds impact the estimated value of a transgene for grain yield, plant height, and anthesis‐silking interval for maize by developing isogenic pairs of lines with and without a transgene and testing them in hybrid combination with non‐transgenic lines from a complementary heterotic group across eleven environments in the United States. Over all hybrid combinations, the transgene increased yield by 0.2 Mg ha−1. Across multiple non‐transgenic lines of the opposing heterotic group, the transgene effect within a line pair ranged from an increase of 0.8 Mg ha−1 for the NSS4 (non‐stiff stalk) and SS7 (stiff stalk) transgenic lines to a reduction of 0.3 Mg ha−1 for the NSS5 transgenic line when compared to their non‐transgenic isoline. Transgenic hybrids were often taller than non‐transgenic hybrids (p < 0.05). Anthesis to silking interval was reduced by four growing degree days overall, but no transgene × genotype interaction was detected among line pairs. Our results show the importance of testing transgene efficacy across a large sample of elite hybrid pairs to assess the gene's value. By only testing in a specific hybrid background, as may be done for qualitative traits like insect resistance, transgenes could be erroneously advanced or eliminated.

Перспективная стратегия применения молекулярных маркеров в селекции Beta vulgaris L. (обзор)

Abstract. Aim of the investigations is to study, summarize and analyze domestic and foreign literature concerning interaction of molecular genetics and classical sugar beet breeding for improvement of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The problems are: 1) to analyze a current state of molecular-genetic investigations in domestic and foreign literature; 2) to study problems of marker-oriented breeding; 3) to estimate development prospects of sugar beet molecular research in Russian Federation. Methods. Analytical methods to inspect and handle information from international databases (PubMed, NCBI, and Academy Google) have been used to study modern strategy of molecular-genetic marking. Results. Use of DNA-technologies is an important part of modern breeding of agricultural crops. There have been discussed the research data permitting to get a more comprehensive idea of current state of sugar beet molecular genetics and breeding that is necessary to work out programs of their further development. There have been presented the results of foreign authors’ experiments and our own investigations on determining DNA-markers to study genetical polymorphism of sugar beet breeding material, select parent pairs for hybridization, identify genes of resistance to bolting, select breeding material with genes of resistance to biotic (Fusarium spp., nematodes, rhizomania) and abiotic stressors (salinization, drought, heavy metals). Now, wide-scale studies on using molecular-genetic markers in sugar beet breeding process have been carried out by Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “The A.L. Mazlumov All-Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar”. Use of molecular markers is one of the basic methods in plant breeding because of their general allocation throughout a genome and practical universality of application. In the article, advisability to use actual methods of sugar beet genome analysis employing DNA-markers in breeding process is considered. Scientific novelty involves estimation of the current state of Beta vulgaris L. molecular-genetic investigations in Russian Federation and abroad and their use in the crop breeding process.

An efficient hybrid computer-aided breast cancer diagnosis system with wavelet packet transform and synthetically-generated contrast-enhanced spectral mammography images

Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is an emerging modality for breast cancer diagnosis. This work investigates the feasibility of a computationally-efficient computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for breast lesion classification. Moreover, to avoid the need for intravenous contrast agents, we investigated the synthesis of contrast-enhanced (SynCESM) images. A total of 504 pairs of low-energy (LE) and CESM images were collected from 160 female subjects. A semi-automatic active-contour method was used for lesion segmentation. Then, 20 morphological and textural features were extracted. To improve the computational efficiency of the proposed system, the wavelet packet transform (WPT) was applied. Then, the same features were extracted from the WPT-approximated segmented lesions. Using LE images, a sigmoid-kernel SVM classifier exhibited a 90.20% accuracy, an 88.39% sensitivity, an 88.26% specificity, and a 0.92 AUC. The per-frame classification time was significantly reduced from 1.1046 s to 0.0734 s with WPT. Using CESM images, we achieved a 93.26% accuracy, a 95.94% sensitivity, a 93.37% specificity, a 0.94 AUC, and a 0.0657 s classification time. Interestingly, with SynCESM images, reasonable performance was still obtained with a 92.14% accuracy, a 93.87% sensitivity, a 91.58% specificity, a 0.93 AUC and a 0.0657 s classification time. Finally, with hybrid pairs of LE and CESM images, we got the best performance with a 96.87% accuracy, a 97.23% sensitivity, a 95.47% specificity, a 0.98 AUC, and a 0.0696 s classification time. The results demonstrate several advantages of the proposed system including its clinical feasibility, lower complexity, and reduced need for contrast agents via synthetic data generation.

An exploration of efficiency of proposed drug delivery system including BNNT, C48N12, and TMZ in treating of glioblastoma through classical molecular dynamics

In the present study, density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were applied to introduce a viable drug delivery system including, Temozolomide (TMZ) as drug, boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) as nanocarrier, and C48N12 as drug releasing agent to better glioblastoma treatment. In order to clarify the capability of introduced drug delivery system encountering various challenges, a prototype of bilayer cell membrane was considered in calculations. To achieve reliable results, simulations were carried out using CHARMM and Tersoff potential through the hybrid pair style under designed in vitro environment. Results showed that the drug binds both inside and outside of BNNT, however inside state more stable in term of energy. Moreover, obtained data reveals that TMZ encapsulation inside BNNT as well as appropriate capacity of nanotube for drug act like barrier against TMZ hydrolysis inside BNNT. Although, the related BNNT have capacity of 30 molecules of TMZ, but zeta potential estimation demonstrated that the stability of drug delivery system decreases with increasing of number of encapsulated drugs. Also, the obtained data reveals that the C48N12 is a proper drug releasing agent for TMZ in lower numbers of encapsulated TMZ. However, the releasing process encounters serious challenge with increasing the number of drugs into BNNT because of interaction between encapsulated drugs such as hydrogen bonding. Finally competitive assessment in term of TMZ adsorption showed that the prototype bilayer cell membranes will complete releasing process due to more interaction between TMZ and membrane in comparison with BNNT-12C48N12 complex.

Seed quality of reciprocal maize single crosses and their parental inbred lines

Five direct and reciprocal early hybrids, five direct and reciprocal late hybrids and a total of their 12 parental inbred lines were used in order to test reciprocal effects among hybrids in early germination phase and seed quality of their parental inbred lines. Five hybrids were of early maturity FAO 300-400 group, and five of late maturity FAO 500-600 group. In the early group one line of Lancaster origin (L1) was in common, and in direct crosses used as male parent, while in reciprocal crosses as female parent. The same case was with late hybrids where another Lancaster line (L2) was in common. In 2015 and 2016 all the material was multiplied in hand pollination and after six months of storage three tests according to ISTA standards were performed: standard germination test (SGT), cold-test (CT) and vigor radicle test (RE). According to the Analysis of variance, a strong reciprocal effect was found among early hybrids for four out of five parameters in RE and SGT, while it was found only for RE in late hybrids. However, in CT none of the parameters had significant reciprocal effect. Two tested Lancaster inbreds were superior in the hybrids over non-Lancaster lines when used as maternal components, while as lines per se they did not display such superiority. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) ranged from -62.32% to 211.11% in RE test, with an average of 44.26%; from -10.15% to 17.93% in SGT test, with an average of 6.27%, and from -5.31% to 4.49% in CT, with an average of 0.64%. Significant differences of MPH were found for nine pairs of reciprocal hybrids for RE, three pairs for SGT and seven pairs for CT. This shows that reciprocal differences in MPH were higher as the applied level of stress during early seed growth raised. All the results showed very complicated mode of inheritance of tested traits in the early developmental stages of young plants, including the phenomenon of heterosis which is expressed already at the germination stage.

Optimization of the breeding process of lodging-resistant varieties of spring triticale

During the field and laboratory studies, selection samples of spring hexaploid triticale were studied according to breeding valuable traits and physical and mechanical properties of the stem. As a result of the research, an information database was created, which contains information on the study of samples according to economically valuable characteristics, product quality, a set of characteristics of biometric and physical and mechanical properties of the tissue of spring triticale stems. The set of data contained in the database, can be used in the selection of parent pairs for hybridization, selection of valuable genotypes from hybrid populations, in the breeding of new lodging-resistant varieties.