Use Of Paints Research Articles

Development of Bituminous Paint from Agbabu Natural Bitumen for Coat Coat-Protecting the Underparts of Automobile Chassis against Corrosion and Wear

To date, there has been continued demand for more effective, less expensive, and accessible coating systems for durable corrosion and wear protection of auto auto-bodies, with a research need to meet the demands. The rationale behind this study was to create a high high-quality, low low-cost bituminous paint for use in protecting the under parts of automobile chassis against corrosion and wear, particularly in Nigeria. Five paint blends containing various proportions of 70 –100% Agbabu natural bitumen, 02 02–5% kerosene, 0 0–8.5% cobalt, 0 0–1% pigment, and 0 0–2.1% lead drier were produced and characterized by their basic physicochemical properties. The blends were brush brush-coated to a 1.78 1.78-mm average thickness on plate samples of mild steel, a commonly and widely applied but highly corrosion corrosion-susceptible chassis material type. Corrosion and wear tests performed on the steel samples under 1.78 1.78-mm -thick hard hard-dried coatings of the paint blends revealed that the blend with 75% bitumen, 15% kerosene, 8% cobalt, 0.6% pigment, and 1.4% lead drier content could perform exceptionally well in protecting the steel a t the coating thickness. X X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses of that paint blend were conducted to understand its distinct chemical compositions and microstructural homogeneity level. The 1.78 1.78-mm -thick coating of that paint blend’s adhesion adequacy to the steel was also investigated. Analyses of the collected data revealed that the blend contained 25 different chemical species that are benign to steel corrosion, had a more or less uniform microstructure demonstrating its homogeneity, had minimal intergranular boundaries indicating minimal ingress of corrosion corrosion-causing agents to the steel underneath its coatings, and its hard hard-dried thin coatings would have excellent adhesion to any ferrous chassis material..

Novel multifunctional acrylic paint from sugarcane bagasse: Photoluminescence, photochromism, hydrophobicity and anticorrosion

Novel graphene oxide-based waterborne acrylic emulsion paints were prepared for multifunctional smart coatings with long-persistent photoluminescence, anticorrosion, hydrophobic and photochromic properties. Environmentally friendly graphene oxide nanosheets were successfully prepared through ferrocene-catalyzed oxidation of sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste under muffled conditions. An acrylic polymer was combined with graphene oxide and lanthanide-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles to create innovative photoluminescent paint for use in safety marking. The graphene oxide nanosheets were used in the acrylic paint as crosslinker, as well as drying and anticorrosive agent. Different concentrations of lanthanide-doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles were tested. As a result of its unique characteristics, graphene oxide has become an appealing reinforcing agent that can be used in protective paints. The produced acrylic/graphene oxide/lanthanide-activated aluminate coatings were applied onto tinplates. The dispersion of phosphor was improved in the paint matrix by using the phosphor in the nanoscale form (4–8 nm). The morphological properties of the graphene oxide nanosheets were studied. Different research analysis methods were used to examine the morphologies of the applied paints. Photoluminescence spectra and CIE Lab properties were used to analyze the applied paints transparency and colorimetric properties. The photoluminescent transparent paints showed green emission at 518 nm when excited at 365 nm. The prepared paints demonstrated high photostability and durability. Scratching resistance, hydrophobicity, and corrosion resistance were all examined.

Novel Water-Based Paints for Composite Materials Used in Electromagnetic Shielding Applications.

The development of materials offering electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is of significant consideration, since this can help in expanding the lifetime of devices, electromagnetic compatibility, as well as the protection of biological systems. Conductive paints used widely today in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications are often based on organic solvents that can create safety issues due to the subsequent environment problems. This paper concerned the development of eco-friendly conductive water-based paints for use in EMI-shielding applications. Graphene nanoplatelets, polyaniline emeraldine (PANI) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) or HCl or HBr and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) in various ratios were employed in a water base for developing the paints. The target was to develop homogeneous water-based paint-like fluid mixtures easily applied onto surfaces using a paint brush, leading in homogeneous, uniform, opaque layers, draying fast in air at room temperature, and having quite good electrical conductivity that can offer efficient EMI-shielding performance. The results of this parametric trial indicated the optimum compositions leading in paints with optimized properties that can result in uniform, homogeneous, and conductive layers up to a thickness of over 500 μm without deformation and cracking, offering attenuation of up to 60 dBs of incoming GHz electromagnetic radiation. In addition, the structural and morphological characteristics of these paints were studied in detail.

Green strategy for the synthesis of polyurethane by a heterogeneous catalyst based on activated clay

A green synthetic route is proposed to obtain polyurethane with a controlled structure, by using maghnite-H+ as an environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst. The maghnite-H+ is an Algerian clay, characterized by very high specific surface. It was activated by an acid treatment leading to an increase of its interlayer space; this was clearly seen by X-ray diffraction analysis. The monomers used were 1,4-butanediol and hexamethylene diisocyanate; the polymerization was done without solvent and under mild operating conditions. The structure of the obtained polymer was characterized for various polymerization periods with infrared spectroscopy and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The change in average molecular mass and polydispersity index of the polymer was studied by gel permeation chromatography as a function of the time, temperature and mass content of catalyst. The operating conditions were optimized in such a way as to increase the yield of the reaction and to obtain a polymer of linear structure at the same time. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the melting and glass transition temperatures of the polymer. Thermal stability was also studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The polymer obtained is a sponge capable of being deposited on paints for use in thermal insulation.

Lead in spray paint and painted surfaces in playgrounds and public areas in Israel: Results of a pilot study

Exposure to low levels of lead in children can cause cognitive deficits (reduced IQ) and behavioral changes such as reduced attention span and increased antisocial behavior. There are no mandatory limits on lead in paint in Israel, with the exception of paints used on toys and children's furniture. However, paints in playgrounds and public areas may be a source of exposure to lead in young children. In this study, we quantified lead concentrations in painted surfaces in public playgrounds and public areas, and in spray paints in Israel, using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Lead was detected in 43/48 (90%) of surfaces; concentrations exceeded the US regulatory limit for lead in paint (90 ppm) in 4/5 (80%) of tested surfaces on wooden picnic tables and benches, and 22/25 (88%) of surfaces in playgrounds. In 15 surfaces, lead concentrations were 10–700 times higher than the US limit. Out of 11 spray paints sampled, three (27%) had concentrations above the US standard for residential paints. In order to prevent exposure of the general public to lead in playgrounds and public areas and in spray paints, we recommend an integrated approach, including regulatory restrictions (mandatory lead limit of 90 ppm in all paints except labeled industrial paints); awareness raising in the public and in national agencies and local authorities responsible for maintenance in playgrounds, schools and public areas; and encouragement of voluntary measures by industry to prevent sale of industrial paints for use in areas accessible to the public.

Laboratory assessment of the antifouling potential of a soluble-matrix paint laced with the natural compound polygodial

Polygodial is a potent and selective inhibitor of ascidian metamorphosis that shows promise for controlling fouling by ascidians in bivalve aquaculture. The current study examined the potency of, and associated effects of seawater exposure on, a rosin-based soluble-matrix paint laced with 0.08–160 ng polygodial g−1 wet paint matrix. Paint-coated surfaces were soaked in seawater for 0, 2, 4 or 12 weeks prior to screening for antifouling activity using a bioassay based on the nuisance ascidian Ciona savignyi Herdman. Mortality was greater (mean 50% lethal concentration: 5 ± 2 ng g−1; mean 75% lethal concentration: 17 ± 4 ng g−1) and metamorphosis was inhibited (mean 50% anti-metamorphic concentration: 2 ± 0.4 ng g−1; mean 75% anti-metamorphic concentration: 15 ± 10 ng g−1) in C. savignyi larvae exposed to polygodial-laced soluble-matrix paints, relative to control paints without polygodial. Soaking in seawater prior to testing reduced the efficacy of the formulation up to nearly 12-fold, but even after soaking for 12 weeks paints laced with polygodial at 160 ng g−1 wet paint matrix prevented ⩾90% of the larvae of C. savignyi from completing metamorphosis. The outcome of this experiment provides a positive first step in evaluating the suitability of polygodial-laced soluble-matrix paints for use in aquaculture.

Toxicity of anti-fouling paints for use on ships and leisure boats to non-target organisms representing three trophic levels

Leachates of anti-fouling paints for use on ships and leisure boats are examined for their ecotoxicological potential. Paint leachates were produced in both 7‰ artificial (ASW) and natural seawater (NSW) and tested on three organisms, the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne, and the crustacean Nitocra spinipes. Generally, leaching in ASW produced a more toxic leachate and was up to 12 times more toxic to the organisms than was the corresponding NSW leachate. The toxicity could be explained by elevated concentrations of Cu and Zn in the ASW leachates. Of the NSW leachates, those from the ship paints were more toxic than those from leisure boat paints. The most toxic paint was the biocide-free leisure boat paint Micron Eco. This implies that substances other than added active agents (biocides) were responsible for the observed toxicity, which would not have been discovered without the use of biological tests.

Feasibility study of wide-band low-profile ultrasonic sensor with flexible piezoelectric paint

This paper presents a feasibility study of flexible piezoelectric paint for use in wide-band low-profile surface-mount or embeddable ultrasonic sensor for in situ structural health monitoring. Piezoelectric paint is a piezoelectric composite with 0-3 connectivity. Because of its ease of application, piezoelectric paint can be readily fabricated into sensing element with complex pattern. This study examines the characteristics of piezoelectric paint in acoustic emission signal and ultrasonic guided wave sensing. A series of ultrasonic tests including pitch catch and pencil break tests were performed to validate the ultrasonic wave sensing capability of piezoelectric paint. The results of finite element simulation of ultrasonic wave propagation, and acoustic emission generated by a pencil lead break on an aluminum plate are also presented in this paper along with corresponding experimental data. Based on the preliminary experimental results, the piezoelectric paint appears to offer a promising sensing material for use in real-time monitoring of crack initiation and propagation in both metallic and composite structures.

噴霧熱分解法によるＡｕ／Ａｇ系合金微粒子の製造と応用

Submicron particles of Au-Ag (gold-silver) binary alloy were directly prepared using an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (SP) method. A stable solution of Au(OH)3/HNO3 and AgNO3/HNO3 was prepared without hydrochloric acid. The particles prepared were spherical in shape and had prescribed composition ratio of Au-Ag. The applications of Au-Ag particles as electronic and ornamental materials were investigated by fabricating electrode pastes as well as paint for use in pottery. The electrode made by the present alloy particles had a higher heat resistance than those of mechanically mixed Au/Ag particles. The paint on the pottery plate derived from Au/Ag alloy particles was slightly-blue mat gold color.

Inhibitor properties of “green” pigments for paints

Zinc chromate is one of the anticorrosive pigments most frequently used in the formulation of primers. However, its environmental aggressiveness and toxicity severely restrict its use, and different green alternatives have been proposed in order to replace zinc chromate. In the last decade, the behaviour of zinc phosphate as anticorrosive pigment has been intensively researched. During this time, various modifications have been made to this family of pigments to improve its properties, and a “second generation” of phosphate pigments, incorporating elements such as molybdenum, aluminium, or iron, has been produced. In this paper, the inhibitive properties of zinc phosphate and three second-generation phosphates have been investigated, using zinc chromate pigment as a reference. Pigment extract solutions, at different values of pH, have been used as corrosive media. Carbon steel samples were immersed in such solutions and their corrosion rates were measured using electrochemical techniques. The data obtained suggest that zinc chromate provides the highest percentage of inhibition in neutral and basic solutions, but phosphate-based pigments showed better results in acid solutions. Given this performance advantage, together with their less harmful environmental impact, these phosphate-based pigments can be proposed as realistic alternatives to chromates in the formulation of protective paints for use in acidic conditions.

Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz für Stahlbetontragwerke unter Verwendung eines neuen leitfähigen Anstrichsystems / Cathodic Corrosion Protection of Steel Reinforced Concrete Structures with a New Conductive Composite Paint System

Abstract Corrosion of steel in concrete is one of the critical problems in civil engineering with regard to the durability of reinforced concrete structures. Cathodic protection (CP) of the steel rebars in concrete structures evolved during the past 25 years as a reliable method to extend the lifetime of reinforced concrete structures. During the CP operation, proportional to the applied protection current, acids are generated at the anode/concrete interface. This effect limits durability and performance of various CP-systems. This contribution describes a newly developed conductive composite paint for use as anode material, characterized by high durability at high current densities and easy applicability, and its practical application for the corrosion protection of a parking deck in Oslo.

Novel method for the production of multiple colour chromosome paints for use in karyotyping by fluorescence in situ hybridisation.

The development of 24-colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) has led to significant advances in cytogenetic research and offers the potential for automated karyotypic analysis. However, these techniques are not in routine research or clinical use because of limitations in methods of probe preparation. This article presents new probe construction protocols and strategies for multiple-colour karyotyping by chromosome painting, which makes the technique more efficient and may lead to more widespread implementation. We used paints generated by our protocols to demonstrate the presence of a cryptic translocation t(13;11;22) in the paediatric sarcoma cell line RMS 1598.

Thick-film strain transducers made using piezoelectric paint

This paper describes the manufacture and testing of a novel strain transducer based on piezoelectric paint for use in structural vibration monitoring. This is a form of thick-film sensor, similar in structure to conventional thick-film sensors based on piezoelectric ink. However, the use of paint avoids two problems associated with the ink based manufacturing process: screen printing and high temperature curing. The materials selection and application techniques development are outlined for the three principal components of the transducer: the resin binder, the piezoelectric material and the electrode. The final design comprised a sprayable suspension of milled PZT powder in lacquer (the piezoelectric paint) with a gold electrode formed by physical vapour deposition. The transducers were tested for variability and for dynamic properties (bandwidth and dynamic range). It was found that there is considerable scatter between the output sensitivities of individual transducers, but that the dynamic properties were very consistent. It is shown that the techniques developed form the basis for a viable low cost vibration transducer in the range 20 - 600Hz.

Temporal distribution of organotins in the aquatic environment: Five years after the 1987 UK retail ban on TBT based antifouling paints

In 1987 the UK government introduced legislation to control the sale of tributyltin (TBT) based paints. Between 1990–1992, a monitoring programme of waters and surficial sediments from six estuarine river systems was undertaken for TBT and its degradation products; dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT). Despite the retail ban on tributyltin based antifouling paints for use on vessels <25 m in length, water concentrations exceeded the Environmental Quality Target (EQT) at certain locations, 3–4 years after its implementation. However, since 1991, water column concentrations have declined significantly and most are now below analytical detection limits (<3 ng l −1). Butyltin concentrations in surficial sediments displayed high spatial variability. Sediment concentrations have generally decreased since 1990, with highly contaminated sites being confined to marinas and boatyards. The present study illustrates that controls instituted in 1987 by the UK on the use of TBT based paints have been effective in reducing estuarine water column, and to a lesser extent, surficial sediment concentrations, but over a 5 year time span.

Humidifiers simulate worldwide operating environments

I.C.I.'s Paints Research Centre is responsible for the research and development of an extensive range of decorative and automotive paints for use throughout the world. These paints have to withstand high temperatures and humidities in hot climates, and freezing conditions in the colder regions of the world. To enable the most suitable paint mixture to be achieved, the Research Centre has to simulate worldwide conditions to evaluate their paints.

A New Black Pigment with Antifouling Properties

THE problem of providing an efficient black antifouling paint for use on submarines and at the wind and water line of surface ships has been the subject of investigation for some years. Cuprous oxide is considered to be the best antifouling pigment for performance and economy, but it has a strong red colour. Films of paints containing it frequently turn green on immersion in sea water because of the formation of basic copper salts. Attempts to produce black paints with a cuprous oxide base by the addition of sufficient carbon black to retain an acceptable colour after prolonged immersion reduce the antifouling efficiency. Another approach has been to augment black copper compounds, such as cuprous sulphide, which have too low a solubility in sea water, by adding other poisons such as cuprous oxide, mercury salts, or organo mercury or tin compounds, together with carbon black to improve the colour. No fully acceptable solution has yet been found1–4.

Aluminum Paint for Use at High Temperatures

Aluminum Paint for Use at High Temperatures

Test of Paints for Water Tank Interiors

In 1950, the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC), the Ambridge Water Authority, and the Pittsburgh‐ Des Moines Steel Co., all located in the Pittsburgh area, cooperated in undertaking an extensive test of paints for use on the interior of water tanks. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the relative performance of several of the most serviceable conventional paint systems applied to surfaces that had been blast cleaned. Also evaluated were several of the vinyl paints available at that time. A 1‐mil gal open‐topped steel tank, 84 ft. in diameter and 25 ft high, was selected as the test site. It is located about 20 mi north of Pittsburgh, at Ambridge, Pennsylvania. The inside of the tank was divided into 54 panels. Each of the panels received a system consisting of some combination made up from twelve paint systems, two pretreatments, and ten methods of surface preparation. Pretreatment consisted of either a vinyl washcoat or a phosphoric acid treatment. In all instances, the panels were blast cleaned and the pretreatment or primer applied before any detrimental rusting could occur. The article discusses test preparation, along with results and conclusions.

The Economic Advantages of a Sound Painting Scheme

SYNOPSISArguments similar to those advanced by Blom in 1934 suggest that it would be remunerative to use much more costly paints today if it was certain that their use would prolong the period between repaintings by one year. To be sure of that increase calls for objective comparative evaluation, and the need has largely been filled by independent tests such as those carried out by Hudson.Different causes of premature break-down are considered in turn; clearly, if these can be avoided, the period between repaintings can be increased and the annual maintenance cost reduced. Alkaline softening and peeling—met with under marine conditions—are characteristic of oil-paints; paints for use on ships should be based on non-saponifiable vehicles. In contrast, oil-paints provide excellent protection on land, owing to the inhibitive powers of certain products of degeneration of soaps present in such paints. Protection at gaps in coatings is obtainable by using metal-pigmented paints, but gap-protection may disappear...