Packet Reservation Multiple Access Protocol Research Articles

Performance Analysis of a New Packet Reservation Multiple Access with Adaptive Permission Probability

The performance of wireless systems is greatly influenced by the multiple access protocols used in the radio access system. Packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) protocol is an adaptation of the Reservation ALOHA protocol to the wireless environment. In this paper, a new modified version of the PRMA protocol called PRMA with adaptive permission probability (PRMA-APP) is proposed. Then, the analytical model using a generic Markov chain model has been developed to analyze the PRMA-APP performance. In addition to the Markov model, a simulation program is developed to study the performance of this proposed PRMA-APP protocol at different scenarios. Through simulations and analytical analysis, the performance of proposed PRMA-APP protocol is evaluated and compared against the traditional PRMA and PRMA with random contention protocols. The performance analysis results show quantitative improvements in the performance of PRMA-APP with respect to the performance of traditional PRMA and PRMA with random contention. The results confirm that the PRMA-APP scheme is more robust and provides better balance in terms of channel utilization and low packet delay for all traffic conditions than the other two PRMA protocols.

Cognitive medium access control protocols for secondary users sharing a common channel with time division multiple access primary users

The unused time slots in a primary time division multiple access (TDMA) network are regarded as the potential channel access opportunities for secondary users (SUs) in cognitive radio (CR). In this paper, we investigate the medium access control protocols that enable SUs to access a common TDMA channel with primary users (PUs). The primary traffic is assumed to follow a Bernoulli random process. A two-state Markov chain is used to model the secondary traffic, and two different scenarios are considered. The first scenario assumes that the secondary packet arrivals are independent and follow a Bernoulli random process and a cognitive carrier sensing multiple access (Cog-CSMA) protocol is proposed. A Rayleigh fading channel is considered in evaluating Cog-CSMA, and its throughput expression is derived in this paper. The second scenario assumes that the packet arrivals follow a correlated packet arrival process and a cognitive packet reservation multiple access (Cog-PRMA) protocol is proposed. A Markov chain is used to model the different system states in Cog-PRMA and derive the throughput. Numerical results show that the Cog-CSMA and Cog-PRMA protocols achieve the objective of supporting secondary transmissions in a TDMA network without interfering the PUs' transmissions and improve the network bandwidth utilization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis and Design of a MAC Protocol and Vehicular Traffic Simulator for Multimedia Communication on Motorways

This paper aims to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) to motorway drivers with regard to multimedia (triple play-video, voice, and data) communications, which requires substantial analysis of the characteristics of vehicular traffic profiles on motorways. We therefore perform an analysis of real vehicular traffic data taken from inductive loops on a motorway and then develop our own simulator to study real-time vehicular traffic scenarios on the medium access control (MAC) layer, where a wireless local area network (WLAN) base station (BS) is responsible for multimedia communication between vehicles and the backbone network. Access to this BS is managed by a modified version of the packet-reservation multiple access (M-PRMA) protocol, which we have integrated into the simulator. Finally, we use our developed simulator, which is built upon extensive analysis of vehicular traffic data, to evaluate the multimedia services offered to motorway drivers.

A medium access control scheme for TDD-CDMA cellular networks with two-hop relay architecture

In this paper, we propose a multihop medium access control (mMAC) scheme for time division duplexing-code division multiple access (TDD-CDMA) cellular networks with two-hop relay architecture to support packet data transmission. The proposed mMAC is based on joint CDMA/PRMA (packet reservation multiple access) protocol and it includes BCH code selection, power control and multihop relaying. Simulation results reveal that cellular networks with two-hop relay architecture with the proposed mMAC scheme can substantially provide a good performance as well as larger cell coverage as compared to conventional TDD-CDMA single-hop cellular networks.

Dynamic non-collision packet reservation MAP for time division duplex-based wireless networks

The non-collision packet reservation multiple access (NC-PRMA) protocol was proposed by Wen and Wang to eliminate the unstable phenomenon in the PRMA protocol under heavy load conditions by allocating dedicated control mini-slots to mobile terminals (MTs). However, this does not utilise the channel resource efficiently. A dynamic non-collision PRMA (DNC-PRMA) protocol has been proposed to dynamically allocate control mini-slots to MTs such that the channel resource can be utilised efficiently. Using simulation, the proposed DNC-PRMA protocol is shown to yield significantly higher channel utilisation, lower packet dropping probability and lower channel access delay than a protocol that allocates a dedicated mini-slot to each MT.

Terminal-Assisted Hybrid MAC Protocol for Differentiated QoS Guarantee in TDMA-based Broadband Access Networks

This paper presents a terminal-assisted frame-based packet reservation multiple access (TAF-PRMA) protocol, which optimizes random access control between heterogeneous traffic aiming at more efficient voice/data integrated services in dynamic reservation TDMA-based broadband access networks. In order to achieve a differentiated quality-of-service (QoS) guarantee for individual service plus maximal system resource utilization, TAF-PRMA independently controls the random access parameters such as the lengths of the access regions dedicated to respective service traffic and the corresponding permission probabilities, on a frame-by-frame basis. In addition, we have adopted a terminal-assisted random access mechanism where the voice terminal readjusts a global permission probability from the central controller in order to handle the ‘fair access’ issue resulting from distributed queuing problems inherent in the access network. Our extensive simulation results indicate that TAF-PRMA achieves significant improvements in terms of voice capacity, delay, and fairness over most of the existing medium access control (MAC) schemes for integrated services.

Proposal and Performance Evaluation of an Efficient Multiple-Access Protocol for LEO Satellite Packet Networks

This paper deals with a modified version of the packet reservation multiple-access (PRMA) protocol suitable for integration of real-time (voice) and best effort (data) traffic in low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems. The proposed scheme differs from previous alternatives on the method adopted to handle access requests for voice and data terminals, and to transmit data messages. An analytical approach is proposed and validated in the case of voice and classical (i.e., geometric distributed) data traffic in order to derive system performance in terms of mean data message delay and voice packet dropping probability. However, in order to better highlight the advantages of the proposed approach typical interactive and background traffics types have been also considered. Performance comparisons with previous proposed PRMA protocols for voice and data transmission in LEO satellite communication systems are also shown in order to highlight the better behavior of the proposed scheme. Finally, a brief discussion concerning the extension of the proposed S-PRMA protocol to the case of different satellite communication systems is also provided.

Stability and Optimization Analysis for the PRMA Protocol for Voice and Burst Data Integration in a Personal Communication Network

Personal Communication Networks (PCNs) have become an important filed of activity and they are expected to play a fundamental role in next-generation telecommunication systems. In particular, the emerging personal communication services, such as portable computing, paging, personal e-mail, etc. have led to the need of an efficient integration of voice and data traffic in a same PCN by means of a suitable multiple-access scheme. This paper considers stability and optimization issues for the Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) protocol used for integrating voice and burst data traffic in a PCN. An important result here devised is that the optimized PRMA protocol permits to be achieved good performance even under heavy traffic load conditions.

Performance evaluation of packet reservation multiple access with an adaptive array

For local wireless communications, the packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) protocol, which combines random access with time division access, is known as an efficient access method to use silence periods of voice traffic. However, the performance of PRMA at the base station is degraded under heavy load conditions where many mobile stations transmit packets at the same time, because of the contention mechanism of random access. Also, for integrated transmission of voice and data, the performance of the voice terminal is degraded due to the data traffic. In this paper, we propose the use of the adaptive array antenna with PRMA protocol to improve the performance. In the proposed model, the adaptive array can acquire a packet by pointing the peak antenna pattern toward that packet even when a collision occurs. First, we evaluate the throughput and the packet dropping probability for voice-only traffic by theoretical Markov analysis and computer simulation, and show that the proposed model attains higher throughput and lower packet dropping probability than the conventional PRMA when the traffic load is high. Next, we evaluate the throughput and the packet dropping probability for integration of voice and data traffic by computer simulation, and show that the proposed model reduces the performance degradation of the voice terminal due to the addition of data traffic, compared to the conventional PRMA. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 83(3): 36–48, 2000

The admission control for integrated video-conferencing/voice/data services in broadband CDMA networks

We examine the performance of admission control for the integrated video-conferencing, voice and data services in broadband CDMA networks using analytical methods. The traffic access is based on the Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) protocol. For the admission control of video-conferencing and voice calls, firstly, we investigate a scheme by introducing a threshold which limits the active subscribers in the network, so that the quality of service (QoS) can be guaranteed. Secondly, we investigate another scheme which uses a Markovian decision process to optimize the performance of voice and video conferencing traffic. The performance of these admission control schemes is evaluated in terms of call blocking probability and idle-slot probability. For data transfer applications, the admission control is investigated under two different schemes: threshold control scheme and graceful degradation control scheme. Their performance is evaluated in terms of throughput, average delay and data packet loss probability.

A modified PRMA protocol for voice and data transmissions in low Earth orbit mobile satellite systems

Future mobile communication systems will provide multimedia services to users in every environment through uniform access procedures. In this scenario, it is essential to define efficient medium access control (IMAC) protocols that are suitable for both terrestrial and satellite systems (integrated networks). This paper envisages packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) for supporting voice and data transmissions in low Earth orbit (LEO) mobile satellite systems. In particular, a modified PRMA (MPRMA) protocol is proposed and analyzed. Simulation results are also presented in order to validate the analytical approach. A parameter optimization has been carried out to improve the protocol performance. Finally, a comparison with PRMA has permitted to highlight the advantages of the new MPRMA scheme.

Voice and data transmissions with a PRMA-like protocol in high propagation delay cellular systems

Future mobile communication systems will require new medium access control protocols to attain an efficient multiplexing of different traffic sources while guaranteeing their requirements on quality of service. This paper investigates the performance of a modified packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) protocol, called PRMA with hindering states (PRMA-HS), for supporting voice and data transmissions in mobile cellular systems with high propagation delays. A scenario based on low Earth orbit mobile satellite systems (LEO-MSSs) has been considered, but the analytical approach is general. We have obtained that PRMA-HS achieves a high capacity of voice sources in LEO-MSSs also in the presence of data traffic. A performance analysis has been carried out showing good agreement with simulation results. Finally, the PRMA-HS performance has been evaluated in the presence of different data traffic sources.

Performance analysis of an improved PRMA protocol for low Earth orbit-mobile satellite systems

Future mobile communication systems will be characterized by the integration of several networks at the system level. Therefore, the satellite component and the terrestrial one will use as far as possible the same protocols. Accordingly, this paper investigates the possibility of using the packet-reservation multiple-access (PRMA) technique as a medium access control protocol for low-Earth orbit-mobile satellite systems (LEO-MSSs). A modified version of the PRMA protocol, named PRMA with hindering states (PRMA-HSs), is also proposed in order to attain better performance.

Performance evaluation of a modified PRMA protocol for joint voice and data packet wireless networks

In this paper, a modified version of the packet reservation multiple-access (PRMA) protocol is proposed to provide spatially dispersed voice and data user terminals wireless access to a base station over a common short-range radio channel. An analytical approach is presented in order to derive system performance in terms of mean data message delay and voice packet dropping probability. A suitable permission probability design is also proposed to enhance system performance. Performance comparisons with an extension of the PRMA protocol to voice data systems previously reported in literature are shown to highlight the better behavior of this approach.

A Modified PRMA Protocol for Joint Voice Data Packet Wireless Networks

AbstractThis paper discusses the possibility of using the Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) protocol to provide spatially dispersed voice and data user terminals wireless access to a base station over a common short‐range radio channel. The case of ideal radio channel propagation conditions as well as that of non‐ideal and non‐stationary radio channel propagation conditions is considered. A modified PRMA (MPRMA) protocol is proposed in order to enhance system performance under heavy traffic load conditions. A technique to break off the possibility of accessing the common radio channel by a data user terminal is also discussed to avoid unsuccessful transmission of data packets during poor channel conditions. Performance comparisons with the standard PRMA protocol clearly point out a better behavior for the proposed MPRMA protocol.

Simple and channel efficient scheme for voice data integration over PRMA

A channel efficient, slot stealing scheme for data integrated into packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) systems is proposed in the paper. In the proposed system, data terminals transmit their packets only on the time slots which are not used by voice terminals, while voice terminals operate according to the PRMA protocol with either fixed or varying retransmission probability. The maximum achievable gain by the slot stealing scheme (in terms of the maximum data subsystem throughput and data source rate) and its performance parameter (data packet delay) are analysed. The authors also propose a simple and practical estimation algorithm to implement the slot stealing scheme. System performances, such as voice packet dropping probability, system throughput and data packet delay, are simulated. Results show that the voice quality in terms of packet dropping probability is insignificantly affected by the presence of the data terminals; however, the channel throughput can be improved significantly. Finally, a comparison between the slot stealing voice data PRMA and the conventional joint voice data PRMA is made.

An efficient numerical method for performance analysis of contention MAC protocols: a case study (PRMA++)

Several multiple access control (MAC) protocols of industrial interest can be modeled by discrete-state discrete-time Markov chains, with finite lower block Hessenberg probability transition matrices P/sub N/, where the diagonal blocks have a size which decreases while passing from the top left block (A/sub 0,0/) down to the right bottom block (A/sub N,N/). Such matrices have been identified in the literature as funnel matrices. In general, for meaningful systems of engineering interest, the size of P/sub N/ is so large that the computation of the P/sub N/ stationary probabilities (/spl pi/) with common numerical methods cannot be performed due to the computational cost involved. To calculate the stationary probabilities of P/sub N/ we have developed an innovative computational method which fully exploits the block Hessenberg structure of the matrix I-P/sub N/. In this way, we drastically reduce the overall computational cost with respect to the customarily used LU factorization, while still keeping the strong numerical stability of Gaussian elimination with diagonal adjustment. The potential of the new method is exploited to assess the performance of an access protocol for third-generation mobile systems, called PRMA++ (packet reservation multiple access protocol). This was designed within the European project RACE and has so far been studied, to the best of our knowledge, via simulative analysis. PRMA++ has received a lot of attention from manufacturers in the ongoing fifth framework program of the European Community.

Performance simulation of NC-PRMA with signatures in microcellular communication systems

Packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) improves capacity in microcellular systems compared with time division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency division multiple access (FDMA). In PRMA, when a mobile terminal has information packets to transmit, it contends with other terminals for access to a common radio channel. Therefore the main performance degradation is due to the collision of terminals simultaneously transmitting packets. In this paper we propose a non-collision PRMA (NC-PRMA) protocol with signatures to achieve a better performance than PRMA does. Two classes of duplexing schemes, frequency division duplexing (FDD) and shared time division duplexing (STDD), are explored and two speech activity models, slow and fast, in both FDD and STDD schemes are studied. From the results of a computer simulation it is observed that, with the constraint of a packet-dropping rate no greater than 0·01, NC-PRMA can support 38 (43) and 45 (49) users respectively under the FDD and STDD schemes if the slow (fast) speech activity detector is adopted. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Markov analysis of the PRMA protocol for local wireless networks

PRMA (packet reservation multiple access) is a reservation-ALOHA access protocol specifically designed for wireless microcellular networks that handle both real-time and non-real-time traffic. We present a thorough analysis of this protocol, considering real-time traffic only, based on a suitable Markov model. The size of the model is such that it can be directly used for an exact quantitative analysis of the system. In particular, we are able to analyze the packet dropping process, by evaluating both average and distribution measures. The latter are particularly useful to characterize the degradation caused to real-time traffic (e.g., voice) by the loss of consecutive packets. Besides, we also derive from the Markov model a qualitative analysis of the system stability, based on the equilibrium point analysis (EPA) technique. By this technique, we characterize the system stability and analyze the effect on it of several system parameters (e.g., load, permission probability).

Performance evaluation of an improved PRMA protocol for low earth orbit mobile communication systems

Future mobile communication systems will be characterized by the interworking of several networks that will be integrated into a unique system. The satellite component and the terrestrial one will use as far as possible the same protocols. This work is concerned with Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. In particular, Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) has been considered as a good candidate for terrestrial cellular systems, since it allows high multiplexing gains, dynamic PRMA carrier allocation to cells, easy management of integrated voice and data traffic and a near-transparent behaviour with respect to user mobility. The main aim of this preliminary work is to investigate the suitability of the PRMA protocol for application to Low Earth Orbit Mobile Satellite Systems (LEO-MSSs). Moreover, we have proposed a novel version of the PRMA protocol, named PRMA with Hindering States (PRMA-HS), that is particularly suitable for application in LEO systems. This new technique has shown very promising results in terms of both packet dropping probability and throughput. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.