Volvariella Volvacea Research Articles

Volvariella volvacea (paddy straw mushroom): A mushroom with exceptional medicinal and nutritional properties

Volvariella volvacea, commonly referred to as paddy straw mushroom, is renowned for its remarkable medicinal and nutritional properties. This mushroom, part of the family Pluteaceae, thrives in tropical and subtropical regions and is highly esteemed for its distinctive flavor and substantial health benefits. The fruiting body of V. volvacea is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including antioxidant enzymes, terpenes, polypeptides, sugars, phenolics, and flavonoids. These compounds exhibit an extensive range of therapeutic activities such as anti-tumor, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. Nutritionally, V. volvacea is an excellent source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, ascorbic acid, and essential minerals. It also boasts a comprehensive profile of amino acids, including valine, arginine, glutamine, serine, aspartic acid, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, asparagine, lysine, cystine, proline, glycine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and histidine. This review emphasizes the significant medicinal and nutritional potential of V. volvacea, advocating its inclusion as a functional food to enhance human health and well-being. By highlighting its diverse bioactive compounds and therapeutic benefits, this review aims to foster greater recognition and utilization of paddy straw mushroom in both dietary and medicinal applications.

Exploring the salty peptides of enzymatically hydrolyzed Volvariella volvacea protein: Structural analysis and taste perception insights

This study aimed to prepare and screen salty peptides and elucidate the factors triggering their saltiness properties and saltiness-enhancing effects. Electronic tongue results indicated that samples treated with Alcalase (AJ) exhibited the highest saltiness intensity (5.05 ± 0.11) and greater saltiness-enhancing compared to those treated with Flavourzyme (AF), Neutrase (AZ), and Papain (AM). Peptides identified by LC-MS/MS were docked to the TMC4 receptor, resulting in 23 peptides with good docked results. The key amino acid residues (Thr431, Arg433, Phe440, Phe432, and Ser273) were discovered. The salty peptides WPGFK (633.75 Da), YFDWPGFK (1059.17 Da), and YFDWPGFKT (1160.27 Da) were selected for salt reduction and molecular characterization studies. Electronic tongue results showed that the 0.01 % WPGFK solution matched the saltiness of the 0.24 % NaCl solution and demonstrated superior saltiness-enhancing compared to YFDWPGFK and YFDWPGFKT. Primary sequence analysis of three salty peptides suggested that the WPG amino acid segment might play a crucial role in generating saltiness. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis of the secondary structure indicated that increased random coil and decreased β-turn contents resulted in higher saltiness perception and increased random coil content led to greater saltiness-enhancing ability.

Effects of 60Coγ-irradiation combined with sodium dehydrogenate on post-harvest preservation and physiological indices of Volvariella volvacea.

Volvariella volvacea is a mushroom known for its high palatability and nutritional value. However, it is susceptible to spoilage thus making it challenging to preserve and keep fresh after harvest, resulting in constraints in long-distance transportation and long-term storage. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using irradiation and sodium dehydrogenate (SD) as a preservative in the preservation process of V. volvacea. The effects of three treatments of 0.8 kGy 60Coγ irradiation (B), 0.04% SD (C), combined with 0.04% SD and 0.8 kGy 60Coγ irradiation (A) on the postharvest freshness of V. volvacea were investigated. The assessment indices for V. volvacea, including appearance, browning rate, weight loss, respiration rate, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activities, vitamin C (Vc), and soluble protein content, were measured and compared. The three treatments were compared to determine the changes in storage time over 7 days post-harvest. The results demonstrated that the hardness of the fruiting body exhibited a significant increase of 81.19%, 97.96% and 168.81% in comparison to the control, B and C, respectively, following the application of the treatment A. Compared to the control group, the soluble protein content was significantly increased by 20.28%. Respiration intensity and browning rate were significantly lower in the control treatment, decreasing by 35.07% and 45.49% respectively. On the 6th day of storage, the activities of SOD and POD increased by 81.06% and 73.71%, respectively, compared to the control, which significantly delayed the senescence of the fruiting bodies. The Vc content was significantly increased by 50.27%, 133.90%, and 101.39% in treatment B, which received 0.8 kGy 60Coγ irradiation alone, compared to the control, treatment A, and treatment C, respectively. The treatment C alone significantly reduced respiratory intensity and MDA variables by 39.55% and 31.01%, respectively, compared to the control. The findings can provide theoretical references and technical support for extending the preservation period of V. volvacea after harvesting by using irradiation and sodium dehydrogenate as a preservative.

Comparative Evaluation of Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity in Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia of Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus sajor-caju Extracts.

Mushrooms, recognized for their rich medicinal and nutritional content, have garnered significant interest due to their potent antioxidant properties. This study investigates the fruiting bodies and mycelia of straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea) and grey oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju). The mushrooms were extracted using distilled water at ratios of 1:25, 1:30, and 1:35 g/mL by soaking in a temperature-regulated shaking bath set at 50°C. The aqueous extracts were analyzed for their bioactive components, including polysaccharides, proteins, GABA, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), along with their antioxidant capacities using DPPH and ABTS assays. The results indicated that the straw mushroom exhibited higher levels of polysaccharides, GABA, TPC, and TFC compared to the grey oyster mushroom, which contained higher protein levels. Specifically, the fruiting bodies extract of the straw mushroom demonstrated the highest levels of polysaccharides (416.94 mg/g extract), GABA (12.86 mg/g extract), TPC (33.27 mg GAE/g extract), and TFC (9.39 mg CE/g extract). Furthermore, the fruiting bodies extract showed a greater capacity to scavenge free radicals than the mycelia extract of both straw mushroom and grey oyster mushroom, with DPPH assay values of 0.65 and 0.47 mg TE/g extract and ABTS assay values of 2.26 and 1.74 mg TE/g extract, respectively. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies possess higher free radical scavenging potential as an outcome of their high levels of bioactive compounds. Consequently, these extracts indicate promise as natural antioxidative agents and could be effectively utilized as ingredients in the culinary industry.

Fabrication and characterization of bioactive curdlan and sodium alginate films for enhancing the shelf life of Volvariella volvacea

This study aimed to develop bioactive films based on curdlan (CD) and sodium alginate (SA) to enhance the shelf life of the Volvariella volvacea mushroom. A stable nanoemulsion of droplet size of 150.1 ± 5 nm was first formulated using 5% soy protein (Sp) and 10% lavender essential oil (LEO), achieved by ultrasound treatment for 10 min, resulting in small droplet sizes. In parallel, a CD-SA film was prepared by mixing them in a 1:1 ratio. The SpLEO nanoemulsion was then ex situ added to the CD-SA film at varying concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%). The resulting bioactive film exhibited desirable properties, including water vapor permeability (1.15 ± 0.05 × 10−10 g m−1 Pa−1 s−1), swelling rate (547%), and tensile strength (10.1 ± 1.3 MPa). Docking and structural analyses suggested that ultrasound treatment enhanced the intermolecular hydrogen bonding, creating a uniform and regular surface and reduced crystallinity. The CD-SA film with ultrasound-treated 8% SpLEO nanoemulsion [i.e., (CD-SA/SpLEO-8)US] showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and extended the freshness of straw mushrooms prevention of spoilage during storage. Additionally, the film reduced respiration rate (975 mg CO₂/kg/h at 96 h) and ethylene production (160 ng/kg/s by 96 h) while effectively inhibiting straw mushroom autolysis. This led to a reduction in browning (2.91), total soluble solids (7.5%), weight loss (13.9%), and polyphenol oxidase activity (0.08 ΔOD420/min⋅g), thereby extending the shelf life of the mushrooms to 96 h. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating different molecules using ultrasound treatment to develop innovative edible films for food preservation.

Pertumbuhan dan hasil jamur merang (volvariella volvacea) pada berbagai media tanam limbah pertanian

Straw mushrooms are a food ingredient that is much sought after by the public because they have a delicious taste and are beneficial for health with a complete nutritional co mposition consisting of carbohydrates (8.7%); protein (26.49%); fat (0.67%); calcium (0.75%); phosphorus (30%); potassium (44.2%) vitamins and minerals. For the growth of straw mushrooms, they need nutrients which can be fulfilled by the planting medium which can come from agricultural waste. This research aims to determine the growth and yield of straw mushrooms on various types of agricultural waste growing media. This research was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatment levels, namely: P0 = 50 kg rice straw, P1 = 50 kg reeds, P2 = 50 kg corn cobs, P3 = 50 kg sugarcane bagasse. The research was repeated 4 times to obtain 16 treatments. The results of the study showed that the effect of significant differences in treatment was only found in the observation parameter of the number of fruiting bodies of straw mushrooms, while the other parameters did not show significant differences. The results of the observations showed that the planting media treatment with rice straw gave the best results with a fruit body number of 63.5 fruit bodies, a fruit body diameter of 3.05 cm, a fruit body height of 4.42 cm and a fruit body wet weight of 898 gr. The time for pinheads to appear on rice straw planting media is faster than other planting media

Green synthesis of carbon dots from Hakka yellow wine lees: Characterization and applications for Fe3+ and NaFeEDTA sensing

In this study, Hakka yellow wine lees carbon dots (HYWL-CDs) with an average diameter of 1.75 nm are synthesized from Hakka yellow wine lees (HYWL) via a one-pot hydrothermal method. Results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FTIR reveal the presence of C=C and –OH in the HYWL-CDs. Additionally, the HYWL-CDs present excitation-wavelength dependence, with maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 360 and 440 nm, respectively. The fluorescence of the HYWL-CDs can be quenched by Fe3+. The Fe3+ concentration is correlated linearly with the quenching rate over a linear range of 0.6–1.1 mg/mL, and the limit of detection is 0.18 μg/mL. And phenols have been shown to be present in HYWL-CDs, and the color reaction between phenols and FeCl3 is most likely the mechanism by which FeCl3 causes fluorescence burst in HYWL-CDs. Moreover, the HYWL-CDs demonstrate significant potential for detecting NaFeEDTA in iron-fortified soy sauces, the linear-fit equation was y = 185.38x + 1024.6 (R2 = 0.9995) The HYWL-CDs are loaded onto paper strips, iron-fortified straw mushroom dark soy sauce showed noticeable color changes, which allows one to differentiate normal soy sauce from iron-fortified soy sauce more conveniently and provides a new perspective for the high-value utilization of yellow wine lees.

Bacterial Rot of Paddy Straw Mushroom and its Management

Bacterial Rot of Paddy Straw Mushroom and its Management

Eco-Friendly Mycogenic Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Volvariella volvacea and Unveiling its Potential as Antibiofilm and Anticancer Agents

This research explores the eco-friendly creation of functional, biocompatible nanomaterials through green chemistry, utilizing natural extracts over chemicals to produce metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The study focuses on iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized with Volvariella volvacea (GIONP) and evaluates their physical, chemical, and biological traits, including their anticancer capabilities, against traditionally made IONPs (CIONP). GIONPs, confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering, showed enhanced stability and consistent size distribution. They also demonstrated smaller sizes via -Field Emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, and X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared studies verified their crystalline structure and organic functional groups. Notably, GIONPs exhibited strong antioxidant properties, low toxicity to blood cells, promising for intravenous use, and greater antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against various bacterial strains than CIONPs. The study revealed that both GIONPs and CIONPs exhibit a similar degree of toxicity towards MDA-MB 231 cancer cells. The internalization of GIONPs within these cells was verified through a Prussian blue assay and further supported by the concentration-dependent increase in intracellular iron levels post-treatment. These findings underscore the successful formulation of GIONPs that are not only biocompatible and eco-friendly but also capped with bioactive compounds, highlighting their promising applications in the field of biomedicine.

Serine Rejuvenated Degenerated Volvariella volvacea by Enhancing ROS Scavenging Ability and Mitochondrial Function.

Serine is a functional amino acid that effectively regulates the physiological functions of an organism. This study investigates the effects of adding exogenous serine to a culture medium to explore a feasible method for the rejuvenation of V. volvacea degenerated strains. The tissue isolation subcultured strains T6, T12, and T19 of V. volvacea were used as test strains, and the commercially cultivated strain V844 (T0) was used as a control. The results revealed that the addition of serine had no significant effect on non-degenerated strains T0 and T6, but could effectively restore the production characteristics of degenerated strains T12 and T19. Serine increased the biological efficiency of T12 and even helped the severely degenerated T19 to regrow its fruiting body. Moreover, exogenous serine up-regulated the expression of some antioxidant enzyme genes, improved antioxidase activity, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial morphology. Meanwhile, serine treatment increased lignocellulase and mycelial energy levels. These findings form a theoretical basis and technical support for the rejuvenation of V. volvacea degenerated strains and other edible fungi.

Feasibility Analysis of Straw Mushroom Farming using Cotton Fiber Waste Growth Media in Small Straw Mushroom Businesses (Case in Karangmangu Village, Kramatmulya District, Kuningan Regency, West Java)

Feasibility Analysis of Straw Mushroom Farming using Cotton Fiber Waste Growth Media in Small Straw Mushroom Businesses (Case in Karangmangu Village, Kramatmulya District, Kuningan Regency, West Java)

Extraction of Chitosan Derived from Mushroom by Deacetylation for Wastewater Treatment

In this study, Volvariella vovacea (straw mushroom, SM) and Flammulina velutipes (Golden mushroom, GM) were used as a natural source of chitin. The aim of this research is to extract chitin and thus, converted into chitosan via acetylation process. The obtained chitosan was applied in the wastewater treatment process as the coagulant to improve the quality of wastewater. As these two types of mushrooms are readily available in the local area in Northeastern Thailand and relatively cheap. The chitin extraction process was obtained by firstly removing fat, minerals, protein and pigment of SM and GM using petroleum ether, HCl, NaOH and acetone respectively. Extracted chitin was deacetylated by using 50% (v/v) NaOH at 140 oC for 2 hours to convert into chitosan. The properties of extracted chitosan was examined by FT-IR and TGA. FTIR spectrum showed the peaks of C-H stretching at 2870 cm-1 , N-H2 bending at 1586 cm-1, N-H stretching at 1026 cm-1, etc. which corresponded to the standard chitosan. TGA showed the thermal decomposition which is divided into three phases. First stage of weight loss is between 50-115 °C caused by water evaporation. There was no changes of weight during a temperature of 115-268 °C. The second phase during 268-330 °C indicates a significant weight loss which is due tot he saccharide degradation of chitosan and at a temperature more than 330°C refers to the volatile organic material. As a result of TGA, it can be confirmed that the extracted chitosan from SM and GM is very similar to the standard commercial chitosan. After that, 3 g of extracted chitosan was mixed with 300 mL of deionized water and 6 mL of acetic acid was added for 24 hours to prepare the chitosan coagulant. Then, it was dropped in the separate jar which contained high TSS, COD and BOD wastewater. The results showed that chitosan biocoagulant could reduce TSS, COD and BOD by 62, 62 and 88% respectively which proved to be efficient in the use of wastewater treatment.

Investigating the Cardio-protective Activity of Volvariella volvacea in Isoproterenol-induced Myocardial Infarction Using Animal Model: An In vivo Approach

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a severe cardiovascular condition characterized by impaired blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to tissue damage and dysfunction. Among different natural resource, mushrooms are now becoming more attractive because of its strong nutritional value and therapeutic potentiality. Wild edible fleshy fungi like Volvariella volvacea have been instrumental in preventing and treating chrome diseases. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the cardio-protective activity of Volvariella volvacea in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction using animal model. Twenty five (25) male wistar rats were randomly grouped into five classes (A, B, C, D and E) of five rats each. Groups A, B and C were pre-treated with 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of Volvariella volvacea extract respectively. Group D was administered 10 mg of lisinopril (standard drug), this served as the positive control group while group E was administered 0.2 ml distilled water, and this served as the negative control group. All the rats were intraperitoneally induced with 150 mg of isoproterenol after fourteen days (two weeks) of pretreatment. Cardiac biomarker (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), was measured to assess cardiac injury, using standard method while lipid bioassay such as high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were assayed using standard assay kits. Results showed that rats pre-treated with Volvariella volvacea extract showed significant effect on cardiac biomarkers compared to the control group. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities with a significant decrease (P>0.05) in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglyceride levels in a dose-dependent manner (100<200<400 mg/kg body weight) among the extract treated groups when compared to the untreated control group. However, total cholesterol levels of extract treated groups showed no significant difference when compared with the untreated control group. This study has shown that extract of Volvariella volvacea could help to mitigate cardiovascular diseases and could be used to produce plant based products to combat Ischemic heart disease, and consequently improving general wellbeing.

Expanding the understanding of Volvariella volvacea autolysis at 4°C with transcriptomics and metabolomics

Volvariella volvacea is a type of high-temperature edible fungus that is prone to low-temperature autolysis, which makes postharvest storage and long-distance transportation difficult. In this study, transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics analysis provided the profiling of genes and metabolites in V. volvacea fruiting bodies stored at 4 °C. According to the transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, 1613 and 1846 differentially expressed genes, 126 and 136 differential metabolites were identified at 12 h and 24 h compared to control (0 h), respectively. 6 common metabolic pathways were found by integrated analysis, of which starch and sucrose metabolism and pyruvate metabolism were further analyzed. The results exhibited that low-temperature autolysis was the consequence of the intracellular and extracellular interactions. Expression changes of genes (CEL2, CEL3, CEL6B and GH5–1) involved in cellulose metabolism led to the degradation of cellular structure. The rapid reduction of soluble sugar resulted in a decrease in the cytoplasmic concentration and an increase in osmotic potential, thereby liquefying the surface of fruiting bodies. The differential metabolites and genes of malate metabolism participated in the electron supply of the electron transport chain, but long-term low temperature made the intracellular energy supply insufficient, causing cold damage. This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding in the mechanisms of low-temperature autolysis of V. volvacea.

Cost benefit analysis of paddy straw mushroom in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh

Cost benefit analysis of paddy straw mushroom in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh

Morphological and molecular insights into the hidden edible mushroom diversity in Sri Lanka

With the increasing world population, identifying additional food sources is crucial. Mushrooms have long been considered a nutraceutical and are consumed globally, including in Sri Lanka. Due to its abundant biodiversity, there is a significant potential for diverse wild edible mushrooms in Sri Lanka. However, the identification of these mushrooms based on morphological characteristics can often be misleading. Molecular characterization ensures more accurate and reliable identification of mushrooms, yet it has not been conducted extensively in Sri Lanka. This study collected several wild edible mushroom samples from Colombo and Rathnapura Districts of Sri Lanka. The edibility of these wild edible mushrooms was confirmed based on traditional knowledge and later verified by published literature. Phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of ITS rDNA sequence data and morphological characteristics were used to determine the identity of the collected mushrooms. In this study, six edible mushrooms, Calvatia candida, Pleurotus giganteus, Schizophyllum radiatum, Termitomyces heimii, T. microcarpus, and Volvariella volvacea were identified based on morphology and phylogeny. Calvatia candida and S. radiatum are reported as new records for Sri Lanka, while this is the first study conducted on molecular characterization of V. volvacea in Sri Lanka. Finally, this study aims to increase the research interest, cultivation, commercialization, and conservation of these identified edible mushrooms in Sri Lanka.

Survey, Morpho-microscopic Characterization of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) from Different Locations of Chhattisgarh, India

Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea), commonly known as the straw mushroom, or the Chinese mushroom, belongs to the family Pluteaceae (Kotl. & Pouz) of the Basidiomycetes (Singer, 1961). The present research was undertaken to explore the diversity, distribution, morphological, and microscopic characteristics of V. volvacea native isolates from Chhattisgarh.A total of eight isolates were collected in a survey conducted across Chhattisgarh from six districts viz. Rajnandgaon, Raipur, Dhamtari, and Bemetara, Kabirdham, Durg and all the relevant information on habitat, temperature, relative humidity, location (GPS data), habit, and related substrates in native environments; were recorded delligently. Volvariella isolates collected were characterized morphologically and found possessing pink spores, free lamellae, and a stipe bearing no annulus but was encased at the base by a volva. The gills of all the isolates were freely arranged; consistency was fleshy; colour was moderate brown; and texture was smooth. The stipes of all the isolates were cylindrical, centrally attached to the pileus; the consistency was fleshy; the colour was yellowish white; and the bases were swollen. Pileus characters of all isolates show a light brown outer colour, a moderate brown middle colour, and regular margins. The volva characters of all isolates show a sheathed arrangement and brownish colour. Spore print colours were observed as pink and moderate brown, gill colour varied from light pink to brown for all isolates. Microscopic characterization was done and was found that spore size of all collected isolates ranges between six to nine micrometre and the basidium bears sterigmata.

Utilizing Analytical Hierarchy Process for Evaluating the Performance of Straw Mushroom (Volvariella spp.) Farmers in North-Eastern Region of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia

Producers of Straw Mushroom (Volvariella spp.) in the North-Eastern region of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia predominantly operate within the sub-districts of Cilamaya Kulon, Cilamaya Wetan, and Banyusari. A noticeable decline in Straw Mushroom cultivation has been observed in this region, which can be ascribed to various factors including suboptimal farming practices, diminished seed quality, and erratic weather conditions impacting production outcomes. It is imperative to enhance the efficiency of mushroom farming across multiple stages encompassing planning, procurement of raw materials, processing, Maintenance, harvesting, marketing, shipping, handling returns, and ensuring consumer satisfaction. This study aims to evaluate the productivity of mushroom farmers, with a specific focus on the top-performing farmers in the North-Eastern region of Karawang. Proportionate stratified random sampling was employed as the sampling technique, and data were collected through structured interviews utilizing a questionnaire. Quantitative analysis, employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process method, was utilized for data analysis. The findings reveal that planning criteria hold the highest priority value of 0.306, whereas satisfaction criteria have the lowest priority value of 0.018. The top-performing farmers achieved a score of 2.08, while the lowest performing farmers attained a score of 1.10

Taste-Active Peptides from Triple-Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Straw Mushroom Proteins Enhance Salty Taste: An Elucidation of Their Effect on the T1R1/T1R3 Taste Receptor via Molecular Docking.

The objective of our study was to analyze and identify enzymatic peptides from straw mushrooms that can enhance salty taste with the aim of developing saltiness enhancement peptides to reduce salt intake and promote dietary health. We isolated taste-related peptides from the straw mushroom extract using ultrafiltration and identified them using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The study found that the ultrafiltration fraction (500-2000 Da) of straw mushroom peptides had a saltiness enhancement effect, as revealed via subsequent E-tongue and sensory analyses. The ultrafiltration fractions (500-2000 Da) were found to contain 220 peptides, which were identified through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. The interaction of these peptides with the T1R1/T1R3 receptor was also assessed. The investigation highlighted the significant involvement of Asp223, Gln243, Leu232, Asp251, and Pro254 in binding peptides from triple-enzymatically hydrolyzed straw mushrooms to T1R1/T1R3. Based on the binding energy and active site analysis, three peptides were selected for synthesis: DFNALPFK (-9.2 kcal/mol), YNEDNGIVK (-8.8 kcal/mol), and VPGGQEIKDR (-8.9 kcal/mol). Importantly, 3.2 mmol of VPGGQEIKDR increased the saltiness level of a 0.05% NaCl solution to that of a 0.15% NaCl solution. Additionally, the addition of 0.8 mmol of YNEDNGIVK to a 0.05% NaCl solution resulted in the same level of saltiness as a 0.1% NaCl solution.

Assessment Environmental and Social Impacts for the Rice Straw Utilization Technical Models to Promote Circular Economy for Rice Production in Chau Thanh District - An Giang Province

The study objective is to provide an initial scientific basis for calculating CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emission reduction from the three technical models such as rice-straw composting, rice-straw fermented for cattle feed, and straw mushroom production, which are rice-straw utilization alternatives instead of open burning them in Chau Thanh district. The study calculation is based on the surveyed practical database, the theoretical emission factors (EF), and the implementation of EasyPol-Ex software version 5 (Ex-Act) to estimate the amount of CO2e emissions when switching. The results show that in 2022, Chau Thanh could avoid 330,236 tons of CO2 emissions by burning 171,637 tons of rice straw. The estimated amount of CO2 emitted from harvesting and rolling rice straw by machine was 4.375 g CO2e per kilogram of rice straw. The EF for transportation of rice straw to model implementation places was 740 gCO2e/kg. The additional EFs for mushroom, composting, and animal feed production models were 222g, 172g and 60g CO2e/kg, respectively. Results indicate that although the EF of rice straw collection and transportation was still high, the total CO2e from three models (including transportation) was still lower than the EF from straw burning. In addition, farmers who own the paddy field earned an extra 500,000 VND/ha per crop, and farmers earned an extra about 1.7 to 2.3 million VND per crop, depending on the model applied. The successful implementation of technical models promoted the concept of circular economy applied to rice production industries.