Pairs Of Ultrasonic Sensors Research Articles

Safety Hat for Blind People

People who are visually handicapped or blind find it challenging to travel alone, mostly because they are less aware of their surroundings and unable to feel potential risks. These might endanger themselves. Thus, this work proposed a Safety Hat for Blind People to assist them in performing their daily routines such as walking the dog and buying groceries, only to name a few. The safety hat is made up of three major systems: an obstacle avoidance system, a health monitoring system, and a rain monitoring system, all of which are connected to an Arduino Mega 2560. The obstacle avoidance system, which makes use of four pairs of ultrasonic sensors, shall be activated to alert the user of approaching obstacles from the front, back, left, or right side. Based on experiments, the obstacle avoidance system may detect an obstruction within 100 cm. The user's pulse rate and amount of oxygen (SpO2) can be assessed by the health monitoring system, which employs a pulse oximeter and heart rate sensor, and the results are displayed on the LCD display attached to the safety hat. A buzzer that signals a high pulse rate shall be activated if the measured pulse rate exceeds 100 bpm. The rain monitoring system, on the other hand, uses a rain sensor module to detect the presence of water and uses a buzzer to alert the user. Based on the outcomes of the experiments, this Safety Hat for Blind People shall provide a secure environment for them to lead their daily life normally without any sense of danger.

ICap: A Low-Cost Cap for Visually Impaired

Abstract: The boom in science and technology has significantly contributed towards the welfare, comfort and ease of movement of mankind, more so for the specially-abled sections of society. Though smart canes are considered to be the cutting-edge technology in terms of improving the lifestyle of visually impaired persons, there are still a few core issues which need to be keenly addressed such as detection of hanging objects, providing hands-free environment, prevention of accidental damage to surroundings, etc. Obstacles like hanging tree branches, open windows, hanging objects or boards on the roads, are few of the hurdles which still pose a problem for the blind. Smart canes do not provide a solution to such problems, although detection of potholes and obstacles lying on the ground have successfully been achieved. Furthermore, with a huge section of the visually impaired being uneducated and financially weak, most smart devices available in the market remain unaffordable and unusable. In this paper, we propose a solution for such obstacles in the form of the “iCap”. The iCap is a light weight and low-cost embedded system; an intelligent cap capable of detecting potholes, obstacles lying on the ground as well as hanging obstacles using a pair of ultrasonic sensors (HC-SR04). It enables the wearer (the visually impaired person) to navigate independently without the fear of being hit by random obstacles. Additionally, experiments were carried out to find the actual area within which an object would be detected by the iCap, and also the thresholds of size and shape of objects beyond which the objects would remain undetected

Design and construction of solar-powered smart garbage disposal unit

Cities with developing economies experience exhausted waste collection services, and inadequately managed and uncontrolled dumpsites; which is an ongoing challenge and many struggles due to weak institutions and rapid urbanization. The purpose of the research is to design and construct a smart garbage disposal system using a two-way power supply unit (that is, the electrical power supply unit and solar power supply unit) based on Arduino Nano that utilizes ATMEGA 328p microcontroller. Two pairs of ultrasonic sensors, the pair that faced upward detects the presence of garbage disposal agent at a close distance of (5 - 50) cm and then opens the lid while the other pair faced the inside of the container senses when the container is filled up and then closes the container until it is emptied are used.

Cursor Movement using Hand Gestures in Python and Arduino Uno

Abstract: As we are moving ahead in time in technology, humans are making various techniques for their comfort. While working with computers, sometimes it is boring to use a mouse or keyboard to give any computer commands and wait for their execution. For this reason, to increase human-computer interaction, we will use our hand gestures to perform cursor movements and some other exciting functions. We are using pair of ultrasonic sensors, Arduino Uno, and python as a programming language. Sensors are for the use of measuring distance. Arduino will take the signals in the form of distance, and it will perform cursor movements like Scrolling through Webpages, Changing Tabs, Volume Increase and Decrease, Play/Pause, Forward and Backward, Working on Presentation Slides with operations such as Previous Slide, Next Slide, writing on slide dynamically, Undo the changes written and Playing Games as well, etc.

A Data-Driven Framework for Early-Stage Fatigue Damage Detection in Aluminum Alloys Using Ultrasonic Sensors

The paper presents a coupled machine learning and pattern recognition algorithm to enable early-stage fatigue damage detection in aerospace-grade aluminum alloys. U- and V-notched Al7075-T6 specimens are instrumented with a pair of ultrasonic sensors and, thereafter, tested on an MTS apparatus integrated with a confocal microscope and a digital microscope. The confocal microscope is focused on the notch root of the specimens, whereas the digital microscope is focused on the side of the notch. Two features, viz., the crack opening displacement (COD) and the crack length, are extracted during the tests in addition to the ultrasonic signal data. These signal data are analyzed using a machine learning framework that is built upon a symbolic time-series algorithm. This framework is interrogated for crack detection in the crack coalescence (CC) regime defined by COD of ~3 μm and detected through the confocal microscope. Additionally, the framework is probed in the crack propagation (CP) regime characterized by a crack length of ~0.2 mm and detected via the digital microscope. For the CC regime, training accuracies of 79.82% and 81.94% are achieved, whereas testing accuracies of 68.18% and 74.12% are observed for the U- and V-notched specimens, respectively. For the CP regime, overall training accuracies of 88.3% and 91.85% are observed, and accordingly, testing accuracies of 81.94% and 85.62% are obtained for the U- and V-notched specimens, respectively. The results show that a combined machine learning and pattern recognition algorithm enables robust and reliable fatigue damage detection in aerospace structural components.

Smart Walking Stick for Blind People

Human beings are having five basic senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste. When an object comes in contact with any sensing organ an information signal is sent to the brain. The brain processes the signal and helps us to understand and perceive our surroundings. Sight is very important of the five senses. Low vision or blindness has a long lasting effect on all aspects of an individual’s life. Visually impaired person find it difficult detecting obstacles in front of them, during walking within the road, which makes it dangerous. The smart stick is a proposed solution to help enable them to identify the world around. In this paper we propose an answer, represented during a smart persist with infrared sensor to detect stair-cases and pair of ultrasonic sensors to detect the other obstacles in front of the user. Moreover, a sensor at the bottom of the stick is provided for the sake of avoiding puddles. The smart stick will be of low cost, fast response, low power consumption and light weight.

Smart Cane for Blind People using Raspberry PI and Arduino

In this paper we are introducing a stick to guide blind people to move independently. It consists of raspberry pi and Arduino for monitoring the stick. Three pairs of ultrasonic sensors are used to detect obstacle in front of the users in the range of 15cm, and water sensors are used for water detection & puddles. The above sensors are interfaced in the stick. The stick can take robotic decision to move forward, backward, left and right as per obstruction detection using dc motor. Users will get alert from buzzer and vibration. Flashlight is interfaced on stick which can be noticed by others to let him pass way. Finger ring is used to give navigation using GPS. The user can maintain easily with fast response & low power consumption The main purpose of this paper is to help visually impaired people for navigating independently

A Design of the Obstacle Avoidance Software for Solar Autonomic Trolley

A four-wheeled autonomic trolley of obstacle avoidance is controlled by way of front-wheel steering and back- wheel driving. Three pairs of ultrasonic sensors are, respectively, installed on the left front, front and right front of the trolley in order to measure the distances between obstacles and the trolley. Its control strategy is drived from the concept of path planning for mobile robot based on fuzzy logic. The reference variables are the current location coordinates, X Y, and tp(the steering angle to target point), thus to find out the output steering angle (hp) of the front wheel.

On Monitoring of Liquid/Gas Flow Using Ultrasonic Tomography

In this paper, 16–pairs of ultrasonic sensors have been used. The system is capable of visualising the internal characteristics of liquid and gas flow, and provides the concentration map of the corresponding liquid and gas flow. The investigations were based on the transmission and reception of ultrasonic sensors that were mounted circularly on the surface of test pipe. Three experiments were carried out on the test pipe to simulate the horizontal flow of liquid (water) and gas (air) with three static conditions. The results showed that as the distance between the transmitting sensor and receiving sensor increases, the ultrasound will consume a longer travel time to reach to the target. Keywords: Ultrasonic, ultrasonic tomography, liquid and gas flow, flow measurement system

Smart head restraint system

This paper reports the design and development of a novel head restraint system for automotive applications to reduce whiplash injuries to occupants. This head restraint mechanism is combined with a pair of ultrasonic sensors, actuators and control algorithm to form an active head restraint system, which detects the position of an occupant's head when seated in the car and moves the head restraint into an optimum position to reduce the chances of receiving whiplash injuries in the event of a rear impact. The system monitors significant changes in the position of the head and moves the head restraint to the desired position. A system demonstrator is built and successfully tested.

Measurements of debris flow velocity through cross-correlation of instrumentation data

Abstract. Detection of debris flow occurrence can be efficiently obtained through different types of sensors. A pair of ultrasonic sensors placed at a known distance from each other along a torrent have been used as a method to obtain mean front velocity of debris-flows, in addition to their use as detectors of debris flow occurrence. Also seismic and acoustic sensors have been employed to measure debris-flow front velocity and discharge in the same manner. In order to obtain velocity measurements, however, these methods require the presence of a well identifiable and defined main front in the debris flow wave. The time lag between the recordings of the front of the wave at two consecutive stations allows an estimation of its mean velocity. When a well-defined front is not present and no recurrent feature can be found along the wave, the measurement of velocity may prove difficult. The cross-correlation technique may help identifying the mean velocity of the flow in such cases. In fact, cross correlation allows to determine the mean time lag elapsed between the recording of two sets of data of the same event at different positions. This technique may be also used to measure velocity using signals coming from different types of sensors, for instance where a ground vibration detector has been placed along a torrent where an ultrasonic sensor was already present or viceversa. An application has been made using field data recorded through seismic and ultrasonic sensors in a small instrumented catchment in the Italian Alps (Moscardo Torrent).

A cross-correlation technique as a system evaluation tool; application to blood flow measurement in extra-corporeal circuits

Auto-correlation and cross-correlation techniques have been favored by engineers and scientists as powerful analysis tools, especially when noise is present in the system. Since cross-correlation and power spectral density functions are tightly coupled, cross-correlation is a well suited instrument for the analysis of time invariant systems. This paper discusses the conditions under which cross-correlation techniques can be used to identify a system model. Random signals, either arbitrarily generated or inherent in the systems, can be used as test signals for the purpose of identification. A real time cross-correlator is designed and used to evaluate blood carrying vessels for the purpose of flow measurement in extra-corporeal circuits. Naturally occurring random signals due to ‘impurities’ in the blood such as red and white blood cells are correlated by means of two pairs of ultrasonic sensors. The correlation functions obtained under different flow rates manifest themselves as unit impulse responses of the fluid system between upstream and downstream sensors. The results obtained were evaluated for accurate modeling of the fluid path and transit time flow measurement.

Localization and classification of target surfaces using two pairs of ultrasonic sensors

Ultrasonic sensors have been widely used in recognizing the working environment for a mobile robot. However, their intrinsic problems, such as the specular reflection, the wide beam angle, and the slow propagation velocity, require an excessive number of sensors to be integrated to achieve the various sensing goals. This paper proposes a new measurement scheme which uses only two sets of ultrasonic sensors to determine the location and the type of target surface. By measuring the time difference between the returned signals from the target surface, which are generated by two transmitters with 1 ms difference, it classifies the type and determines the pose of the target surface. Since the proposed sensor system uses only the two sets of ultrasonic sensors to recognize and localize the target surface, it significantly simplifies the sensing system and reduces the signal processing time so that the working environment can be recognized in real time.

超音波ＣＴによる三次元温度場の可視化 ＣＴの離散と補間プログラム

Noncontact and nondestructive visualization of 3D temperature is under investigation by acoustic tomography. A new method to reconstruct the 3D temperature distribution from the projected ultrasonic phase differences is applied to this process in the present paper. With an experimental system consisting of several pairs of ultrasonic sensors, an axisymmetric temperature field is visualized. The whole visualization is realized at three typical cross sections of the temperature field and tries to show the expected 3D images. The temperature profiles reconstructed by this acoustic tomography agree well with the results of the ther-mocouple measurements. As a result, the procedure proposed in this paper is verified to be reasonable.

Acoustic Tomography for Three Dimensional Temperature and CO2-Concentration Measurements of Environmental Fields.

Noncontact and nondestructive measurements for determining temperature and CO2-concentration distributions in environmental fields are under investigation by acoustic tomography. A new method to reconstruct the three-dimensional temperature and CO2-concentration distributions from the projected ultrasonic phase differences is proposed in this paper. A set of programs to evaluate the projected data is made and a numerical reconstruction process is also offered. An experimental system consisting of several pairs of ultrasonic sensors is established to apply our new method to axisymmetric temperature and CO2-concentration fields. The temperature profiles reconstructed by the present acoustical tomography agree well with the results of the thermocouple measurements. As a result, the procedure proposed in this paper is verified to be reasonable.