Pain Perception In Children Research Articles

Efficacy of administering a sugar-free flavor before dental injections on pain perception in children: A split-mouth randomized crossover clinical trial.

Sweet taste administration before dental injections helps to control associated pain in children. To evaluate the efficacy of using a sugar-free flavor on pain perception during dental injections. Children (n = 84) aged 4-9 (mean 6.71 ± 1.55) years who required buccal infiltration bilaterally participated in this split-mouth randomized crossover study. On the test side (flavor visit), infiltration injections were applied after receiving a sugar-free flavor. On the control side (no flavor visit), sterile water was administered. Demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and sweet taste preference (STP) were recorded. Pain perception during injection was measured using heart rate (HR), sound, eyes, and motor (SEM) scale, and Wong-Baker Faces pain scale (WBFPS). Most children had healthy weight (72.6%) and equal STP (32.1%). In the test side, mean HR during injection, HR differences before and during injection, and SEM scores were significantly lower (p < .001, for all). There was no significant difference in the WBFPS between both visits. Flavor had a significant effect on pain reduction (p = .001 for HR, p = .000 for SEM), whereas age, gender, BMI, STP, and treatment side did not. Treatment sequence had a significant effect on total SEM scores (p = .021); children who received the flavor during their first visit had lower SEM scores. Using a sugar-free flavor before dental injections helps in reducing associated pain in children.

Comparison of three management approaches for dental caries in primary molars: A two-year randomized clinical trial

Aimto compare two-year clinical success rates of caries management in children (Hall Technique HT, Nonrestorative caries treatment NRCT, Conventional restorations CR), and to evaluate pain perception, behaviour, technique acceptability by patients, parents and dentists. Methods122, 3–8–year-olds were enrolled in 2-year parallel group randomised controlled trial (CR, n = 52, HT, n = 35, NRCT, n = 35). Caries was recorded using Nyvad criteria to measure clinical success/ failure rates. Child's pain perception (Visual Analogue Scale of Faces), child behaviour (Frankl scale), parents’ and dentists’ treatment opinions (5-point Likert scale) were assessed. Statistical analysis included Chi-square, non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis, Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U tests (p < 0.05), absolute risk reduction (ARR) and number needed to treat (NNT). ResultsAfter two years, with 116 participants, clinical success rates were: CR=60.8 % (n = 31), HT=93.8 % (n = 30), NRCT=42.5 % (n = 14) (p < 0.001). Major/minor failure rates differed: CR=17.6 % (n = 9) / 21.6 % (n = 11); HT=6.2 % (n = 2)/ 0 %, NRCT=33.3 % (n = 11)/ 24.2 % (n = 8), (p < 0.05). When comparing HT to CR, ARR = 0.33; NNT= 3 (95 % CI 0.02 -0.58); NRCT to CR, - no observed benefit from NRCT. More than 70 % of children demonstrated “positive/definitely positive” behaviour during treatment. Pain intensity was “very low/low” in 92.3 % of cases for CR, 88.6 % for HT, and 77.1 % for NRCT . NRCT was “very easy” to perform for 82.9 % of participants, compared to 42.3 % for CR and 17.1 % for HT (p < 0.05). CR were reported to take longer than NRCT and HT (p < 0.05). ConclusionClinical success rates of HT were superior to CR and NRCT. All treatment techniques were well tolerated by children, CR was more time-consuming and HT – technically more difficult to perform. Clinical significancecaries management in primary molars can be successfully performed using minimal intervention, particularly, sealing in caries lesions with Hall technique. NRCT can prevent caries progression when adequate access to mechanical plaque disruption and fluoride is provided. However, occasional fluoride application, and uncontrolled toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste cannot replace restorative procedures.

Effect of Preemptive Analgesia on Pain Perception in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Efforts have been made to minimize pain, prevent the development of needle fear, and promote positive experiences for children. The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of premedication with Ibugesic Plus before the administration of local anesthesia and extraction in children. The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of preemptive analgesia on pain perception during local anesthesia administration and extraction in pediatric patients. A total of 104 patients aged 7-10 years were selected who needed primary molar extraction. Group -Ibugesic Plus syrup was given 30 minutes prior to extraction. Group II-Placebo solution (B-Folcin syrup) was given 30 minutes prior to extraction. Pain level, pulse rate, and SpO2 were assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFS) and pulse oximeter after injection, after extraction, and postoperatively. The highest scores of pain were recorded after the time of injection and extraction. The patients who received preemptive analgesics (group I) reported significantly less pain than the placebo group (group II) at the time immediately after injection, after extraction, and 2 hours after extraction. The present study showed that preemptive analgesic administration may be considered a routine and rational pain management strategy in primary tooth extraction procedures in children. Preemptive analgesia can be given to patients prior to dental procedures to reduce postoperative pain. Virda M, Panda A, Kataria K. Effect of Preemptive Analgesia on Pain Perception in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):913-917.

The relationship of pain catastrophizing in principal caregivers of postoperative children with malignant bone tumors and children's kinesiophobia and pain perception: A cross-sectional survey

ObjectiveTo examine the phenomenon of pain catastrophizing among the principal caregivers of postoperative children with malignant bone tumors and explore its impact on pain perception and kinesiophobia in children. DesignA cross-sectional study design. MethodsUsing a cross-sectional study design, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 140 children with malignant bone tumors and their principal caregivers, who were admitted to a tertiary hospital in Shanghai from 2020 to 2023. Pearson's univariate and multiple regression analyses were conducted. The questionnaire included general data, the Parental Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia. ResultsThe frequency of pain catastrophizing for the principal caregivers was 16.8%. The frequency of kinesiophobia in children was 93.1%. The level of pain catastrophizing was positively correlated with the level of kinesiophobia and pain perception (r = 0.556, 0.614, p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the level of pain catastrophizing in principal caregivers was an important factor of kinesiophobia in children (B = 0.370, Std. = 0.119, Wald = 9.687, Ex (P) = 1.448, p = 0.002). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the incidence of pain catastrophizing and the level of kinesiophobia were important influencing factors in pain perception (p < 0.05), with R2 = 0.272, adjusted R2 = 0.249, F = 11.579, and p < 0.001. ConclusionsThe level of pain catastrophizing in the principal caregivers was an important factor in postoperative kinesiophobia and pain perception in children with a malignant bone tumor. Practice implicationsIt is important to evaluate the patients' and their families' emotional changes and psychological needs during the perioperative period. Nurses play a crucial role in providing appropriate interventions for patients or families to reduce the negative pain experience and improve patients’ prognosis.

Effect of Different Approaches of Delivering Local Dental Anesthesia on Pain Perception in Children. A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Effect of Different Approaches of Delivering Local Dental Anesthesia on Pain Perception in Children. A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Effectiveness of Local Anesthesia in Children's Pain Perception and Sedation During Dental Procedures Under General Anesthesia—A Randomized Clinical Study

Effectiveness of Local Anesthesia in Children's Pain Perception and Sedation During Dental Procedures Under General Anesthesia—A Randomized Clinical Study

Comparative Evaluation of Endo Ice® Refrigerant Spray, Endo Frost® Refrigerant Spray and Topical Anesthetic Agent Precaine B® on the Pain Perception in Children Prior to Administration of Local Anaesthesia – An Invivo Study

To compare and evaluate the efficacy of Endo Ice® refrigerant spray, Endo Frost® refrigerant spray and topical anaesthetic agent Precaine B® on the pain perception during local anaesthesia administration in pediatric dental patients.  Material and methods: A total of 87 participants in the age group of 6-12 years were divided into 3 groups randomly with 29 in each group. The cotton applicator sprayed with Endo Ice was held in contact with the buccal mucosa for 10 seconds. Immediately after the removal of the cotton applicator, inferior alveolar nerve block was administered. Similarly, Endo Frost was used on the participants. 0.1 mg of Precaine B was applied over the injection site contacting the buccal mucosa using sterile cotton applicator. FLACC evaluation was done by one trained personnel during the local anaesthesia administration. Following the local anesthesia, the participants were asked to rate their pain experience using VAS.  Results: The mean score of the Endo ice, Endo frost, and Precaine B were 4.3793, 4.4828 and 5.5517 respectively using the FLACC scale. The mean score of the Endo ice, Endo frost, and Precaine B were 4.2069, 4.2069 and 4.931 respectively using the VAS scale. Greater reduction in pain perception were observed in Endo Ice group followed by Endo Frost group and Precaine group. It was not statistically significant (p&lt;0.005).  Conclusion: Endo ice, Endo frost and Precaine B were effective in reducing the pain perception in children, thereby reducing their fear and anxiety. Endo Ice group showed greater reduction in pain perception and higher efficacy than other groups, even though the results were not statististically significant.

Influence of computerized intraosseous anesthesia compared with traditional mandibular nerve block on children's behavior: A randomized clinical trial.

Effective pain management is crucial for the successful completion of dental procedures in children. Research has examined whether computerized intraosseous anesthesia (CIOA) could serve as a safe and viable substitute for the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) technique in pediatric patients. This study investigates the efficacy of CIOA, aiming to determine its effectiveness as an alternative anesthesia method. This study compared the efficacy of local intraosseous anesthesia using a computerized device (QuickSleeper 5) to conventional IANB anesthesia on cooperation and pain perception in children, using a randomized controlled trial design. The study included 88 healthy children, aged between 6 and 9 years, who required pulpotomy for their mandibular second primary molars. The study was approved by the local research ethics committee and registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05193487). The heart rate and Venham behavior rating scale were recorded and analyzed. Categorical data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Age and heart rate were compared using an independent t-test for intergroup comparison. The intragroup comparison was carried out using repeated measures ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze the Venham scale scores. The significance level was set at p < .05 RESULTS: The mean Venham score was slightly higher in the IANB group than in the CIOA group, but was not statistically significant (p = .852). One minute after anesthesia administration, the heart rate (beats per minute [BPM]) was significantly higher in the IANB group (92.30 ± 13.45) than in the CIOA group (83.20 ± 10.40) (p < .001). Additionally, there was a significant difference in heart rate values measured at different intervals within the IANB group. The QuickSleeper 5 device was found to be a feasible alternative for IANB in children over 6 years old.

The relationship between traumatic exposure and pain perception in children: the moderating role of posttraumatic symptoms.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect approximately half of all children worldwide. These experiences have been linked to increased pain sensitivity in adulthood and a higher likelihood of developing severe chronic pain. However, most studies have assessed the effects of ACEs retrospectively, long after they occurred, leaving room for other factors to influence the observed outcomes. We investigated, for the first time, the association between ACEs and concurrent pain perception among young children who live in a conflict zone and are consistently exposed to potentially traumatic experiences. Participants were 60 elementary school children (ages 8-11 years) living in conflict regions (n = 39) or nonconflict regions (n = 21). Posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) severity, traumatic exposure, pressure pain threshold (PPT), and mechanical detection threshold (MDT) were measured. Trauma-exposed children had significantly lower PPT than did controls, but MDT was similar across groups. Pressure pain threshold correlated positively with proximity to the conflict zone and inversely with traumatic exposure magnitude and PTSS severity. In addition, PTSSs moderated the relationship between repeated traumatic exposure and PPT. Children with higher PTSS severity displayed pain hypersensitivity regardless of their traumatic exposure level, whereas in children with lower PTSS severity, greater traumatic exposure correlated with pain hypersensitivity. The results suggest that ACEs among children lead to concurrent pain hypersensitivity and distress and may put them at elevated risk of chronic pain early in life. In addition, our findings emphasize the need for identifying children with various PTSS levels to provide tailored interventions and mitigate the long-term negative effects of ACEs.

Inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia in children: The effect of ibuprofen and phentolamine mesylate on pain perception.

For successfully managing pediatric dental patients, local anesthesia is essential to eliminate pain during or after the operative period. An early recovery from soft-tissue anesthesia after an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) should benefit a young child patient by avoiding the risk of inadvertently biting the soft tissues. Hence, the purpose of the study was to (1) evaluate and compare the efficacy of pre- and postoperative ibuprofen on pain perception in children who undergo IANB anesthesia with or without the use of PM and (2) evaluate the average time required for reversal of anesthesia symptoms using phentolamine mesylate. The present study was a randomized, clinical trial performed among 60 children between 6 and 8 years of age using a convenient sampling method. The children were randomly assigned into four equal groups of 15 each using the computer-generated randomization sequence. IANB anesthesia was performed using 2% lignocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, and a mandibular primary molar pulpotomy was performed on each group. Group 1: the ibuprofen tablet was taken 1 h before the onset of the procedure. Group 2: ibuprofen tablet 30 min after the pulpotomy procedure. Group 3: the ibuprofen tablet was taken 1 h before the onset of the procedure, and the Phentolamine mesylate (PM) injection was administered. Group 4: immediately after the pulpotomy, the PM injection was administered, and an ibuprofen tablet was taken 30 min after the pulpotomy procedure. All children were assessed for the duration of soft-tissue anesthesia, their behavior scores and pain rating, as well as the incidence of postoperative self-inflicted injuries. A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the average time needed for the reversal of anesthetic symptoms between groups. The effects of phentolamine, local anesthetics, and ibuprofen on the child's behavior and pain scores were compared using the Student's t-test. For the study, P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. The time needed for the full reversal of anesthetic symptoms to manifest on the tongue and lip was substantially reduced by the injection of phentolamine (P < 0.001). The use of phentolamine for reversal or the intake of ibuprofen pre- or postoperatively did not exhibit any significant variation in the behavior, pain experience, or incidence of self-inflicted injuries in the child. It is evident that although phentolamine injections shorten the duration of anesthesia, the adjunctive use of pre- or postoperative ibuprofen did not significantly alter pain scores.

Autistic and Non-autistic Children's Pain Perception is Modulated by Their First-Hand Pain Sensitivity and Theory of Mind.

The current study examined whether autistic children's perception of others' pain could be modulated by their first-hand pain sensitivity and theory of mind (ToM). We measured the first-hand pain sensitivity, the rating of others' pain intensity, and the performance in the ToM tasks in 43 5- to 8-year-old autistic and 30 neurotypical children. Our results revealed hyposensitivity to first-hand pain, underestimation of others' pain intensity, as well as difficulties in the False Belief subtasks of ToM in autistic children. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between children's first-hand pain sensitivity and ToM in predicting their perception of others' pain. To be specific, for autistic and NT children with normal or hyper-sensitivity to first-hand pain, better performance on ToM predicted higher ratings for others' pain intensity; while for autistic and NT children with hyposensitivity to first-hand pain, ToM did not predict ratings for others' pain intensity. Our study contributes to the understanding of pain perception in young children and provides implications for clinical practices to improve social understanding in autistic children.

The effect of colored masks used in pediatric emergency clinics on children's pain perception: Randomized controlled study.

This study was conducted in a randomized controlled manner to examine the effect of colored surgical masks used by nurses in pediatric emergency clinics on children's pain perception. The study included 81 children aged 1-3 years who applied to the pediatric emergency clinic of a State Hospital located in a province in eastern Turkey. Data were collected using the 'Personal Information Form' and the 'Facial Expression, Leg Movement, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) Pain Assessment Tool' to measure the level of pain perception. During the vascular access procedure, colored surgical masks were used in the experimental group, while white surgical masks were used in the control group. Children's pain was assessed based on nurse observations. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA were employed to assess the data. The results were evaluated with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of p<0.05. It was observed that in the white mask group, 35% of the children were 1 year old and 35% were 3 years old. In the colored mask group, 46.3% of the children were 2 years old. Furthermore, 52.5% of the children in the white mask group and 31.7% in the colored mask group were girls. The total mean score of the 'FLACC' scale was 8.92±1.526 in the white mask group and 4.73±2.721 in the colored mask group. The use of colored surgical masks by nurses during vascular access in children aged 1-3 years was found to be effective in reducing children's pain perception.

Predictors of Intra-Operative and Post-Operative Pain Associated with Routine Dental Procedures in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Understanding predictors of pain associated with paediatric dental procedures could play an important role in preventing loss of cooperation, which often leads to the procedure having to be performed under general anaesthesia. Aim: We aimed to identify predictors of intra-operative and post-operative pain associated with routine dental procedures in children. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of observational studies was performed using electronic searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Global Health via OVID, PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO. The NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies, which were meta-analysed to estimate the impact of dental procedures and anxiety on children's pain perception. A meta-regression analysis was also performed to determine the relative effect of predictors on children's pain perception measured as mean differences on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: The search identified 532 articles; 53 were retrieved for full-text screening; 6 studies were included in the review; and 4 were eligible for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed the types of procedures that predicted intra-operative pain, with dental extractions being the most painful (Mean VAS Difference [MD] 46.51 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] 40.40 to 52.62 mm). The meta-regression showed that pain scores for dental extractions were significantly higher than polishing (the least painful procedure (reference category)) by VAS MD = 23.80 mm (95% CI 5.13-42.46 mm, p-value = 0.012). It also showed that highly anxious children reported significantly higher pain scores during dental procedures by a 12.31 mm MD VAS score (95% CI 5.23-19.40 mm, p-value = 0.001) compared to those with low anxiety levels. Conclusions: This systematic review demonstrates that the strongest predictors of intra-operative pain associated with paediatric dental procedures are dental extractions followed by drilling. Children with high anxiety also reported more pain for similar procedures. Tailoring interventions to reduce pain associated with paediatric dental procedures should be a priority for future research, as reducing pain can impact compliance and could reduce the need for general anaesthesia in dental treatment.

Effectiveness of Islamic Spiritual Care Education for Parents on Quality of Life and Chronic Pain of Children with Cancer

Aims: Studies showed that spiritual care is a good mechanism of coping for parents with children suffering from cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of parents’ Islamic spiritual care on pediatric quality of life and chronic pain in children with cancer. Instrument and Methods: A semi-experimental study was performed at Mahak Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Forty-five child-parent pairs were assigned into the experiments (n = 25) and control groups (n = 20). The parents of children with cancer in the intervention group received eight sessions of Islamic spiritual care of the child with cancer lasting between 80–90 minutes. The control group received only routine standard care. All parents completed the Spirituality &amp; Spiritual Sare Rating Scale (SSRS) and all children with cancer completed the pediatric quality of life inventory and Oucherpain scale before and after the interventions. The data was analyzed in SPSS-21. Findings: There was significant difference between attitudes of parents toward spirituality and spiritual care between two groups (F=10.02; P&lt;0.01; η2=0.48). The mean of ‘Spirituality’ in the experimental group was 3.73 at pretest, 4.11 post-test and 4.4three months after the sessions. Also, the results showed that spiritual care training of parents improved the pediatric quality of life. The mean children quality of life in experimental group was 3.39 at pretest, 4.16 post-test and 4.22 three months later (F=12.46; P&lt;0.01; η2=0.41) and hence a decreased pain perception in children with cancer during follow-up. The mean of pain perceived among children with cancer was 8.96 at per-test, 7.42 posttest and 4.89 at follow up. (F=15.33; P&lt;0.01; η2=0.33). Conclusions: The results showed that spiritual care training of parents increases their attitude toward spiritual care for their children. In this regard, the impact of current training increases pediatric quality of life and reduces the intensity of pain among children with cancer.

Hand-Holding's Effect on Children's Pain Perception and Anxiety during Dental Anesthetic Injections.

Local anesthetic injections are an essential tool in dentistry, particularly in pediatric dentistry. The needle penetrating the tissue can cause stress, anxiety, and pain. Studies have shown that using touch may alleviate pain and reduce patient anxiety. Yet, this has not been tested in pediatric dental patients. Therefore, this study examined the effect of hand-holding on children undergoing local anesthetic injections. Its effect on children's pain perception was tested, with the hypothesis that pain perception would be lower for children whose hand was held by an assistant. Additionally, the study examined whether hand-holding would affect children's anxiety levels and cooperation. Fifty-five children, who underwent dental treatment within the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Tel Aviv University, were recruited. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the study group, the assistant gently placed her hand on the patient's hand during the anesthetic injection. In the control group, the same treatment was performed without the hand being placed by the assistant. After the anesthetic injection, the child's pain and anxiety levels were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS). The patients' pulse was measured. The level of cooperation was evaluated using the "Frankl" scale. Interestingly, although the trends aligned with this study's hypotheses, no significant effect of hand-holding on pain, anxiety, or cooperation during anesthetic injections was found.

The effect of methylphenidate on pain perception thresholds in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BackgroundPain perception is important in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) since they are more likely to experience painful events due to increased accident rates. The aim of this study is to contribute to the literature concerning the relationship between ADHD diagnosis, methylphenidate (MPH) therapy, and pain thresholds, since findings regarding the change in pain perception in children with ADHD are scarce and inconsistent.MethodsChildren aged 8–13 years constituted both the ADHD group (n = 82) and the healthy controls (n = 41). The ADHD group was divided into two subgroups, ADHD without MPH (not treated pharmacologically) and ADHD with MPH (treated pharmacologically for at least three-months). The Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–Revised: Short Form was employed to assess ADHD, a visual analog scale was applied to evaluate chronic pain severity, and a manual pressure algometer was used to assess pain thresholds.ResultChildren with ADHD had lower pain thresholds than the healthy controls (P < 0.05). However, lower regional pain thresholds were observed in the ADHD group without MPH compared to both the healthy control and ADHD with MPH groups. Although pain thresholds in the ADHD with MPH group were regionally lower than in the healthy controls, low pain thresholds were found in fewer regions compared to the ADHD without MPH group.ConclusionsChildren with ADHD are more sensitive to pain sensation, and MPH may help normalize these individuals’ pain experiences by raising pain thresholds. Families and clinicians must be aware of situations that may cause pain in children with ADHD. In addition, these children’s low threshold for pain may lead them to experience it more intensely.

Comparative evaluation of pain perception in pediatric patients during administration of local anesthesia with and without three preanesthetic procedure-Buzzy system, topical anesthesia and precooling agent

Background: Pain management in paediatric dental care is a critical aspect of anxiety, which is frequently related to the induction of pain and exacerbates pain perception local anaesthetics are used to relieve and prevent pain. However, the administration of these drugs causes fear and anxiety in patients. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop methods for reducing pain during injection. Aim and objectives were to evaluate and compare the pain perception in pediatric patients by comparing different local anesthesia delivery system before local anesthesia (preanesthetic procedure) using Buzzy system, topical anesthesia and precooling agent with conventional technique. Methods: A total of 140 children aged between 8-13 years visiting department taken for study. Patients indicated for invasive procedure and requiring administration of LA taken for study. The blood pressure, oxygen saturation, Wong Baker pain rating scale and FLACC scale was recorded in patients before and after administration of LA. Groups are, group A conventional syringe technique without any preanesthetic procedure. Group B: Buzzy system group C: Topical anesthetic gel (Progel B-20% benzocaine), group D: Precooling agent (flouron-1,1,1,2 tetraflouroethane). Obtained data statistically analysed by using one way ANOVA and paired t test in SPSS software 21.0. Results: Statistically significant results were obtained in intergroup comparison where group B buzzy system found to be effective compared to another group. In intra group, comparison, there was statistically significant in all 4 groups. Conclusions: Buzzy system can be used as a preanesthetic medication to decrease the pain perception in children during administration of local anesthetic.

Compare the level of pain using faces pain scale and colour analogue pain scale among children aged between 6 to 12 years attending in pediatric ward

Faces pain scale and colour analogue pain scale are two methods to assess the pain of the children. There many method to assess the pain of the children but mostly all the hospital is using faces pain scale to assess the pain of the children. Pain perception in children is a very controversial topic in children admitted in hospital. So the present study aims to compare faces pain scale and colour analog pain scale in children undergoing therapeutic procedure such as intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, postoperative children, venipuncture and other invasive procedure in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. A Quantitative research approach with comparative research design was adopted to conduct the study among 60 children added between 6 to 12 years attending pediatric ward who were selected by non-probability convenient sampling technique. A semi-structured interview method was used to collect demographic data and pain is assessed using faces pain scale and colour analogue pain scale in Saveetha medical college and hospital. The result of the study shows that among 60 samples proves that the mean score of faces pain scale was 4.95±2.50 and the mean score of colour analogue scale was 4.77±2.83. The calculated paired ‘t’ test value of t = 0.747 was not found to be statistically significant which clearly infers that there was no significant difference in the pain score measured by faces pain scale and colour analogue scale among children 6 – 12 years attending pediatric ward.

Comparative Evaluation of Reduction in Pain Perception Using 5% Topical LA vs Freezed Cone as a Preparatory Agent for Intraoral Injection in Children and Effect of VRD as Distraction Technique.

To compare freezed cone and 5% lignocaine as a numbing agent before intraoral injection and evaluate the effect of virtual reality distraction (VRD) as a distraction technique in reducing pain perception in children. Around 60 children of 6-11 years old undergoing treatment for the extraction or any pulp therapy of primary tooth were selected. Freezed cone and 5% lidocaine were used to decrease the pain during local anesthesia (LA). VRD was used as a distraction method and to analyze the pain perception, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale was used. Each child was randomly assigned to receive ice as a topical anesthetic or lignocaine 5% as a topical anesthetic agent. The pain perception was evaluated after the injection of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride (HCL). The primary researcher evaluated the pain during injection using the sound, eye, motor (SEM) scale. The pain experienced during injection was evaluated using Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. In the freezed cone group with the VRD technique, maximum responded to the less pain score. On the contrary, many responded to higher pain scores in the freezed cone group without the VRD technique. It was concluded that the VRD technique can be used for distraction and the frozen ice cone can be an alternative method to reduce the pain perception during LA. Singh R, Gupta N, Gambhir N. Comparative Evaluation of Reduction in Pain Perception Using 5% Topical LA vs Freezed Cone as a Preparatory Agent for Intraoral Injection in Children and Effect of VRD as Distraction Technique. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(5):558-563.

Effectiveness of cartoon video as a distraction strategy on pain perception during venepuncture among children

Pain is often a subjective sensation having physiological, psychological and emotional implications for an individual. In a hospital setting, children usually perceive unpredictable pain which is often procedure related that can impact both emotionally and psychologically. Perception of pain varies with multiple factors such as age, gender, intellectual level, personality, parental care and previous experience of painful procedure/ suppression of pain using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic measures. Our study aimed to assess the effectiveness of animated cartoons as a distraction strategy to reduce behavioral response to pain perception among children undergoing venepuncture and to assess and compare pain perception in children with and without cartoon distraction. We had total of 60 children participated in the study group, we found that children who were distracted perceived less pain (p &lt; 0.001), also the number of attempts required to do venepuncture also reduced significantly (p &lt; 0.001). We concluded that, distraction technique is a simple yet effective tool in alleviating pain during venepuncture in preschool children. This technique can help in reduction of anxiety among children.