Paddy Quality Research Articles

Study on Drying Characteristics of combined microwave-hot air drying of Paddy

Combining microwave drying with traditional hot-air drying can significantly enhance drying efficiency and uniformity owing to its unique internal heating characteristics, making it suitable for drying fresh paddy susceptible to mold. In this study, a fresh paddy was dried using a microwave fluidized-bed dryer to investigate the drying characteristics and assess the influence of microwave power, microwave duration, hot-air temperature, air velocity, and tempering time ratio. Key parameters, including drying rate, moisture diffusion coefficient, moisture transfer coefficient, activation energy, thermal efficiency, and specific energy consumption, were calculated. The results indicated that increasing microwave power and hot-air temperature significantly reduced drying time, achieving a maximum thermal efficiency of 54.26% and a moisture diffusion coefficient of 10.995 × 10-9 m2/s at a hot-air temperature of 55 °C. This confirmed the high efficiency of the combined drying method. A tempering time ratio of 1:4 optimized energy utilization and maintained paddy quality. Additionally, the Verma model accurately predicted moisture content in this new drying system. The results provide valuable insights for applying combined microwave-hot air drying in the paddy drying industry.

Evaluating the consistency of rice and paddy quality using four-dimensional fingerprint analysis

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the quality of 13 batches of rice and 17 batches of paddy.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PADDY AND PRICING ISSUES THROUGH PROCESS OPTIMIZATION IN A RICE COMPANY

This research aims to improve the quality of paddy and address pricing issues through process optimization in APRM. The study focuses on identifying the manufacturing process of paddy, optimizing it to enhance quality, and suggesting procurement practices to resolve pricing issues. The research employed a semi-structured interview approach to collect data. The findings provide valuable recommendations for APRM to optimize the manufacturing process, improve paddy quality, and establish fair pricing structures. The significance of the study lies in its potential to enhance APRM's market competitiveness, improve farmer welfare, promote sustainability, contribute to the agricultural industry's advancement, and influence policy and decision-making. The research concludes with a discussion, highlighting the research's implications, addressing gaps in the literature, and offering recommendations for future research. Implementing the suggested strategies can lead to improved paddy quality, stable pricing, and overall growth for APRM and the agricultural sector. By implementing the suggested strategies, APRM has the opportunity to achieve improved paddy quality, stable pricing, and overall growth, thereby positioning itself as a leading player in the rice industry.

Discrepancies in estimated flood losses on paddy production: Application of damage models on historical flood records of the Northwest States of Peninsular Malaysia

Information of flood damage to crops production is essential for guiding risk-based decisions in reducing future adverse impacts of floods. For paddy, its susceptibility to floods is one of the factors that may influence the loss of paddy’s production. To date, there have been limited studies that have been undertaken to examine in detail how different damage functions (with and without a susceptibility index) influence flood damage estimates of paddy using past recorded flood information. This study attempts to examine flood damage functions of different forms in two conditions: as their stand-alone forms and when being applied for damage and risk estimations. Furthermore, recorded revenues from the past were used to investigate the effects of paddy’s susceptibility to floods on revenues. Historical flood evidence and revenues between 1987 and 2021 occurred on paddy granaries under the Muda Agricultural Development Authority’s (MADA) monitoring located in Perlis and Kedah states of Peninsular Malaysia and were used in this study. Application of three damage functions reveals that the exclusion of susceptibility index from the damage calculation results in significantly overestimations of losses, with a standard deviation reaching as high as 38 and overestimations up to four times that of the function with susceptibility index. The high estimates could hinder the acceptance of risk-based flood assessment (and its results) in flood alleviation decision-making. Furthermore, as the percentage of flooded area increases, the revenue loss increases, indicating the effects of floods on harvested paddy quality. This further highlights the potential role of the susceptibility index in the damage function.

FEDformer-Based Paddy Quality Assessment Model Affected by Toxin Change in Different Storage Environments.

The storage environment can significantly impact paddy quality, which is vital to human health. Changes in storage can cause growth of fungi that affects grain quality. This study analyzed grain storage monitoring data from over 20 regions and found that five factors are essential in predicting quality changes during storage. The study combined these factors with the FEDformer (Frequency Enhanced Decomposed Transformer for Long-term Series Forecasting) model and k-medoids algorithm to construct a paddy quality change prediction model and a grading evaluation model, which showed the highest accuracy and lowest error in predicting quality changes during paddy storage. The results emphasize the need for monitoring and controlling the storage environment to preserve grain quality and ensure food safety.

Mechanism of electron beam irradiation on the lipid metabolism of paddy during high temperature storage

Electron beam irradiation (EBI) is widely used in paddy storage to prolong the storage period. Paddy deteriorated easily in high-temperature environments. Lipids are most closely related to the deterioration of paddy quality, but the influence of EBI on lipid metabolism in paddy is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the mechanism by which EBI treatment prolongs the storage period of paddy by characterizing lipidome changes in high-temperature environments. The results showed that compared with untreated paddy, EBI significantly reduced the free fatty acid level, peroxide value, and content of fatty acid components in paddy. Lipid metabolism is one of the most important reasons for the deterioration of paddy quality. EBI can decrease the activity of lipid metabolism-related enzymes during storage. Finally, the lipidomics of paddy were analyzed, which clarified that EBI delayed lipid deterioration by inhibiting phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism pathways in paddy. Overall, the results indicate that EBI treatment could slow lipid metabolism and oxidation in paddy to prolong the storage period. They also provide technical guidance for promoting and applying EBI to paddy storage.

Drying kinetics of paddy drying with graphene far-infrared drying equipment at different IR temperatures, radiations-distances, grain-flow, and dehumidifying-velocities

Graphene has a high electric heating conversion rate and can be used as a new heat source for far-infrared drying equipment to improve drying efficiency and reduce energy consumption. This study aims to investigate the drying kinetics of graphene far-infrared paddy drying equipment The infrared (IR) temperatures of 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 °C; distances between radiations of 25, 30, 35, and 40 mm; grain flow of 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 kg/min; and dehumidifying air velocities of 4, 5.5, 7, and 8.5 m/s were studied for appropriate drying time and optimal paddy quality. Simultaneously, the drying kinetics, moisture diffusion coefficient, and activation energy were observed. Experimental results show that the coupling degree of Midilli was superior, specifically, the Deff of paddy was 4.83–16.371 × 10−9m2/s, an activation energy of 47.44 kJ mol−1 and a heat efficiency of 71.11% were achieved at a drying temperature of 60 °C. The far infrared drying of graphene has high moisture diffusion coefficient and thermal efficiency. By analyzing the kinetics and energy of drying process, a basis for formulating drying strategies could be provided to realize the research and development of new drying machinery.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Paddy Quality by Different Drying Methods, Based on Gray Relational Analysis

If paddy is not dried in time after harvesting, it very easily becomes moldy, which causes substantial losses. Inappropriate drying methods also affect the quality and safety of paddy when it enters the drying process. In order to select the optimal drying method, paddy with different moisture content was treated with sun drying, mechanical drying, and late harvesting, and the quality indexes of paddy were tested for safe moisture content. The effects of different drying methods on the quality of paddy were analyzed in terms of burst rate, taste value, appearance quality, and pasting characteristics. A paddy quality index system was constructed, and gray relational analysis (GRA) was used to evaluate comprehensively the paddy quality. The results showed that when the moisture content of paddy was 24.4%, the best quality of paddy was obtained after mechanical drying, when the gray relational degree was 0.996. Timely harvesting and mechanical drying can not only reduce the loss of paddy, but can also ensure the quality and safety of paddy.

Evaluation of Paddy Drying with Vertical Screw Conveyor Dryer (VSCD) at Different Air Velocities and Temperatures

The drying process is an important step in the post-harvest technology of paddy. The objective of this research is to study the optimization of temperature and air velocity for paddy drying using a vertical screw conveyor dryer (VSCD). The drying experiments were performed at a feed capacity of 20 kg/batch by employing a temperature range between 40–70°C and air velocities were 9 and 15 m/s, respectively. The drying kinetics, heat efficiency, and paddy’ physicochemical properties were observed. The results showed that the Logarithmic model is the most suitable for paddy drying using VSCD. Here the increase of air velocity led to improve drying efficiency. In addition, the rise of temperature improved heat efficiency, shortened the drying time, and enhanced rice hydrophilicity. However, the physical paddy quality decreased as shown by a higher broken rice percentage. Due to these trade-off results, the response surface methodology was applied to find the most favorable drying conditions. The optimization results showed that the optimum heat efficiency of 64.6% and head rice percentage of 70.0% were achieved at a drying temperature of 65.0°C and air velocity of 16.2 m/s.

The antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde in vapor phase against Aspergillus niger isolated from spoiled paddy

Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a natural and safe agent with prominent antimicrobial activities. Its use in liquid phase has been reported in-depth, but few studies have elucidated the application and the antimicrobial mechanism of CA in vapor phase. This work evaluated the antifungal effects of CA vapor against Aspergillus niger HY2 and its effectiveness in paddy matrices was also explored. The results showed that CA in vapor phase was more effective than CA in liquid phase. CA vapor could inhibit the ergosterol synthesis of A. niger HY2, promote malondialdehyde production and cause plasma membrane damage, which would further lead to the leakage of intracellular contents. The decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphatase, and succinate dehydrogenase activities also revealed that mitochondrial function was impaired. The accelerated storage test showed that CA vapor could inhibit the increase of fatty acid content, and then delay the deterioration of paddy quality. But the effect of CA on inhibiting the growth of A. niger HY2 on paddy was minor. In summary, all results above confirmed that the antifungal activity of CA vapor was mainly conducted by disrupting mycelial ultrastructure. Therefore, CA vapor can be used as a promising antifungal agent in food storage and transportation.

Effects of hot air assisted radio frequency drying on heating uniformity, drying characteristics and quality of paddy

In order to solve the big challenge of cracking during paddy drying, this research revealed the application of hot air assisted radio frequency (HA-RF) drying technology on paddy grains based on its volumetric heating advantage. Drying characteristics and paddy quality were investigated at various combinations of air temperatures (50 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C), air velocities (0.5 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 2.5 m/s) and electrode gaps (100 mm, 110 mm and 120 mm). A comparison between the tempering-intermittent hot air (HA) drying was investigated to demonstrate the applicability of HA-RF drying on paddy grains. Increase in temperature and air velocity, while decrease in electrode gap resulted in increased average heating rate. The RF assistance significantly enhanced the drying rate of paddy grains and reduced drying duration and energy consumption by up to 62.5% and 42.9%, respectively, as compared to HA drying. A higher color and taste value, while a lower crack ratio (CR) without damage in starch granules of microstructure which caused formations of internal fissures were observed in HA-RF dried samples than HA dried ones. The findings of this study demonstrated that HA-RF drying is a good alternative of HA for industrial-scale drying of paddy grains.

Research Progress of Controlled Atmosphere Technology on Changes and Control of Paddy Storage Quality

With the spread of covid-19 globally, food demand is increasing rapidly and food security is facing major challenges. Ensuring food storage security is a matter of national security and social stability. As a green and sustainable grain storage technology, controlled atmosphere can not only avoid the pollution of paddy by chemical agents, but also effectively prevent and control the influence of insect and mildew on rice, and make the deterioration of rice quality slow down. This article summarizes the controlled atmosphere storage technology points in China at the present stage, and the research of paddy quality changes during and after controlled atmosphere storage, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the research and application of green high quality storage of paddy.

Paddy seed variety identification using T20-HOG and Haralick textural features

The seed is an inevitable element for agricultural and industrial production. The non-destructive paddy seed variety identification is essential to assure paddy purity and quality. This research is aimed at developing a computer vision-based system to identify paddy varieties using multiple heterogeneous features, exploiting textural, external, and physical properties. We captured the paddy seed images without any fixed setup to make the system user friendly at both industry and farmer levels, which can lead to illumination problems in the images. To overcome this problem, we introduced a modified histogram oriented gradient (T20-HOG) feature that can describe the illumination, scale, and rotational variations of a paddy image. We also utilized the existing Haralick and traditional features and the dimensionality of the features is reduced by the Lasso feature selection technique. The selected features are used to train the feed-forward neural network (FNN) to predict the paddy variety. The experiments conducted on two different datasets: BDRICE, and VNRICE. Results of our method are shown in terms of four standard evaluation metrics, namely, accuracy, precision, recall, and F_1 score, and achieved 99.28%, 98.64%, 98.48%, and 98.56% score, respectively. We also compared our system efficiency with existing studies. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed features are effective to identify paddy variety and achieved a new state-of-the-art performance. And we also observed that our newly proposed T20-HOG features have a major impact on overall system performance.

Targeting millers to improve rice marketing in Uganda

PurposeImproving milling quality is expected to improve the quality of domestic rice and hence the competitiveness of Uganda's rice industry. Therefore, this study aims to assess the determinants of four aspects of milling, namely, choice of milling technology, millers' perceptions of the importance of paddy quality attributes, milling return and milling capacity.Design/methodology/approachMultinomial logit, semi-nonparametric extended ordered probit, linear regression and additive nonparametric models are applied to cross-sectional data obtained from a sample of 196 rice millers.FindingsPhysical, economic, institutional, technological and sociodemographic factors are found to be important determinants of the four aspects of milling. Physical factors include the distance of the mill from major town and availability of storage space at the milling premises, while economic factors include milling charge and backward integration of miller into paddy production. Contracting and use of a single-pass mill are important institutional and technological factors, respectively, and miller's household size, age, gender and education are the key sociodemographic variables.Originality/valueThe study's originality lies in its scope, especially in terms of its breadth. Without compromising the needed analytical rigor, it focuses on four aspects of milling that are critical to improving the marketing of Uganda's rice. In doing so, it provides a holistic understanding of this segment of the value chain and offers specific recommendations for improving the marketing of Uganda's rice.

新型高效肥料对稻虾共作水稻生长和品质影响

新型高效肥料对稻虾共作水稻生长和品质影响

THE EFFECT OF THE HEAT FLOW AMOUNT AND CONTINUITY ON DRIED RICE QUALITY

A research was conducted through field tests on mixed-flow rice dryer. The realization of the planned study was carried out by applying intermittent system of drying and selection of correct drying conditions. The heat flow amount and continuity were observed and evaluated in multi-thermal zoned drying process. Hot air temperatures, up to 45 oC, were used. Paddy from local rice varieties, with the initial moisture content, wet basis, up to 26 %, was processed to the desirable final oisture content, from 8% to 12%. Reached at three levels, the final moisture content depends on intended rice use: 1) for sale, 2) for one year storage and 3) for five years storage. The effect of drying air temperature level, heat flow intensity and retention time duration on dried paddy quality was analyzed.

Evaluation of paddy quality dried with zeolite under medium temperature

Drying becomes important role to obtain good quality product in post-harvest treatment for paddy. Adsorption drying process taken place on medium operation temperature can be an option to enhance paddy quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of paddy dried with zeolite as adsorbent. In case, paddy from local farmer in Semarang was dried from initial moisture content 23% (wet basis) under different temperature 40 and 60°C, both with and without zeolite. Moisture content was observed by gravimetry every 15 minutes during 60 minutes drying time. Furthermore, the quality of paddy represented by percentage of head rice and proximate was analyzed after drying process completed. Results showed that compared to conventional drying without zeolite, the adsorption dryer was more superior in term of drying time as well as product quality improvement and there are no much differences in proximate analyzed result.

INFLUENCE OF HARVESTING METHODS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF RICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

In this study, the influence of two different paddy harvesting methods (manual harvesting and combine harvesting) on paddy yield, head rice yield and white rice yield was investigated. Field trials were set up in three different locations in the rice producing regions Kocani, Cesinovo-Oblesevo and Stip under the standard production technology, adopted in the entire Macedonian rice production. Two Italian introduced varieties (San Andrea and Onice) were included in the trials. Samples were taken from the treatments with different methods of harvesting (manual and combine harvesting) from which the paddy rice yield data were collected directly. In order to determine the head rice yield, laboratory milling of paddy grains was performed on a paddy quality testing machine (three average samples of 100 g per treatment, duration of milling 1,40 min.). On the base of the data for paddy rice yield and head rice yield, the white rice yield was estimated. According to the results obtained, the highest paddy rice yield (11,925.67 kg ha-1) as well as the highest white rice yield (6,710.57 kg ha-1) were achieved in the treatment with manual harvesting in Kocani region (San Andrea variety). The highest head rice yield (65.80 %) was determined in the treatment with manual harvesting in Stip region (Onice variety), while the lowest head rice yield (43.90 %) was in the treatment with combine harvesting of the variety Onice in Kocani region. In general, the method of manual harvesting resulted in higher values of paddy yield, head rice yield and white rice yield compared to the method of mechanized, combine harvesting in all the examined treatments (two varieties, three locations).

A framework for analysing E-Nose data based on fuzzy set multiple linear regression: Paddy quality assessment

Paddy is one of the important long stored grains. It is usually stored in granaries to ensure continuous supply throughout the year, which can be subjected to deterioration due to various environmental conditions. Electronic nose (E-Nose) is used for non-destructive rapid in-situ detection of paddy for qualitative and quantitative assessment. Further, soft computing techniques are a promising solution for data analysis to enhance prediction accuracy. In this work, paddy quality assessment has been carried out using an E-Nose. Six different metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors are used for detecting simple and assorted volatile organic compounds evolving from paddy when stored over a period of time at different conditions. A Fuzzy Set based Multiple Linear Regression (FSMLR) has been proposed and implemented for paddy quality assessment. In the first stage, four fuzzified sensor data are given as input for assessment. While in the second stage, piecewise multiple linear equations were used for quality assessment and defuzzification. Quantitative assessment was carried out for nineteen multiple linear regression models built using fuzzy set theory. The proposed model achieves better performance metrics in terms of low root mean square error for cross validation and relative prediction error (RMSECV <0.028, RPE <1×10−4) for all the models. Further, adjusted regression coefficient (R2=0.99) confirms the good fit and Karl-Pearson coefficient of 0.99 confirms the prediction accuracy of the proposed model. This model can be embedded with sensor nodes for online monitoring of paddy granaries.

Design and simulation of heat exchangers using Aspen HYSYS, and Aspen exchanger design and rating for paddy drying application

Air heating unit is one of the most important parts in paddy drying to ensure the efficiency of a drying process. In addition, an optimized air heating unit does not only promise a good paddy quality, but also save more for the operating cost. This study determined the suitable and best specifications heating unit to heat air for paddy drying in the LAMB dryer. In this study, Aspen HYSYS v7.3 was used to obtain the minimum flow rate of hot water needed. The resulting data obtained from Aspen HYSYS v7.3 were used in Aspen Exchanger Design and Rating (EDR) to generate heat exchanger design and costs. The designs include shell and tubes and plate heat exchanger. The heat exchanger was designed in order to produce various drying temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70°C of air with different flow rate, 300, 2500 and 5000 LPM. The optimum condition for the heat exchanger were found to be plate heat exchanger with 0.6 mm plate thickness, 198.75 mm plate width, 554.8 mm plate length and 11 numbers of plates operating at 5000 LPM air flow rate.