Packet Forwarding Ratio Research Articles

SROR: A Secure and Reliable Opportunistic Routing for VANETs

In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), high mobility of vehicles issues a huge challenge to the reliability and security of transmitting packets. Therefore, a Secure and Reliable Opportunistic Routing (SROR) is proposed in this paper. During construction of Candidate Forwarding Nodes (CFNs) set, the relative velocity, connectivity probability, and packet forwarding ratio are taken into consideration. The aim of SROR is to maximally improve the packet delivery ratio as well as reduce the end-to-end delay. The selection of a relay node from CFNs is formalized as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) optimization. The SROR algorithm extracts useful knowledge from historical behavior of nodes by interacting with the environment. This useful knowledge are utilized to select the relay node as well as to prevent the malicious nodes from forwarding packets. In addition, the influence of different learning rate and exploratory factor policy on rewards of agents are analyzed. The experimental results show that the performance of SROR outperforms the benchmarks in terms of the packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and attack success ratio. As vehicle density ranges from 10 to 50 and percentage of malicious vehicles is fixed at 10%, the average of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and attack success ratio are 0.82, 0.26s, and 0.37, respectively, outperforming benchmark protocols.

Dynamic Trust Management Model for the Internet of Things and Smart Sensors: The Challenges and Applications

Background: Internet of Things (IoT) is an important technology that promises a smart human being life, by allowing a communications between objects, machines and every things together with peoples. Trust is an important parameter which is closely related IOT with respect to sending a message source to destination. Objective: In this model the Internet of Thing (IOT) system to pledge with misbehaving nodes whose status are non deterministic. This paper also presents an overview of trust management model in IoT. The accuracy, robustness, and lightness of the proposed model is approved through a wide arrangement of recreations. Methods: In order to achieve the desired objective, the following four contributions has been proposed to improve the trust over internet of thing (IoT):1) End-to-end packet forwarding ratio (EPFR) 2) AEC 3) Packet Delivery Ratio 4) Detection Probability. Results: In this paper we calculate the performance of TM-IoT in term of End-to-End Packet Forwarding Ratio (EPFR) 2) AEC 3) Packet Delivery Ratio 4) Detection Probability. The exploratory result analysis shows the efficiency of proposed model as compared to existing work. Conclusion: The proposed model TM-IoT show the better exploratory result as compared to existing work in terms of End-to-End Packet Forwarding Ratio (EPFR) , AEC, Packet Delivery Ratio, Detection Probability.

Design of data confidential and reliable bee clustering routing protocol in MANET (Vol 2)

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) requires extraneous energy effectualness and legion intelligence for which a best clustered based approach is pertained called the “Bee-Ad Hoc-C”. In MANET the mechanism of multi-hop routing is imperative but may leads to a challenging issue like lack of data privacy during communication. ECC (Elliptical Curve Cryptography) is integrated with the Bee clustering approach to provide an energy efficient and secure data delivery system. Even though it ensures data confidentiality, data reliability is still disputable such as data dropping attack, Black hole attack (Attacker router drops the data without forwarding to destination). In such cases the technique of overhearing is utilized by the neighbor routers and the packet forwarding statistics are measured based on the ratio between the received and forwarded packets. The presence of attack is detected if the packet forwarding ratio is poor in the network which paves a way to the alternate path identification for a reliable data transmission. The proposed work is an integration of SC-AODV along with ECC in Bee clustering approach with an extra added overhearing technique which n on the whole ensures data confidentiality, data reliability and energy efficiency.

Customized Medium Access Control (C-MAC) Protocol for Cooperative Wireless Network

Cooperation is always required in every filed of communication nowadays because neither a single layer, nor a single protocol is able to perform well in a network. In this work, cooperation has been performed using Medium Access Layer (MAC) using the concept of Rely Node. Although it has been claimed previously that cooperative scheme always promises a higher throughput and lower delay performances still here, a medium access control scheme known as C-MAC (Customize-Medium Access Control) has been proposed, where the neighbours, i.e. the relay node is selected not only assuming higher data rate, but also based on its reliability factor, power constraints, throughput, packet forwarding ratio, delay, which leads to motivate for better decision to deciding whom to co-operate with. The overall system has become reliable with an increased lifetime of the network.

Enhanced Multilayer Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network using Hierarchical and Hybrid Multilayer Architecture

Background/Objectives: Sensor nodes will be in fixed/mobile locations. The exchanges can also be huge that it may result in overlapping or loss of packets. This will lead to heavy overhead and less packet forwarding ratio. A layer level model will be a good solution. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this research work, Hierarchical Hybrid Model based clustering is proposed to combines the merits of both hierarchical and hybrid approaches in routing for improving the lifetime of the network. A mathematical model is being proposed for a wireless sensor network. It consists of following phases. Layering Design, Clustering, Multilayer clustering, Region categorization. The model is improved as it has facilities for clustering and routing based on combined layered approach. Findings: For simulation, the network simulator tool (NS 2) is used. The performance of the proposed scheme has been shown in graphs for the metrics namely, Total consumed energy, control overhead, good put, throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio and lifetime. The paper provides conclusions how the longetivity of the network is improved by combining hierarchical and hybrid approaches in routing. This approach can be applied for users in indoor environment.

An Optimized Multicast Backbone Routing for Increasing Residual Energy in MANET

Background/Objectives: Due to the presence of mobility, the nodes may move out of the coverage region. Mobility of nodes causes network partition. This will lead to heavy overhead and less packet forwarding ratio. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this research work, Residual Energy based Reliable Multicast Routing (RERMR) is proposed to increase the packet forwarding rate based on optimized multicast backbone construction. It consists of following phases. In first phase, the multicast backbone is constructed based on trustable loop and trust factors. The backbone is maintained by means of cluster group members. If the cluster head is not responding to cluster members or other cluster head, the secondary cluster leader checks whether it attains the latency threshold and announces that as a cluster head. Reliable path is calculated based on stability of links and residual energy is saved based on signal strength and distance. Results: For simulation, the network simulator tool (NS 2.34) is used. The QoS parameters and the proposed parameters are taken for analysis for performance of existing and proposed work. Based on the simulation results, the proposed work achieves better performance than previous protocols in terms of path reliability rate, network stability rate, end to end delay, end to end transmission and communication overhead.

Energy based reliable multicast routing protocol for packet forwarding in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Network consists of mobile nodes without any assisting infrastructure. Mobility of nodes causes network partition. This leads to heavy overhead and less packet forwarding ratio. In this research work, Residual Energy based Reliable Multicast Routing Protocol (RERMR) is proposed to attain more network lifetime and increased packet delivery and forwarding rate. A multicast backbone is constructed to achieve more stability based on node familiarity and trustable loop. Reliable path criterion is estimated to choose best reliable path among all available paths. Data packets will be forwarded once the reliable path is chosen. We have also demonstrated that residual energy of paths aids to provide maximum network lifetime. Based on the simulation results, the proposed work achieves better performance than previous protocols in terms of path reliability rate, network stability rate, end to end delay, end to end transmission and communication overhead. All Rights Reserved © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico. This is an open access item distributed under the Creative Commons CC License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

A Novel Methodology to Overcome Routing Misbehavior in Manet using Retaliation Model

MANET is a cooperative network in which nodes are responsible for forwarding as well as routing. Noncooperation is still a big challenge that certainly degrades the performance and reliability of a MANET. This paper presents a novel methodology to overcome routing misbehavior in MANET using Retaliation Model. In this model node misbehavior is watched and an equivalent misbehavior is given in return. This model employs several parameters such as number of packets forwarded, number of packets received for forwarding, packet forwarding ratio etc. to calculate Grade and Bonus Points. The Grade is used to isolate selfish nodes from the routing paths and the Bonus Points defines the number of packets dropped by an honest node in retaliation over its misconducts. The implementation is done in "GloMoSim" on top of the DSR protocol. We obtained up to 40% packet delivery ratio with a cost of a minimum of 7.5% overhead compared to DSR. To minimize total control traffic overhead we have included the FG Model with our model and it reduces the overhead up to 75%. This model enforces cooperation due to its stricter punishment strategy and justifies its name.

Performance evaluation of fuzzy logic-based congestion optimisation approach for sensor networks

Congestion in WSN leads to excessive consumption of energy, which needs to be controlled to improve the system life time. Congestion estimation has always been an important issue in wireless sensor networks for efficient information processing. In the recent past some researchers have used fuzzy logic for congestion estimation and shown that fuzzy logic is a potential tool for detection and estimation of congestion in wireless sensor networks. In this work we have used four different fuzzy systems for congestion estimation and evaluated their performances. Through these four fuzzy systems we will estimate the number of dropped packets with respect to time. In addition to this we have also found the average number of packet dropped for time interval 0 to 100 seconds, with respect to number of nodes in a certain cluster. Three important parameters affecting information processing and congestion in wireless sensor networks are identified as packet forwarding ratio, delay and validity. Simulation results of these fuzzy systems show that validity and delay-based system gives best performance and minimises packet drops to a significant amount during information processing in wireless sensor networks.