Pad-dry Method Research Articles

Scalable Production of 2D Material Heterostructure Textiles for High-Performance Wearable Supercapacitors.

Wearable electronic textiles (e-textiles) have emerged as a promising platform for seamless integration of electronic devices into everyday life, enabling nonintrusive monitoring of human health. However, the development of efficient, flexible, and scalable energy storage solutions remains a significant challenge for powering such devices. Here, we address this challenge by leveraging the distinct properties of two-dimensional (2D) material based heterostructures to enhance the performance of wearable textile supercapacitors. We report a highly scalable and controllable synthesis method for graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) through a microfluidization technique. Subsequently, we employ an ultrafast and industry-scale hierarchical deposition approach using a pad-dry method to fabricate 2D heterostructure based textiles with various configurations suitable for wearable e-textiles applications. Comparative analyses reveal the superior performance of wearable textile supercapacitors based on 2D material heterostructures, demonstrating excellent areal capacitance (∼105.08 mF cm-2), high power density (∼1604.274 μW cm-2) and energy density (∼58.377 μWh cm-2), and outstanding capacitive retention (∼100% after 1000 cycles). Our findings highlight the pivotal role of 2D material based heterostructures in addressing the challenges of performance and scalability in wearable energy storage devices, facilitating large-scale production of high-performance wearable supercapacitors.

Ethyl cellulose-based microcapsules of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle essential oil with an optimized emulsifier for antibacterial cosmetotextiles

Antibacterial microcapsules of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle essential oil (LOs) covered by ethyl cellulose biopolymer were prepared and applied to cotton fabric. The microencapsulation of the LOs was accomplished through a simple coacervation process, whereas the immobilization onto the cotton fabric was based on the pad dry method with citric acid as a binder. Optimization of the type and weight of the emulsifier was considered to result in the best properties of the microcapsules. Employing 1 g of tween-80, the best LO microcapsules were successfully obtained up to 46.7 ± 3.8% yield, with spherical morphology and a well-distributed size range of 0.5–2 μm. The oil content (OC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the microcapsules were achieved at 95.4 ± 0.8% and 77.9 ± 6.6% correspondingly. According to Avrami's kinetic model, the release performance of the LOs microcapsules in 2 h was ruled by the first-order kinetic mechanism with the remaining LOs of 37.7%. The LO microcapsules were successfully immobilized onto cotton fabric with a % add-on of 20.1%. Upon a standard washing test, the attached LOs microcapsules demonstrated 5 cycles of resistance against normal washing, with a mass reduction of the microcapsules up to 52.2%. Further antibacterial assays showed that the cotton fabrics immobilized by the LOs microcapsules exhibited a high inhibition, especially towards Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Thus, it can be potentially developed for antibacterial functional textile.

Boric acid crosslinked chitosan microcapsules loaded with frankincense oil for the development of mosquito-repellent, antibacterial, antioxidant, and flame-retardant cotton

In ancient times, textiles were only used for covering the human body. Nowadays, people are looking for functional textiles to provide additional functional properties. In the present work, an attempt was made to develop chitosan and boric acid-based microcapsules loaded with frankincense oil. Application of these microcapsules was done on cotton using a pad-dry method. The release rate, encapsulation efficiency and microencapsulation yield of microcapsules, and functional properties of finished fabric were studied. The prepared microcapsules were also characterised by different techniques like SEM, FTIR, TGA, and EDX. The finished fabric exhibited mosquito repellency (100 %), antioxidant activity (>66 %), antibacterial activity against E. coli (88.69 %) and S. aureus (94.5 %), and LOI of 24 with a pleasant aroma.

Surface modification of polypropylene nonwoven with chitosan, TiO2, and Ag nanoparticles for the removal of acid dye from water.

In this study, polypropylene nonwoven was coated with chitosan after being activated by oxygen/argon low-pressure plasma. The chitosan-treated sample (PP-Ch) was coated with TiO2 nanoparticles by a pad-dry method. Silver nanoparticles were in situ synthesized on the chitosan-TiO2-coated sample by a chemical reduction method. The morphology of each of the samples mentioned above was evaluated by FESEM. The efficiency of each sample in the removal of C.I. Acid Brown 248 from aqueous media was evaluated. The PP-Ch sample removed 90% of the dye at pH=3. Coating the PP-Ch sample with TiO2 and silver nanoparticles improved the dye removal efficiency under UV irradiation.

Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of conductive cotton fabrics

Functional electrically conductive fabric with acceptable mechanical properties, which could be applied in electromagnetic shielding, was developed. Conductive cotton fabrics (cotton/PANI, cotton/Mn, cotton/Cu, and cotton/Co) were prepared by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization for (cotton/PANI) and pad dry curing method was used for nanometals application. The Nano size of the metals and polyaniline inclusion were proven through both Dynamic Liquid Scattering (DLS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) which showed an increase in crystallite density in unit space and the nanoparticles ranged from 100–200 nm. The effect of gamma irradiation on different treated cotton fabrics was investigated. The mechanical properties against irradiation dose showed an improvement up to 40 kGy, for all treated fabrics. On the other hand, Young’s modulus for untreated cotton recorded the lowest value, while cotton/Co recorded the highest one. Moreover, both AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct current) conductivities values can be calculated. In DC conductivity cotton/PANI was found to be more conducive than the remainder of the treated fabric by surface metallization with transition metals; while in AC conductivity cotton/Mn was found to be more conducive than the rest of the treated samples. The conductivity value increases by increasing the gamma irradiation dose for cotton/PANI fabric. Also, g-factor values can be estimated from ESR signals and vary from 0.009 up to 0.059 for conductive cotton fabrics; whilst cotton/Mn fabric has six hyperfine splittings, indicating that it is a paramagnetic element.

Sustainable Bleaching Process of Raw Cotton by TiO2 Light-Activated Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are promising for the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds, arising as an excellent alternative to conventional bleaching processes. Within this background, aqueous suspensions of TiO2 NPs were impregnated by the pad-dry method in raw cotton. The hydrophilic properties and whiteness index (WI) of Berger were the main parameters examined before and after the TiO2 treatment. In the absence of water, using a UV-Vis lamp, high hydrophilicity was found for raw cotton. Diversely, under UV-LED radiation, the presence of water molecules in the coated cotton was revealed to be a crucial parameter in enhancing its whiteness. A comparable WI of Berger with conventional bleaching methods was obtained using 0.5 g L-1 TiO2 suspension under UV-LED radiation, suggesting that the impregnation of TiO2 NPs can be a promising alternative for the industrial bleaching methods, as it proves to be more sustainable and with low operating costs.

A synergistic combination of shrimp shell derived chitosan polysaccharide with Citrus sinensis peel extract for the development of colourful and bioactive cellulosic textile

Green finishing formulations have established an important place in textile dyeing and finishing industry. The use of plant extracts along with chemical metallic mordants is reported to increase colour values and improve fastness properties. However, metal salts as mordants constantly pose environmental and human health risks. The purpose of this work is to examine and extend the knowledge of natural dyeing technology considering the use of biological macromolecule chitosan (CS) to increase dye uptake, fastness and impart functional properties. The cotton was pre-coated with chitosan using pad-dry method and optimal chitosan concentrations were selected by evaluating the colour spectrometry data in term of CIEL*a*b* values. The chemical nature of the extract was characterized by UV–Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) whereas dyed samples were analysed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) with mapping analysis, FT-IR, and TGA. Results showed that the aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peel yielded interestingly shades all lying in yellow- red quadrant of CIELa*b* colour space with acceptable grades of wash and dry-wet fastness properties. This study reveals important information to understand synergism between two natural products in imparting semi durable antioxidant and antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, and thus offers full potential to be used in natural dyeing technology.

Synthesis, characterization and application of reactive UV absorbers for enhancing UV protective properties of cotton fabric

Two colourless reactive UV absorbers 1 and 2 were synthesized by the condensation reaction of both 2,4,6-trichlorotriazine and sulfanilinic acid with 4-aminobenzophenone and ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, respectively. The structures of UV absorbers 1 and 2 were confirmed by IR, NMR (1H and 13C), and elemental analysis. The synthesized reactive UV absorbers were applied to cotton fabric using pad-dry method in comparison with both exhaustion and microwave methods. The results showed that excellent ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values were achieved on sodium hydroxide-treated cotton fabric using pad-dry method. The optimal conditions using pad-dry method, such as drying temperature, drying time and UV absorber concentration were discussed. It was found that the highest values of UPF and whiteness using reactive UV absorbers 1 and 2 especially after washing can be obtained in the conditions of 80 oC drying temperature, 3 hours drying time and 15 g/l UV absorber concentration. The new reactive UV absorber 1 achieved excellent UPF value (58.2) compared to UV absorber 2 which exhibited poor UPF value (10.5) at the same conditions.

Preparation and Characterization of Silver Cyclohexane Mono Carboxylate : β-Cyclodextrine Inclusion Complexes and Obtaining Wash-Resistant Antibacterial Effect on Cotton Fabrics

In this study, inclusion complexes were prepared according to kneading and physical mixing techniques at 1:1 and 1:2 (guest:host) mass ratios of silver cyclohexane mono carboxylate:β-cyclodextrin. Prepared complexes were analyzed by using fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and scanning electron microscope. With regard to the obtained results, inclusion complex formation was observed with silver cyclohexane mono carboxylate and β-cyclodextrin at a mass ratio of both 1:1 and 1:2. In addition to preparation and characterization of inclusion complexes, they were applied on cotton fabrics via pad-dry method. In order to investigate the wash resistance of antibacterial effect, inclusion complex containing cotton fabrics were repeatedly washed and tested up to 50 washes. It was determined that cotton fabrics loaded with Ag-CC:β-CD 1:2 inclusion complexes showed antimicrobial efficiency against S. aureus, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa even after 50 washings.

Sustainable fragrance cum antimicrobial finishing on cotton: Indigenous essential oil

Fragrance finishing of textile has been enormously increased and used in domestic and industrial application. Fragrance can be synthesis chemically but available in natural and inorganic. The investigation of this research is to study the combined effect of fragrance and antimicrobial finishing on cotton fabric by lavender essential oil with the use of β-Cyclodextrin, Chitosan citrate and β-Cyclodextrin/Grafted Chitosan through pad-dry method. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the formation of ester bonds between β-cyclodextrin/grafted chitosan and cotton celluloses. For all the finished fabric samples fragrance release rate performance and antimicrobial properties were measure by standard test methods. The results revealed that β-CD was highly soluble in 0.6gpl NaOH solution and 80gpl β-CD and 6% essential lavender oil solutions were found to be a most suitable combination for fragrance and antimicrobial finishing. FTIR studies reveal about the formation of a carboxylic ester between cotton and β-Cyclodextrin/Grafted Chitosan at 1730cm−1 ester peak.

Aloe Vera Leaf Gel Extract for Antibacterial and Softness Properties of Cotton

Natural plants extract for antimicrobial of textile finishing is a vital and potential area of current and future aspects therefore has greater market value. Cotton has long been recognized as media to support the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Among all the natural antimicrobial agents the plant products comprise the major segment. The objective of this work was to investigate the antibacterial properties of Aloe Vera leaf gel extract on cotton, also its effects on the performance parameters of fabric. Softness properties were also imparted on the fabric as it is the inherit property of Aloe Vera leaf gel. Best antimicrobial properties were achieved by pad dry method with high concentrations as compared to coating method. The softness of pad-dry samples was prominent against coated fabric. Whiteness Index decreased less in pad-dry as compared to coated samples.

Fire retardant finish of jute fabric with nano zinc oxide

Nano zinc oxide (ZnO) was applied on bleached jute fabric to impart fire retardant finish. Nano zinc oxide was prepared from aqueous Zinc acetate by co-precipitation method in the presence of NaOH followed by calcination at 600 °C. It was then applied on the jute fabric using an aqueous solution of Potassium Methyl Siliconate as dispersing media by pad-dry method. Among different dosages of nano ZnO treatment, application of a 0.01% nano ZnO on jute fabric showed reasonably good fire retardant performance. Nano ZnO powder so produced was characterized by confirming particle size and its distribution along with XRD. Nano zinc oxide particles coating on treated jute fabric was evidenced by FTIR, EDX, AAS and SEM analysis. Analysis of physical properties of the coated jute fabric has shown some extent of reduction in fabric tenacity, whiteness index and increase in stiffness as compared to untreated bleached jute fabric. The coating had reasonably good LOI values for as many as five wash cycles.

The Effect of Wrinkle Recovery Finishes on Shrinkage of Cotton Fabric for Different Finish Applying Techniques

This research study was conducted to make wrinkle free fabric by applying formaldehyde free anti-wrinkle finishes like Texicil DC, Knittex RCT, Arkofix NEC, Arkofix ELF. In this effort, various concentrations of these finishes were used by adopting three different finish applying techniques (pad-dry technique, pad-dry-cure technique and pad-flash-cure technique) on pure cotton fabric in order to optimize their application for best manufacturing results in sense of the shrinkage ability of the fabric. After making quality test of the resulting fabric it was depicted that pad dry method of applying finish proved itself better as compared to other techniques adopted in this research, while the finish Arkofix ELF and Arkofix NECat concentration level of 120 g/L gave better results in respect of shrinkage of the fabric.

Chitosan‐finished Antheraea mylitta silk fibroin nonwoven composite films for wound dressing

ABSTRACTIn this study, we aimed to produce nonwoven wound‐dressing films made of Antheraea mylitta (tasar) silk fibroin by a solution‐casting method. These nonwoven films were finished with chitosan solutions of different concentrations ranging from 0.75 to 2% w/v with a pad–dry method to fabricate nonwoven composite films. Chitosan‐finished tasar fibroin nonwoven composite films (CMTFFs) showed higher mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties as compared to nonwoven tasar fibroin. The physical, structural, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. The hemocompatibility, cytocompatibility, and biodegradation tests showed that the CMTFF was a promising material for use as a wound dressing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44341.

Studies on Application of Aroma Finish on Silk Fabric

Aromatic treatments on textiles have gained importance in the recent years. In the present article work has been done on fragrance finish application on silk material. Silk is an expensive natural fibre used for apparel purpose and known for its feel and appeal. Incorporation of fragrance material in silk product, will add more value to it. Present work focuses to impart durable aroma finish for silk products to be home washed or subjected to dry cleaning. Microencapsulated aroma chemical has been used for the treatment. Impregnation method, Exhaust method, Dip–Pad–Dry method and Spray method have been used to see the influence of application method on the uptake and performance. Evaluation of the aroma treated material has been done through subjective evaluation as per Odor Intensity Reference Scaling (OIRS). Effect of the aroma finishing on the physical properties of the fabric has also been studied. No adverse effect has been observed on the stiffness of the fabric after the aroma treatment.

A robust method for producing electromagnetic shielding cellulose via iron oxide pillared clay coating under ultraviolet irradiation

We successfully immobilized Fe-pillared clay ( Fe -PILC) nanoparticles on a cotton surface via the pad-dry method and achieved cross-linking under ultraviolet irradiation. We investigated the influence of Fe -PILC concentration on the surface morphology, optical and electromagnetic (EM) shielding properties using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, reflectance spectrophotometry and EM field detector. We demonstrated a simple and versatile method for coating highly absorbent EM shielding nanocomposites on cotton.

The effect of nano-Zinc oxide on the self-cleaning properties of cotton fabrics for textile application

The self-cleaning properties of nano-zinc oxide on cotton fabrics have been investigated. The cotton fabric has been prepared by pad-dry method. The nano-zinc oxide was encapsulated in the polystyrene particle by mini-emulsion process prior used. The loading amount of zinc oxide particles into the mini-emulsion were various from 1% wt to 40%wt. The particles sizes of ZnO-encapsulated polystyrene mini-emulsion were determined using dynamic light scattering. It was showed that the particle size of the mini-emulsion was in the range of 124-205 nm. The topography and morphology of ZnO-encapsulated polystyrene which coated on cotton fabrics was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The crystal structure of ZnO-coated on cotton fabrics was explored by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of zinc oxide were present through the self-cleaning properties. The presents of the zinc oxide on cotton fabrics significantly showed the improving of the self-cleaning properties under UV radiation.

감즙에 의한 합성섬유의 염색성과 기능성

This paper was focused on investigating synthetic fabrics treated with persimmon juice by padding mangle repeatedly. The merit of dyeing by pad-dry method was easier color reproduction than dyeing by immersion method. With increasing number of padding, the dyed nylon fabrics showed deeper yellow-red colors, but dyed polyester fabrics had no uniform tendency. The dyed synthetic fabrics had a 3rd grade of ligtht, 4∼5th grade of perspiration fastness, 5th grade of stain washing fastness, and 3∼5th grade of rubbing fastness. As the number of padding and exposed time to sunlight or UV light increase, the value of K/S and △E increased and the colors become much deeper gradually. The color development had completed about 70 hours exposure to UV light. As the padding time of dyeing with persimmon juice increased, stiffness and water repellent property were enhanced, respectively. Also, the dyed synthetic fabrics had good antibacterial activity and deodorization.

The effect of dendrimer on cotton dyeability with direct dyes

Pretreatment of cotton fabric with poly(propylene imine) dendrimer enhanced its colour strength using C.I. Direct Red 81 and C.I. Direct Blue 78. Application of this dendrimer and the direct dye simultaneously on cotton fabric by the exhaust and the continuous dyeing method were studied; slight improvements in the dyeing results were obtained. Pretreatment of the cotton fabric with dendrimer in an emulsion form using the pad-dry method followed by continuous dyeing markedly increased the colour strength. In addition, level dyeing was obtained, and no negative effects on the fastness properties of the dyes used were observed.

Enhanced Functional Properties of ZrO2/SiO2 Hybrid Nanosol Coated Cotton Fabrics

In this present investigation, the colloidal silica and nano ZrO2 embedded silica solution were prepared using sol-gel method followed by the sonication process. The particle size was measured for the prepared silica sol with and without ZrO2 nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were coated on the cotton fabric through pad dry method. The phase and functional group analysis of the cotton fabrics after coating reveals the presence of metal oxides on the surface. The surface morphology of the coated fabrics analysed using SEM shows that the nanoparticles were in spherical morphology with slight agglomerations. The element analysis confirms the presence of silica (SiO2) and ZrO2/SiO2 nanoparticles along with cellulose on the surface. The washing durability of the coated fabrics after 5th and 10th wash indicates that the nanoparticles were strongly adhered on the fabric surface. The burning performance of coated fabrics is in the order of ZrO2/SiO2 (19.5 s) > SiO2 (11.3 s) before and after wash; UV resistance of fabric was in the order of ZrO2/SiO2 > SiO2 > uncoated fabric. Cotton fabrics coated with ZrO2/SiO2 particles show better UV and flammability protection for textile applications.