Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire Research Articles

Factors conditioning pain control and reduction in post-cesarean section parturients: a cross-sectional study.

Pain experienced by women in the perinatal period constitutes a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. The aim of the study was to assess conditions of pain locus of control and pain reduction in post-cesarean section parturients. A cross-sectional quantitative study with convenience sampling was performed among 175 hospitalized post-cesarean section women in hospitals in Eastern Poland in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. A self-design questionnaire regarding general information and obstetrics/gynaecology medical interview, The Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) and The Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ) were used. The inclusion criteria were as follows (1) age of ⩾18 years old; (2) cesarean section (CS); (3) period from the 13th hour to the end of the 72nd hour after the procedure; and (4) informed consent. The data was analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics. Internal locus of control (M = 14.02) was provided the highest value by the parturients and followed by chance events (M = 12.61) and doctors' power (M = 12.18). Dominant coping with pain strategies in the post-cesarean parturients were coping self-statements (M = 19.06), praying or hoping (M = 18.86). The parturients assessed their pain coping (M = 3.31) strategies along with pain reduction (M = 3.35) at the moderate level. Higher pain control was correlated with cognitive pain coping strategies (β = 0.305; t = 4.632; p < 0.001), internal pain control β = 0.191; t = 2.894; p = 0.004), cesarean section planning (β = -0.240; t = -3.496; p = 0.001) and past medical history of CS (β = 0.240; t = 3.481; p = 0.001). The skill of reduction of pain was positively associated with cognitive pain coping strategies (β = 0.266; t = 3.665; p < 0.001) and being in subsequent pregnancy (β = 0.147; t = 2.022; p = 0.045). Catastrophizing and hoping were related to lower competences of coping with pain (B = - 0.033, SE = 0.012, β = - 0.206, T = -2.861). The study allowed for identification and better comprehension of factors conditioning pain control and pain reduction in parturients after the cesarean section. Furthermore, a stronger belief that pain can be dealt with is found in the parturients characterized by cognitive pain coping strategies and internal pain locus of control. The skill of reduction of pain is related to cognitive coping strategy and procreation status.

Pain coping strategies and their effectiveness in managing and reducing pain in patients after planned surgical procedures: an observational study

Background: It is well known that postoperative pain control is very important because it prevents the negative effects of untreated pain and reduces the development of postoperative complications. The experience of postoperative pain and the choice of coping strategies after surgery are very different and individual. Therefore, staff must take a more individualized approach to pain management to optimize postoperative pain relief.Aim of the study: The main objective of this study was to evaluate pain management strategies and their effectiveness in managing and reducing pain in patients after planned surgical procedures.Material and Methods: The observational study was conducted at EuroMediCare St. Roch Specialized Hospital in Ozimek in the Department of General Surgery from November 2019 to February 2020. The study included 100 patients after elective surgical procedures. The study used the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, and a questionnaire created by the author independently.Results: Analysis revealed that the patient's age affects pain coping strategies scores (p = 0.035). Place of residence influenced the use of strategies of ignoring experience (p = 0.031) and increased behavioural activity (p = 0.014). There was a correlation between pain management and the use of diverting attention (r = 0.236; p = 0.018), ignoring experiences (r = 0.386; p = 0.000), declaration of coping (r = 0.384; p = 0.000), increased behavioural activity (r = 0.335; p = 0.001) and between ability to reduce pain and the use of strategies to ignoring experiences (r = 0.325; p = 0.001), declaration of coping (r = 0.244; p = 0.014) and increased behavioural activity (r = 0.271; p = 0.006). It was observed that the use of catastrophising strategies affected the ability to control (r = - 0.273; p = 0.006) and reduce pain (r = - 0.265; p = 0.008).Conclusions: Age and place of residence should be taken into account when planning analgesic therapy for post-surgery patients, as those over 60 years of age were less likely to use a declared pain management strategy, and patients living in small towns and rural areas were significantly less likely to manage and reduce pain. The use of catastrophising strategy determined a lower ability to control and reduce pain.

Is Physical Activity an Effective Factor for Modulating Pressure Pain Threshold and Pain Tolerance after Cardiovascular Incidents?

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether regular physical activity can alter the pressure pain threshold, pain tolerance, and subjective pain perception in individuals who have experienced a cardiovascular event. The study involved 85 individuals aged 37 to 84 years (M = 65.36) who qualified for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation, which consisted of 24 physical training sessions. The patients were all tested twice: on the first and last day of the outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program. Assessments of the pressure pain threshold and pain tolerance were performed with an algometer. To assess the pain coping strategies, the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) and parenting styles were measured retrospectively with subjective survey questions. The main results of the study showed that patients achieved significantly higher pressure pain thresholds after a physical training cycle (ps < 0.05, η2 = 0.05–0.14), but found no differences in the pain tolerance (ps > 0.05). A lower preference for the better pain coping strategy explanation (ß = −0.42, p = 0.013) and growing up in a family with a less neglectful atmosphere (ß = −0.35, p = 0.008) were associated with increased pressure pain threshold after physical training. The results suggest that physical activity is an important factor in modulating the pressure pain threshold.

Pain Management Strategies among Cancer Patients. Normalization of the CSQ (The Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire) Form.

Introduction: Cancer is associated with chronic pain, which significantly reduces the quality of life. The level of pain depends on the dominant pain management strategy that the patient uses. Objective: This study seeks to evaluate the application of the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire among cancer patients and develop norms allowing differentiation of patients with diagnosed cancer in terms of pain management strategies. Material and Methods: The study involved 1187 patients diagnosed with malignant cancer, who are under outpatient care of the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute—Oncology Center in Warsaw. The study used the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) elaborated by A.K. Rosentel and F.J. Keefe. Results: Socioeconomic variables and medical factors affect pain management strategies chosen by patients. The area most strongly differentiated by the studied variables is praying/hoping. Factors that have the greatest impact on the choice of pain management strategies for cancer patients include education, income, and radiation therapy. Sten standards were developed to determine the severity of pain management strategies used in the low-average-high categories. Conclusions: The CSQ questionnaire should be used in cancer patients, and the result of the strategy used can be a prognostic factor for the expected effects of therapy. Knowledge of the variables most strongly affecting patients’ choice of strategies that are not conducive to strengthening health attitudes and the ability to determine the severity of pain management strategies on standard scales allows us to focus psychotherapeutic activities on patients who need support most.

Structural equation modeling analysis of the effect of resilience and pain coping strategies on pain perception in patients with spinal pain mediated by psychological symptoms

Background: Spine pain is one of the most common and costly health problems in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural equation modeling the effect of resilience and pain coping strategies on pain perception in patients with spinal pain: mediated by psychological symptoms. Methods: This study was a correlation study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was all patients with spinal pain referred to Shams Hospital in Tabriz in 2018, estimated to be 750 patients. The statistical sample of the study was 254 people selected by available sampling based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table. The data gathering tool was the SCL-90 questionnaire, Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Resiliency Scale, and new questionnaire (MPQ). The data were analyzed using structural equation test in Amos software and Bootstrap test. Results: The results of structural equation modeling analysis showed that direct paths from irradiation to pain perception (β=0.000, P&lt;0.01) were significant. There is a direct correlation between coping strategies and pain perception (β=0.31, P&lt;0.01). There is an indirect relationship between vibration, psychological symptoms, and pain perception (β=0.139, P&lt;0.01) There is an indirect relation between coping strategies, psychological symptoms, and pain perception (β = 0/25, P&lt;0.01) Conclusion: It is recommended to develop a comprehensive care plan for patients with spinal pain by enhancing resilience and coping strategies to reduce the level of psychological symptoms in these patients.

Assessment of Pain, Acceptance of Illness, Adaptation to Life, and Strategies of Coping With the Disease, in Patients With Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers and causes of mortality in Poland, significantly reducing the quality of life. The objective of the study was to evaluate the strategy of coping with the disease in patients suffering from bladder cancer. Four psychometric tests were used: the beliefs about pain control questionnaire (BPCQ), the pain coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ), acceptance of illness scale (AIS), and mental adjustment to cancer (Mini-Mac) test. Patients suffering from bladder cancer assign the greatest role in controlling pain to the influence of physicians. The most frequently chosen strategy for coping with the disease was declaring coping. The average level of acceptance of the disease among patients was mean=27.25. The most often indicated manner of coping was fighting spirit. Patients with bladder cancer are characterized by a constructive attitude towards the disease.

Perception of cancer in patients diagnosed with the most common gastrointestinal cancers

BackgroundGastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal cancer, stomach cancer and pancreatic cancer are among the most common cancers in Poland. Cancer patients usually assess their quality of life much worse than the general population, while negative emotions associated with the illness may affect the results of treatment.MethodsThe study involved 378 patients with colorectal cancer, stomach cancer and pancreatic cancer, treated as outpatients at the Oncology Center - Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute in Warsaw in 2013–2018. Standardized tools were used in the study: the Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ), the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), Approval Illness Scale (AIS), Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MiniMAC). The main goal of the study was to assess pain control, pain management strategies, illness acceptance and adaptation to cancer in patients with the most common gastrointestinal cancers.ResultsPatients with gastrointestinal cancers ascribe the greatest role in controlling pain to internal factors (M = 16.84, SE = .34), and the highest score in this area was obtained by patients with colorectal cancer (M = 17.33, SE = .35). The most frequently chosen strategy is declaring coping (M = 20.95, SE = .57), although patients with pancreatic cancer obtained a high score also in the area of catastrophizing (M = 17.99, SE = 1.14). The average value of illness acceptance for patients with gastrointestinal cancers was M = 25.00 (SE = .50) and it was the lowest in the group of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (M = 23.41, SE = 1.16), and the highest in a group of people with colorectal cancer (M = 27.76, SE = .51). Patients with gastrointestinal cancers obtained the highest values of the MiniMAC test in the area of the fighting spirit (M = 21.30, SE = .25), characteristic mainly for patients with colorectal cancer. Patients with pancreatic cancer were characterized by high anxiety and helplessness/hopelessness.ConclusionsPatients with gastrointestinal cancers use different methods of pain control and pain coping strategies, with active behaviors being preferred by patients with colorectal cancer and destructive - by patients with pancreatic cancer. The majority of socio-economic variables, as well as the treatment method, affect the patients’ behaviors.

Assessment of Pain, Acceptance of Illness, Adjustment to Life, and Strategies of Coping with Illness among Patients with Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is the fourth leading cause of deaths in Poland. The standard treatment for non-advanced gastric cancer is surgery, which significantly reduces the quality of life of patients. The objective of the study was to evaluate the strategy of coping with pain and its control, acceptance of illness, and adjustment to living with cancer in patients suffering from gastric cancer. The analysis of the impact of socio-economic factors on the above-mentioned problems was also analyzed. The study was conducted among 93 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer, treated on an outpatient basis at the Oncology Center—Maria Skłodowska—Curie Institute in Warsaw in 2017–2018. The PAPI (paper and pencil interview) technique was used. The questionnaire interview included metric questions (socio-economic variables) and four psychometric tests: BPCQ (the Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire), CSQ (the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire), AIS (Acceptance of Illness Scale), and Mini-MAC (Mental Adjustment to Cancer) test. In the area of pain control, patients with gastric cancer assign the greatest role to internal factors (M = 16.34, SD = 4.93), although women obtained the highest value in the impact of physicians. In the area of coping with pain, patients most likely select the strategy of praying/hoping (M = 22.19, SD = 9.36). The mean value of acceptance of illness for patients with gastric cancer is M = 24.02, SD = 7.69, and it is not conditioned by any socio-economic variable. In the area of mental adjustment to illness, the highest values were obtained by positive reevaluation (M = 20.73, SD = 3.35) and fighting spirit (M = 20.68, SD = 3.98). Patients with gastric cancer control pain mainly through internal factors. The most frequently chosen strategy for coping with pain is praying/hoping, and positive reevaluation prevails in the field of mental adjustment. The results point to specific factors that can affect the patient’s pain, quality of life, and treatment outcomes. Knowing the diversity of these factors, it is possible to plan specific psychotherapeutic activities for specific groups of people that could be a supplement to the standard treatment process.

Pain Beliefs and Perceptions and Their Relationship with Coping Strategies, Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients with Cancer.

Objective:The current study was conducted aiming at the investigation of pain beliefs and perceptions and their relationship with coping strategies, stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with cancer.Materials and Methods:Study design: This was a descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study. Data collection tools – Demographic questionnaire, Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory, Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Rosenstiel and Keefe), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale were used in this study. The dataset was analyzed using descriptive and infreretial statistics that included the chi-square and one-way ANOVA with software SPSS v.16 analysis.Results:Findings of the study indicated that the most common belief about pain in patients is pain permanence. In addition, the most commonly used strategies for coping pain in patients were praying/hoping (25.82 ± 7.86) and self-statements (22.3 ± 10.34). Results indicated that there is a significant difference between pain coping strategies and pain control (P = 0.02). No significant difference was observed between the pain beliefs and the coping strategies (P = 0.15). Depression and anxiety level of patients was estimated as moderate, and their stress was estimated as mild. It was specified that there is a significant difference between self-blame belief and depression of patients (P = 0.01).Conclusion:Understanding and identifying emotional-psychological variables in patients with chronic pains may provide a basis for implementing educational cognitive-behavioral programs for patients and the ground for increasing the ability to control the pain in nonpharmacological methods leading to promoting quality of life in these patients.

Estrategias de afrontamiento ante el dolor y dificultades en la regulación emocional en estudiantes cordobesas con dismenorrea primaria

This study evaluates the relationship between coping strategies for pain and difficulties in emotional regulation used by university students with primary dysmenorrhoea in the city of Cordoba. A retrospective ex post facto design with a quasi-control group was used with 222 female university students between 17 and 28 years of age from different public and private academic units. They were administered the menstrual pain questionnaire, the visual analog scale (EVA), the pain coping strategies questionnaire (CAD), and the emotional regulation difficulties scale (DERS). The results show positive and significant correlations between some CAD and DERS factors, which show that there is a relationship between the strategies that women use to deal with dysmenorrheal pain and difficulties in emotional regulation.

Relationship between pain coping strategies with mental disorders symptoms in patients referring to dental clinics

IntroductionThe study aimed to assess the relationship between mental disorders symptoms with pain coping strategies in dentistry clinics.MethodOne hundred and twenty people with dental pain that attended in dentistry clinics were randomly selected and responded to Rosenstein and Keefe's Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (PCSQ) and Derogatis's Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R). PCSQ assesses six pain coping strategies: diverting attention, reinterpretation pain sensation, self-negotiation, ignoring pain, disastrous thought, hope–praying, and SCL-90 measures nine dimensions: somatization, obsessive compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. The data were analysed with Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t-test.ResultsFindings showed positive and significant relationship between disastrous thought with all mental disorders symptoms; and reinterpretation pain sensation with depression and anxiety. Also there is negative significant relationship between ignoring pain with obsessive compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity and somatization; and hope – praying with interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism. Meanwhile there were significant differences in males and females. Females got more scores in ignoring pain than males, and males got more scores in anxiety, hostility and paranoid ideation tan females.DiscussionWith regard to findings, it is recommended that in addition to drug treatment, for changing the attitudes and thinking in patients with dental pain, psychiatrists and psychologists apply psychological treatments specially cognitive-behavior therapy to reduce abnormal thinking level about pain so that the length during of treatment declines, and as a results reduce the personality and health problems that is related with dental pain before and in during of drug treatment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Variations in the development of ischemic heart disease in women, viewed in relation to selected personality features

The aim of this paper is to characterize some personality traits of women with ischemic heart disease, in order to (a) determine their relationship to activity and inactivity, and (b) define the implications of that relationship for ways of coping with coronary pain. The study comprised N = 100 women aged 33 to 80 years (M = 60:36; SD = 9:55), hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology, who underwent angiography for the assessment of coronary arteries. Psychological studies have been conducted using clinical interviews, involving the IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (R.B. Cattell), the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (A.K. Rosenstiel & F.J. Keefe) and the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI; P.T. Costa & R.R. McCrae). The results obtained indicate that where a group of one hundred women with ischemic heart disease was concerned, their level of anxiety and fear stood at an almost neurotic level. In the structure of anxiety and fear one may observe the predominance of a strong tendency towards self-blame, experiencing feelings of guilt, and exhibiting high levels of internal tension. Among the personality traits in question, the following clearly dominated: extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. The principal strategies for dealing with pain on the part of women with IHD were “prayer and hope”, “declarations of coping” and “diverting attention”. In women with ischemic heart disease, it would thus be advisable to employ psychotherapeutic strategies aimed at lowering the tendency towards selfdestructive (auto-aggressive) behaviour and reducing any elevated levels of internal tension. Psychotherapeutic activities conducted among women with IHD should focus on strengthening psychological resilience, and on working out ways to cope with the disease by undertaking tasks which give them a chance to enrich their own development.

Assessment of pain, acceptance of illness, adjustment to life with cancer and coping strategies in breast cancer patients.

IntroductionBreast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women. Over the past 40 years, the number of patients diagnosed with breast cancer quadrupled. Breast cancer is one of the most frequent causes of death in women aged 65 and more in Poland.PurposeThe purpose of the study was to evaluate coping strategies, pain management, disease acceptance and adjustment to cancer in patients diagnosed with breast cancer and to assess the effect of socioeconomic variables on the above mentioned issues.MethodsThe study included 193 patients diagnosed with breast cancer during outpatient chemotherapy (classical chemotherapy, hormone therapy, molecularly targeted therapies) at the Center of Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute in Warsaw. We applied the Paper and Pencil Interview (PAPI) technique. The questionnaire interview consisted of demographic questions (socioeconomic variables) and the following four psychometric tests: BPCQ (Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire), measuring the influence of factors affecting pain management in patients, CSQ (Coping Strategies Questionnaire), designed to evaluate pain coping strategies, AIS (Acceptance of Illness Scale) questionnaire, measuring disease acceptance, and the mini-MAC (Mental Adjustment to Cancer) scale.ResultsThe results of BPCQ show that breast cancer patients mostly believe that doctors control pain; the mean result for the group was 17.09 and test values were differentiated by education and professional status. The top average score in the pain coping strategies questionnaire was recorded in the positive coping self-statement subscale (mean score = 21.81), whereas the lowest, in the catastrophizing subscale (mean score = 10.60). Here, education and income proved most significant in accounting for the differences recorded. The mean score on the AIS was 28.45, and the key factor differentiating the results was income. As far as the mini-MAC is concerned, we reported the highest score in the fighting spirit subscale (23.43). The average results in the scale were slightly differentiated by socioeconomic variables.ConclusionsBreast cancer patients mostly believe that those who control pain are doctors. Amongst the strategies of coping with pain, the top average score was recorded in the positive coping self-statement subscale. We found out that the level of disease acceptance depends on respondent’s income. The higher the income, the greater the acceptance of illness.

Analysis of Psychological Characteristics Impacting Spinal Cord Stimulation Treatment Outcomes: A Prospective Assessment

Background: Psychological factors are recognised as influencing the outcome of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) although there is currently no consensus as to which factors impact upon SCS efficacy. Objective: To identify psychological characteristics that may impact the efficacy of SCS. Study Design: Prospective evaluation. Setting: Single secondary care center in Dudley, United Kingdom. Methods: Patients: Seventy-five patients were initially recruited and 56 patients (31 women and 25 men) were followed-up for 12-months. Intervention: SCS for the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months following SCS implantation included the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, and the pain coping strategies questionnaire (PCSQ). Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed for the VAS (P &lt; 0.001), ODI (P = 0.011), anxiety (P = 0.042), and depression (P = 0.010) in the HAD scale and for the subscales reinterpreting pain sensation (P = 0.018), control over pain (P = 0.001), and ability to decrease pain (P &lt; 0.001) of the PCSQ. We observed that depression and autonomous coping (control over pain, ability to reduce pain, and catastrophizing) may impact sensory aspects such as pain intensity and disability scores affecting the outcome of SCS treatment. Age at time of implant and duration of pain prior to implant were also found to impact SCS efficacy. Limitations: It has been reported that loss of analgesia may be experienced within 12 to 24 months following SCS implantation and therefore, it would be of interest to follow patients over a longer period. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that psychological aspects such as depression and autonomous coping may impact SCS treatment. Addressing these issues prior to SCS implantation may improve SCS long-term outcome. Key words: Spinal cord stimulation, chronic pain, psychological characteristics, depression, autonomous coping

EPA-0518 - Psychological predictors of adaptation to fibromyalgia

We aimed to examine the influence of psychological factors on the adaptation to fibromyalgia (FM). Fibromyalgia is a chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome of uncertain origin, characterized by widespread pain and abnormal tenderness, associated with body stiffness, fatigue, poor quality sleep, headache, cognitive disturbance. We examined the relationship between personality traits, illness acceptance, strategy of coping with pain, social support and adaptation to fibromyalgia. Thirty FM patients (28 women and 2 men) completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), The Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire- Revised (FIQ-R). Regression analysis results indicated that the adaptation to fibromyalgia is differentially associated with personality traits and the subjective level of pain. Especially Extroversion and Agreeableness are significant predictors of the assessment of fibromyalgia impact on everyday life. Neuroticism contributes significantly to vigilance to pain. The strategies to cope with pain correlate with such personality traits like Agreeableness and Openness to experience. The level of illness acceptance highly depends on the subjective intense of pain. Psychological factors might be involved in triggering, maintaining, exacerbation of the fibromyalgia process and they may influence the adaptation to this illness. Particularly the personality of the patient appeared to play the significant role in this process.

P01-38 Personality, pain, addiction: A new view in pain coping strategies in relation to personality traits in substance abusers

Introduction and aim:According to recent research about treatment of diseases, pain coping strategies or management of pain can play important role in pain decrease and treatment of disease. But there is a few documented article or reference that imply to pain coping strategies specially in relation to personality in substance abusers. So this pilot study was to assess the relationship between pain coping strategies and personality traits in substance abusers.Method:50 addicted were randomly selected and Rosenstein &amp; Keefe's Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire (PCSQ) and Mc Care &amp; Costa's NEO PI-R inventory were administered on them. PCSQ assesses six pain coping strategies: diverting attention, reinterpretation pain sensation, self -negotiation, ignoring pain, disastrous thought and praying-hoping and NEO assesses five personality traits: Neuroticism, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience.Results:Finding showedthe are positive significant relationship between neuroticism and disastrous thought, negative significant relationship between agreeableness and disastrous thought, negative significant relationship between neuroticism and diverting attention, positive significant relationship between extroversion and conscientiousness and diverting attention.Discussion:With regard to findings it is recomended that in addition to drug treatment, for changing the attitudes and thinking in addicts, psychiatrits and psychologists apply psychological treatments specially cognitive - behaviour therapy to reduce bad and abnormal thinking level about pain so that the lenght during of treatment declince and as a results reduce the personality problems that is related with addiction before and in during drug treatment.

A brief haemophilia pain coping questionnaire

Pain coping strategies are important influences on outcomes among people with painful chronic conditions. The pain coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ) was previously adapted for sickle cell disease and haemophilia, but those versions have 80 items, and a briefer version with similar psychometric properties would facilitate research on pain coping. The full-length haemophilia-adapted CSQ, plus measures of pain frequency and intensity, pain acceptance, pain readiness to change, and health-related quality of life were completed by 190 men with haemophilia. Items were selected for a 27-item short form, which was completed 6 months later by 129 (68%) participants. Factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity were the same in the long and short forms. For the short form, internal reliabilities of the three composite scales were 0.86 for negative thoughts, 0.80 for active coping and 0.76 for passive adherence. Test-retest reliabilities were 0.73 for negative thoughts, 0.70 for active coping and 0.64 for passive adherence. Negative thoughts were associated with less readiness to change, less acceptance of pain and more impaired health-related quality of life, whereas active coping was associated with greater readiness to change and more acceptance of pain. The short form is a convenient brief measure of pain coping with good psychometric properties, and could be used to extend research on pain coping in haemophilia.

Understanding the causes of problematic pain management in sickle cell disease: evidence that pseudoaddiction plays a more important role than genuine analgesic dependence

Treatment of painful episodes in sickle cell disease (SCD) is sometimes complicated by disputes between patients and staff and patient behaviors that raise concerns about analgesic misuse. Those concern-raising behaviors could indicate either drug seeking caused by analgesic dependence or pseudoaddiction caused by undertreatment of pain. To make a systematic assessment of concern-raising behaviors and examine their associations with other factors, including DSM-IV symptoms of substance dependence, individual, in-depth interviews with SCD patients were conducted to apply pre-established criteria for concern-raising behaviors. These included disputes with staff, tampering with analgesic delivery systems, passing prescribed analgesics from one person to another, being suspected or accused of analgesic misuse, self-discharging from hospital, obtaining analgesic prescriptions from multiple sources, using illicit drugs, and injecting analgesics. Assessments were also made of pain-related symptoms of substance dependence (where behaviors resemble substance dependence but reflect attempts to manage pain, increasing the risk of pseudoaddiction), non-pain-related symptoms of substance dependence (where substance dependence reflects analgesic use beyond pain management), and pain coping strategies (using the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire). Inter-rater reliability for the assessment of concern-raising behaviors was high, with Kappa coefficients of 0.63 to 1.0. The most frequent concern-raising behaviors were disputes with staff about pain or analgesics. The least frequent were tampering with analgesic delivery systems and passing analgesics between patients in hospital. The odds of concern-raising behaviors in hospital were raised eightfold by less use of ignoring pain as a coping strategy, and more thandoubled by each additional pain-related symptom of substance dependence. Non-pain-related symptoms of substance dependence had no independent effect on concern-raising behaviors. Concern-raising behaviors were more closely associated with pain behaviors that make patients vulnerable to misperceptions of substance dependence than they were with genuine substance dependence. The results show how pseudoaddiction can adversely influence hospital pain management, and suggest that more emphasis should be placed on patients' pain and analgesic needs when responding to concern-raising behaviors in hospital.

Pain coping strategies among patients with haemophilia

Pain caused by bleeding episodes is an important aspect of haemophilia, but patients' pain coping strategies have not been widely studied and there is no specific instrument for assessing pain coping among patients with haemophilia. This paper reports an adaptation of the pain coping strategies questionnaire (CSQ) for haemophilia. A sample of patients with severe haemophilia completed the haemophilia-adapted CSQ as well as the beliefs about pain control questionnaire (BPCQ), and provided information about pain frequency and severity, use of analgesics and other drugs, and demographic and other details. The adapted CSQ comprised seven sub-scales from the original CSQ, four sub-scales from a version adapted for sickle cell disorder, and three new sub-scales dealing with specific pain coping behaviours relevant to haemophilia. Internal consistency of the sub-scales ranged from moderate to high, and for existing sub-scales was similar to reports of other patient groups. Principal components analysis indicated two major factors called 'negative thoughts about pain' and 'coping attempts', plus a smaller third factor called 'passive adherence'. Negative thoughts about pain were associated with beliefs about pain being controlled by chance happenings, whereas passive adherence was associated with more frequent visits to health care professionals, greater use of analgesics, and beliefs about pain being controlled by doctors. The findings provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of the adapted questionnaire, which could be used in further research to investigate the role of pain coping in adjustment, disability and quality of life among patients with haemophilia.

Psychological factors associated with short-term recovery from total knee replacement.

To identify the psychological factors that predict short-term recovery following total knee replacement. A group of 42 patients undergoing total knee replacement received a pre-operative psychological assessment. Four self-report questionnaires were completed: the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire; the Short Form Social Support Questionnaire; the Recovery Locus of Control Scale; and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Post-operative outcome was assessed in terms of the number of days taken to achieve key physiotherapy milestones (straight leg raise; 90 degrees bend of the knee) and discharge. The three response variables were analysed separately using an ordinal regression. Internal locus of control was associated with a shorter time to achieve a straight leg raise. Larger values of catastrophizing were associated with longer times to achieve a 90 degrees bend. There was a trend towards larger values of satisfaction with social support to be associated with an earlier achievement of the 90 degrees bend. No psychological variables were found to be associated with the length of hospital stay. As suggested by previous studies, coping style and locus of control appear to be important in the rehabilitation process. The current data suggest that psychological variables could be usefully included in a pre-operative assessment for total knee replacement.