Paddy Cultivars Research Articles

Germination and biological adaptation approaches as salt-stress tolerance process in selected paddy cultivars under salinity stress

Cultivating productive paddy crops on salty soil to maximise production is a challenging approach to meeting the world's growing food demand. Thus, determining salinity tolerance rates in specific paddy cultivars is urgently needed. In this study, the salt tolerance traits of selected paddy cultivars, ADT45 and ADT39, were investigated by analysing germination, metabolites (pigments and biomolecules), and enzymatic (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (POD) adaptation strategies as salt-stress tolerance mechanisms. This study found that salinity-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) were efficiently detoxified by the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (POD) in ADT45 paddy varieties, followed by ADT39. Salinity stress had a significant impact on pigments and essential biomolecules in ADT45 and ADT39 paddy cultivars, including total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde, and proline. ADT45 demonstrated a significant relationship between H2O2 and antioxidant enzyme levels, followed by ADT39 paddy but not IR64. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical analyses revealed that ADT45, followed by ADT39, is a potential salt-tolerant rice cultivar.

Functional groups and phytochemical characterization of traditional paddy cultivars through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis

Functional groups and phytochemical characterization of traditional paddy cultivars through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis

To analyze the technical and allocative efficiency of drill paddy cultivation in Bhandara district

The present study on paddy was undertaken in Bhandara district of Vidarbha region. The district was selected purposively. Three tehsils were selected. Out of the seven tehsil, Sakoli, Lakhandur and Pauni tehsil was selected for the study based on drill paddy cultivars. Three villages were selected purposively from each tahsil and from each village 10 farmers were selected overall 90 farmers were selected. The study revealed that how different cost components affect the profitability of production paddy crop and also proposes that at how much level of efficiency, the farmer is producing the paddy crop and how much level of efficiency is yet to be obtained. The maximum livelihood estimates of the stochastic production function revealed that fertilizer showed a negative and significant effect on paddy production. The co-efficient of the frontier profit function revealed that machine hours, seed and fertilizer shows a negative and significant impact on paddy farmer profitability. The mean technical, economic and allocative efficiency of paddy cultivation was found to be 97.49 per cent, 87.97 per cent and 89.86 per cent indicated that there is still scope for paddy farmers to increase the economical and allocative efficiency by operating at a full efficient level by proper utilization and allocation of existing resources and technology.

Hydration behavior and kinetic studies of paddy cultivars: optimization of process variables for improved physical, milling and textural properties.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05925-1.

Incidence and Population Dynamics of Various Associated Insect-pests of Late Direct Sown Paddy, Oryza sativa L. at Gajapati, Odisha

Background: Rice is the most important staple food of the world. Rice production is now-a-days reduced due to insect pest attacking to the crop in various growing stages. There are more than 1400 pest species, which are cause great menace to the rice cultivation. Incidences and abundance of pests in rice is growing day by day due to climatic change and excess use of chemical pesticides. In late direct sown paddy is also facing the insect pest problems in different growing stages. The study aimed to layout the different pest’s incidence and population dynamics as well, on various stages of direct sown paddy. The knowledge of incidence timing for various pests can be further utilized for the suitable management. Methods: The present study has been conducted during the late Kharif seasons of 2021-22 for 11 most widely grown paddy cultivars of farmers field around the locality of MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha. The surveyed cultivars were Anjali, Arize 8433, BAM-6, Bhuban, Chandra, CR Dhan 100, Varsha Dhan, CR Dhan 306, Sumit, Luna Sankhi and Vandana, respectively. These cultivars were surveyed for the abundance of various associated insect-pests at two different crop growth stages. Result: The results revealed that the incidence of various pests namely Scirpophaga incertulus, Orseolia oryzae, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Parapoynx stagnalis, Dicladispa armigera, Leptocorisa acuta, Grasshoppers, Nezara virdula, Nephotettix virescens, Melantis leda and Mythimna separate was found to be significant for both the growth stages. The maximum population on late direct sown rice was found to be of Scirpophaga incertulus (3.67) and Orseolia oryzae (2.67) at the vegetative stage of rice while pests such as Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (6.34), Leptocorisa acuta (7.34) and Mythimna separate (5.67) were recorded maximum during the milking stage of rice.

Resistance testing of several genotypes of Kamba Local Paddy (Oryzae sativa L.) to leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

One of the important diseases of paddy plants is bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Kamba is one of the local paddy plants in Central Sulawesi’s germplasm collection that is superior in origin from the Lore (Bada, Napu and Lindu). Until now, no scientific testing has been conducted on the resistance of local kamba paddy to leaf blight. This study aims to compare the level of resistance of several kamba paddy genotypes to leaf blight caused by the bacterium Xoo This research was conducted at the Disease Laboratory and Plant Pests and Diseases Gauze House, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu. Stages of research implementation include propagation of Xoo, Preparation of test plants, and Transmission of Xoo. Observation variables include symptoms on plants, incubation period, disease severity and level of resistance to Xoo. The results showed that Paddy cultivars Kamba Bulili Kasar and Kamba Bulili Halus showed resistance reactions to Bacterial Leaf Blight (HDB) caused by Xoo bacteria. Both paddy cultivars also showed a disease incubation period of 6 days, longer than the susceptible comparison varieties.

Evaluation of Total Phenol Content of some Common Paddy Cultivars of Odisha with the Application of Biofertilizer in Assessing Resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola

The total phenol content of four common paddy cultivars of Odisha namely Abhisek (R), Manik (MR), Bas-12 (S) and Lalat (HS) were studied under pot culture condition in the net house following CRD design under different treatments using biofertilizer Azospirillum. brasilense alone or in combinations against rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. The objective of the work was to study the quantitative changes in phenolic compounds content and the effect of A.brasilense in the induction of phenolic compounds on the test nematode. It was observed that there was a significant increase in total phenol content in both resistant and moderately resistant paddy cultivars Abhisek and Manik in treatment T2 (Azospirillum brasilense @ 12kg/ha at 15DAT + M. graminicola @ 1000J2 after 7days of Azospirillum inoculation) were seen higher than the susceptible variety Bas-12 and highly susceptible variety Lalat as compared to control T5 with increase percentage of 38.77%, 36.58%, 35.02% and 39.28% respectively in shoots. Similarly the trend was continued in roots containing total phenol content of 0.25mg/g in Abhisek, 0.18mg/g in Manik, 0.21mg/g in Bas-12 and 0.19mg/g in Lalat as compared to other treatments. There were increase in percentage of change (p≤0.05) in roots under treatment T3 (A alone) in all the four varieties followed by T2 (A→N), and T1 (N→A) with respect to control T5. Basically, shoots of control plants in all four cultivars were observed more content of phenolic compounds than their roots. But after M. graminicola invasion and the action of A. brasilense the amount increased in both the roots and shoots of all the cultivars. The T4 (N alone) treatment in all the R, MR, S and HS varieties were recorded higher as compare to T5 but less than the treatments T3, T2, and T1 in both roots and shoots against the test nematode, which could exacerbating for eco-friendly RKN management approach.

Physico-chemical and cooking quality traits of paddy cultivars of japonica sub-species

Paddy, grown on all continents of the world, is an economical source of food and a strategic cereal. Cooking quality of rice is closely related to physico-chemical characteristics of starch constituting about 90% of rice dry matter. Environmental and genetic factors are effective on rice quality and physico-chemical properties. Knowledge on these traits plays an important role in comprehension the changes encountered during cooking. This study was conducted in 2020 to determine physico-chemical and cooking quality traits of rice grains obtained from 18 paddy cultivars. Physical, chemical and cooking quality traits of 18 rice samples were analyzed in 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in investigated traits of paddy cultivars. The thousand-grain weights varied between 20.32-31.00 g; rice grain lengths between 5.88-7.28 mm; grain elongation ratios between 1.40-2.47%; grain water absorptions between 46.96-71.27%; water uptake ratios between 1.91-3.31%; cooking times between 00:17:19-00:23:28 min; protein contents between 5.45-8.89% and amylose contents varied between 16.91-26.25%. According to the biplot graph, Efe, Kale and Galileo cultivars were found to be prominent for more than one trait. The biplot graph also revealed that cooking time was the most distinctive trait. There were highly significant negative correlations between alkali spreading and cooking time parameters. Although it was banned worldwide in rice codex, different rice cultivars, classes, groups and types are compared and served to markets. Although the constellation plot generated through the use of results for investigated parameters allowed primary separation of paddy cultivars, present parameters were not found to be sufficient for a net separation of the cultivars.

Assessment of the nutritional, physical, sensory and commercial potential of three underutilized paddy land races of North East India for ready to rehydrate food industry

Ready to rehydrate food products are consumers’ choice in global market. More than 9500 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) were reported from North East India. Three underutilized paddy land races of NE India viz., Chakhao poireiton, Joha and Chokuwa were assessed and compared for their commercial potential to develop ready to rehydrate rice (RTRr) for the first time. RTRr were prepared by processing paddy via soaking, sand frying, sun drying and milling following conventional method of soft rice processing using metric scale and were assessed for nutritional (AOAC methods), energy (Atwater factors), moisture content (Moisture analyzer), water activity (Water activity meter), rehydration time and sensory analysis (9-point hedonic scale) by 25 untrained panelists. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. PCA and AHC were done by XLSTAT and ANOVA at p<0.05 were conducted using Sigmaplot. RTRr exhibited quickest rehydration time 40.00 ± 4.08 min in Chakhao poireiton, highest yield (63.20±1.03%) in Joha, carbohydrate (87.48±0.01%) in Joha, protein (10.06±0.32%) in Chakhao poireiton, fat (9.25±0.5%) in Chokuwa, ash (3.23±0.46%) in Chakhao poireiton, dietary fiber (12.13±0.4%) in Chokuwa, energy (437 kcal) in Joha, color difference (ΔEab) value 9.65±0.02 in Chakhao poireiton RTRr powder, overall acceptability of 7.08±0.098 in Chokuwa, product characterization and panelists’ evaluation by PCA 84.27% and 56.70% between the components in preferring Chokuwa. These paddy cultivars exhibited commercial potential to develop RTRr. RTRr developed from Chakhao poireiton exhibited higher protein, ash and low moisture contents, RTRr developed from Joha showed high carbohydrate and energy content and low water activity and RTRr developed from Chokuwa was rated highest in sensory analysis by the panelists.

Grain and Straw Yield of Paddy Cultivars and Feed Quality Traits of Paddy Straw

Grain and Straw Yield of Paddy Cultivars and Feed Quality Traits of Paddy Straw

Influence on Yield of Different Cultivars of Paddy under Various Cultivation Methods in Relation to Weather Parameters

An experiment entitled, “Studies on effect of different paddy cultivars with various cultivation methods of paddy in relation to weather parameters.” was carried out during kharif, 2018 at Agricultural Research Station Farm,Vadgaon Maval, Tal. Maval, Dist. Pune. The field experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. There were sixteen treatment combinations comprising of four varieties viz., VDN-3-51-18 (Indrayani), VDN-99-29 (PhuleSamruddhi), IET-13549 (Bhogawati) and RDN-99-1 (Phule Radha) and four cultivation methods viz., M1 : Four Point Agro Technique (Char Sutri Method), M2 : Drilling at 22.5 cm, M3: Saguna Rice Technique (SRT) and M4 : Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT). The gross plot sizewas3.40 m x 3.40 m. From the data it was observed that sowing of paddy varieties with Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT) favorably influenced all the yield components. This is due to positive correlation with minimum temperature, RH I and RH II. It would be, therefore, suggested to adopt sowing paddy variety Phule Samruddhi or Indrayani with Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT) to obtain maximum yield.

Relationship of Rice Diseases and Different Cultivars with Weather Parameters at Maval Region

The field experiment, “Studies on effect of different paddy cultivars with various cultivation methods of paddy in relation to weather parameters.” was carried out during kharif, 2018 at Agricultural Research Station Farm, Vadgaon Maval, Tal. Maval, Dist. Pune. It was laid out in split plot design with three replications. There were sixteen treatment combinations comprising of four varieties viz., VDN-3-51-18 (Indrayani), VDN-99-29 (PhuleSamruddhi), IET-13549 (Bhogawati) and RDN-99-1 (Phule Radha) and four cultivation methods viz., M1 : Four Point Agro Technique (Char Sutri Method), M2 : Drilling at 22.5 cm, M3 : Saguna Rice Technique (SRT) and M4 : Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT). The lower pest population was observed in paddy variety VDN-99-29 (Phule Samruddhi) followed VDN-3-51-18 (Indrayani) and higher incidence with IET-13549 (Bhogawati) and RDN-99-1 (Phule Radha).Pest Incidence was more with drilling at 22.5 cm and lower with Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT). There was positive correlation between maximum temperature, morning relative humidity, BSS, growing degree day and canopy temperature with incidence of leaf folder and brown plant hopper but negative correlation with minimum temperature, evening relative humidity. Therefore, It would be suggested to Farmers to go for adopt VDN-99-29 (Phule Samruddhi) variety, sowing with Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT) for for minimum attack of rice pest.

Incidence of Pest on Different Cultivars of Paddy under Various Cultivation Methods in Relatoin to Weather Parameters

The field experiment, “Studies on effect of different paddy cultivars with various cultivation methods of paddy in relation to weather parameters.” was carried out during kharif, 2018 at Agricultural Research Station Farm,VadgaonMaval, Tal. Maval, Dist. Pune. It was laid out in split plot design with three replications. There were sixteen treatment combinations comprising of four varieties viz., VDN-3-51-18 (Indrayani), VDN-99-29 (PhuleSamruddhi), IET-13549 (Bhogawati) and RDN-99-1 (Phule Radha) and four cultivation methods viz., M1 : Four Point Agro Technique (Char Sutri Method), M2 : Drilling at 22.5 cm, M3 : Saguna Rice Technique (SRT) and M4 : Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT). The lower pest population was observed in paddy variety VDN-99-29 (Phule Samruddhi) followed VDN-3-51-18 (Indrayani) and higher incidence with IET-13549 (Bhogawati) and RDN-99-1 (Phule Radha). Pest Incidence was more with drilling at 22.5 cm and lower with Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT). There was positive correlation between maximum temperature, morning relative humidity, BSS, growing degree day and canopy temperature with incidence of leaf folder and brown plant hopper but negative correlation with minimum temperature, evening relative humidity. Therefore, it would be suggested to Farmers to go for adopt VDN-99-29 (Phule Samruddhi) variety, sowing with Modified Direct Seeded Rice Technique (MDSRT) for for minimum attack of rice pest.

ROLE OF MANCOZEB IN PROTEIN METABOLISM DURING GERMINATION OF PADDY CULTIVARS

Interaction of plants to abiotic stress is complex and involve various physiological and biochemical responses. A common response of plants to fungicidal stress is the accumulation of proteins and amino acids. Amino acids and other soluble nitrogenous compounds play an essential role in plant metabolism. Hence the present work was carried out to study the effect of different concentrations of mancozeb on protein metabolism during the germination of paddy cultivars. The seeds were soaked in different concentrations of mancozeb and control was maintained. Seed treatment with mancozeb suppressed the protein content but significantly increased the protease activity, free amino acids and proline content in relation to progressive concentrations of fungicide. Thus mancozeb act as modulator and endow plants with capacity to adapt to stressful condition by biological and physiological adjustment at cellular level.

Grouping Some Paddy Cultivars in Terms of Zinc Nutrition Capabilities and Identification of the Best Zinc Nutrition Traits of These Cultivars

The present study was conducted to group some paddy cultivars in terms of their zinc nutritional capabilities and to identify the best zinc nutrition traits of these cultivars. Present experiments were conducted with 5 different paddy cultivars (Oryza sativa L. cv Biga İncisi, Osmancık 97, Hamzadere, Ronaldo, Edirne). In the experiment, a complete nutrient solution containing 0 and 2.0 µM Zn in the form of zinc sulphate heptahydrate was applied to lime-free (0 % CaCO3) and lime-added (4 % CaCO3) quartz sand media. Experiments were conducted in 5×2×2 factorial design with 3 replications. At the end of the experiments, zinc nutrition traits of paddy cultivars were determined. Both in lime-free and lime-added sand media, Biga İncisi paddy cultivar was identified as tolerant to zinc deficiency. Ronaldo paddy cultivar was identified as the most sensitive cultivar to zinc deficiency. It was observed that in terms of investigated 15 zinc nutrition traits, 5 different paddy cultivars grown under zinc deficiency (Zn0) conditions were gathered under 2 main groups. Biga İncisi and Edirne cultivars constituted the first group; Osmancık-97 and Hamzadere cultivars constituted the second group. On the other hand, Ronaldo cultivar was found to be closer to the second group including Osmancık-97 and Hamzadere cultivars. The closest paddy cultivars grown under zinc deficiency conditions in terms of investigated traits were identified as Biga İncisi and Edirne cultivars; on the other hand, the furthest cultivars were identified as Biga İncisi and Osmancık-97 cultivars. For Osmancık-97 and Biga İncisi paddy cultivars, SPAD readings in lime-added sand media were identified as the best zinc nutrition traits. For Edirne cultivar, zinc ratio transported to shoot and shoot relative dry matter content in lime-added media were identified as the best zinc nutrition traits. For Hamzadere cultivar, relative chlorophyll content in lime-free media was identified as the best zinc nutrition.

Determination of Some Paddy Varieties Resistant to Iron Toxicity

The aim of this study is to determine some paddy varieties resistant to iron toxicity. Two different nutrient solutions were applied in the form of iron sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O) (Fe concentrations of I) 45 µM Fe (sufficient Fe), II) 3.50 mM Fe (toxic Fe) to paddy cultivars grown in sand media. Among the paddy cultivars grown at toxic iron level (3.50 mM Fe), the closest paddy cultivars in terms of investigated traits were identified as Hamzadere and Edirne cultivars, while the furthest cultivars were identified as Biga incisi and Ronaldo cultivars. Present findings revealed that Biga incisi and Edirne paddy cultivars were tolerant to toxic iron levels and Ronaldo paddy cultivar was the most susceptible to iron toxicity. Biga incisi and Edirne paddy cultivars formed a group and the best traits of these cultivars designating iron toxicity were identified as iron ratio transported to shoot, tolerance index to toxic iron level, shoot total iron content and leaf relative peroxidase activity. According to biplot analysis, Ronaldo paddy cultivar formed a different group and the best traits of this cultivar at toxic iron level were identified as iron ratio remained in roots and root cold-extractable Fe/Zn ratio.

Characterization of three cultivars of Indonesian glutinous rice: a basis for developing rice-based functional food

White, red and black glutinous rice are common rice cultivars used as raw materials for food products in West Sumatera, Indonesia. The characteristics of these three cultivars are different, and thus there is a need to elucidate the differences. The characterization of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of these three local cultivars was performed in this study. Three local glutinous rice paddy cultivars were milled to obtain brown glutinous rice. The results showed that black glutinous rice had higher ash content, total dietary fiber, total phenolic content, total flavonoid components, total anthocyanin content than other cultivars. Having higher phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content, the black glutinous rice consequently had higher antioxidant activity than white and red glutinous rice. Moreover, white glutinous rice had higher fat content and amylose content, and had higher starch digestibility amongst others. The highest protein content was obtained from red glutinous rice. The pasting properties, fatty acid compositions, and amino acid compositions of each glutinous rice were also determined and the results showed distinct profiles between the cultivars.

Assessment of Day Time Anthesis Warming on Rice Cultivars under Varying Textured Sites of South-Western Punjab, India

Rice production is highly influenced by the prevailing weather conditions, physico-chemical properties of the soil, the yielding potential of cultivars besides, several crop management practices and inputs. To understand the performance of the tiller production of various paddy cultivars under varying soil texture sites of the south-western Punjab, four rice cultivars viz., PR121 (V1), PAU201 (V2), PR128 (V3) and PR129 (V4) were grown at three different locations having soil texture from light to heavy. Sowing of nursery was completed between May 15, 2019 and May 23, 2019 however, seedlings were transplanted in the well prepared field during 05-20 June, 2019. Results of the present study clearly depicted the role of weather parameters on plant height, effective tillers, grain yield and spikelet sterility in the rice crop. High temperatures have detrimental effects on fertility of rice varieties, regardless the transplanting time. Among different rice cultivars, sterility was the lowest (17.8%) in PR121 and the highest 42.6% in PR129. Apart from the varietal differences, the lowest sterility 28.4% recorded in medium textured soil was lowered by 21.5% and 27.8% than light and high textured soils. Cultivar PR121 produced 3.9%, 7.7% and 15% higher grain yield than PR128, PAU201 and PR129, respectively. The response of anthesis period thermal stress on spikelet sterility should be considered to develop the temperature tolerant varieties for addressing the climate change issues.

Integration of Spectral Measurement and UAV for Paddy Leaves Chlorophyll Content Estimation

Abstract In the agriculture sector, proper crop management can enhance yield production. Determination of the chlorophyll content in crop contributes to this significant topic. In this study, the leaves chlorophyll content of local paddy cultivars Inpari 32 and Inpari 33 was estimated and the difference at various days after planting (DAP) was determined. The procedure involved the combination of spectral reflectance data, aerial photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and chlorophyll laboratory analysis data. The chlorophyll content in the cultivars leaves was estimated using the models MCARIspectroradiometer and UAV chlorophyll regression (UCR). The results showed a variation in the chlorophyll content not only between the two cultivars on various DAP, but randomly also in the same cultivar of the same DAP. The MCARIspectroradiometer model indicated a lower chlorophyll content for Inpari 32 than for Inpari 33 while the UCR model gave opposite results. The chlorophyll content raises with increasing DAP, but it gradually decreases through the grain filling period until harvest.

Variability in Morphology and Composition of Silica Nanoparticles Derived from Different Paddy Cultivars

Variability in Morphology and Composition of Silica Nanoparticles Derived from Different Paddy Cultivars