Pacifier Sucking Research Articles

Advancing the assessment of pacifier effects with a novel computational method.

Numerous studies have demonstrated a high likelihood of malocclusions resulting from non-nutritive sucking. Consequently, quantifying the impact of pacifiers can potentially aid in preventing the development or exacerbation of malocclusions and guide the design of improved performance pacifiers. This work proposes and assesses a computational methodology that can effectively gather crucial information and provide more precise data regarding the consequences of non-nutritive pacifier sucking. The computational framework utilized is based on solids4Foam [1, 2], a collection of numerical solvers developed within the OpenFOAM® computational library [3]. The computational model focuses on the palate of a six-month-old baby and incorporates various components such as palate tissues, pacifier and tongue, and considers the negative intraoral pressure generated and the tongue displacement. Different models were tested, each offering varying levels of detail in representing the palate structure. These models range from a simplified approach, with one tissue, to a more intricate representation, involving up to five different tissues, offering a more comprehensive palate model compared to existing literature. The analysis of results involved examining the distribution of stress on the palate surface, as well as the displacement and forces exerted on the dental crowns. By comparing the obtained results, it was possible to evaluate the precision of the approaches previously described in the literature. The findings revealed that the predictions were less accurate when using the simplified model with a single tissue for the palate, which is the most common approach proposed in the literature. In contrast, the results demonstrated that the palate model with the most intricate structure, incorporating five different tissues, yielded distinct outcomes compared to all other combinations. The computational methodology proposed, employing the most detailed palate model, has demonstrated its effectiveness and necessity in obtaining accurate data on the impact of non-nutritive sucking habits, which are recognized as a primary contributor to the development of dental malocclusions. In the future, this approach could be extended to conduct similar studies encompassing diverse pacifier designs, sizes, and age groups. This would foster the design of innovative pacifiers that mitigate the adverse effects of non-nutritive sucking on orofacial structures.

Oral Candidiasis Management in a Child with Pacifier Sucking Habit: A Case Report

Abstract: Oral candidiasis is a widely known mucosal fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida species. Children and infants are highly more susceptible to Candida infection than adults. We report an oral candidiasis case in a 5-year-old girl with white spots on her lips and tongue. When the white spots were scrapped off, they would be detached leaving red patches on the mucosal surfaces. The patient had pacifier sucking habit and tended to place the pacifier everywhere carelessly. Previously, the patient was treated at a primary healthcare center and received nystatin therapy. However, there was no improvement at all after the therapy. Based on her current and historical conditions, the patient was diagnosed as oral candidiasis, and in this case nystatin administration was ineffective. Therefore, the patient required better oral hygiene management, and the medication given was a gargle containing 0.1% hyaluronic acid. A week after using the gargle without using pacifier anymore, white spots had disappeared, and oral hygiene had improved. Re-control was conducted one month after the first visit and no Candida infection was detected. In conclusion, gargle containing 0.1% hyaluronic acid associated with better dental and oral hygiene is effective to treat oral candidiasis in children. Keywords: oral candidiasis; children; pacifier sucking habit; gargle containing 0.1% hyaluronic acid

Clinical assessment of deleterious oral habits and dental caries–periodontal parameters among Turkish twins

Twin studies are crucial to assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors. This study was conducted to evaluate association between deleterious oral habits and dental caries-periodontal parameters among Turkish twins. The study comprised 143 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins and 59 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins aged 3-15 years. Twins were examined for dental caries, plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing and deleterious oral habits. Mann Whitney U test was used to examine the data. The MZ twin pairs consisted of 60 male and 58 female twin pairs, whereas the DZ twin pairs consisted of 144 male and 142 female. The mean age of the twins was 9.63±3.0 in MZ twins and 9.47±3.2 in DZ twins. The mean DMFS value of MZ twins with bruxism is higher than those of MZ twins without bruxism (P=0.001). The mean DMFS value of DZ twins with pacifier sucking is lower than those without (P=0.007). A statistically significant difference was found between MZ twins with and without nail biting in terms of bleeding on probing and dmfs values (P=0.035; P=0.012). The mean values of the plaque index increased due to the mouth breathing in DZ twins (P=0.024). Regarding the bleeding on probing, there was a statistically significant difference between MZ twins with and without atypical swallowing (P=0.016). These findings suggest that dental caries-periodontal parameters are similarly affected by deleterious oral habits in MZ and DZ twins.

Терапевтични подходи в работата на логопеда при деца с изменения на орално-моторните и хранителните механизми

The object of treatment in nutritional therapy are impaired oral-motor and nutritional mechanisms. These pathological changes can affect not only eating, but also speech. The current study tracks and classifies the types of eating disorders according to the causes of their occurrence. They are divided into three groups: organic, functional, and secondary as a result of a primary syndrome. Organic disorders include congenital maxillofacial abnormities – clefts of the lips, the soft and hard palate. In early childhood, children with similar defects experience difficulties in food intake and swallowing. What is noticed as a secondary disorder is a delay in babbling and phrasal speech, the inability to articulate some sounds depending on the nature of the organic malformation, as well as changes in the timbre. The problem is solved surgically, but nevertheless it is necessary to work with a speech therapist and to conduct nutritional therapy in order to restore the proper functioning of the muscles. Changes in the oral cavity can also occur under the influence of bad childhood habits that affect the functions of facial, chewing, and tongue muscles. The period of practicing these habits often coincides with the period when milk teeth are replaced by permanent teeth, which leads to permanent changes in the bite. These changes hinder the proper chewing of food, whereas in terms of speech, the alveodental sounds are affected. Examples of bad childhood habits are thumb or pacifier sucking, mouth breathing, and infantile swallowing. Cerebral palsy in children and the Down syndrome are considered part of the group of syndromes, as a result of which a secondary eating disorder occurs. They are characterized by overall muscle tone changes, which is why the muscles of the maxillofacial apparatus are also affected. What can occur depending on hether the tone is reduced or increased are difficulties in opening and closing the lower jaw, problems with the retention and swallowing of food in the oral cavity, sensitivity to different consistencies, etc. In order to cope with eating disorders, the therapist uses a range of various methods and techniques, which can be commonly referred to as ‘oromotor therapy’. It helps to change already formed pathological mechanisms and to influence the facial muscle sensors, kinesthetic sensations, and tone. Various types of massage techniques, oral gymnastics, initial feeding, etc. are described along with the methods and techniques presented.

Association between malocclusion in the mixed dentition with breastfeeding and past nonnutritive sucking habits in school-age children.

To evaluate the association between malocclusion characteristics in the mixed dentition stage, breastfeeding, and past nonnutritive sucking habits in school-age children. A total of 547 school children in the mixed dentition, in the age range between 7 and 13 years, were evaluated by means of questionnaire and clinical examination. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between breastfeeding and finger and pacifier sucking habits, the malocclusion characteristics of posterior crossbite, and excessive or deficient overjet and overbite. Individuals who had nonnutritive sucking habits had 2.16 times greater chance of having anterior open bite (odds ratio [OR] 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-4.33) and 2.39 times greater chance of having posterior crossbite (OR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.56-5.49). Children who were exclusively breastfed up to at least 6 months of age had a higher frequency of normality for overjet and overbite and the lowest posterior crossbite index. However, in adjusted analysis, breastfeeding showed no association with malocclusion characteristics in the mixed dentition stage. Breastfeeding was not associated with the presence of malocclusion in the mixed dentition, whereas past nonnutritive sucking habits were associated with the occurrence of malocclusion.

Prevalence of Oral Habits and its Association with Malocclusion in Primary Dentition among School Going Children of Nepal.

The objectives of this study were to: (1) study the prevalence of oral habits among school going children with primary dentition; (2) determine the association of oral habits with malocclusion in primary dentition; and (3) compare the prevalence of oral habits based on gender, race, age and grade. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 625 school going children with a complete set of primary dentitions. A closed-ended questionnaire was developed to gather information about oral habits followed by clinical examination. The prevalence of oral habits was 42.7%. Finger nail biting (19.5%) was the most prevalent oral habit, whereas self-destructive oral habits (0.7%) were the least prevalent. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed significant association of (P<0.05): digit sucking habit with distal step molar relationship, class II canine relationship and increased overjet; pacifier sucking habit with presence of distal step molar relationship, class II canine relationship, crossbite and increased overjet; and finger nail biting habit with absence of primate spaces. Nearly half of the participating children indulged in one or more oral habits. There was significant association between some oral habits and malocclusion traits, indicating the requirement of timely screening and interception.

Early skin contact combined with mother\u2019s breastfeeding to shorten the process of premature infants \u2264 30 weeks of gestation to achieve full oral feeding: the study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundMost hospitalized preterm infants experience difficulties in transitioning from tube feeding to full oral feeding. Interventions to promote full oral feeding in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are limited to pacifier use or bottle-feeding exercises. Skin contact has been shown to be beneficial to start and maintain lactation and provide preterm infants with the opportunity to suck on the mother’s breast, which may promote further development of the preterm infant’s suckling patterns. The objective of this study is to compare and evaluate the effects of skin contact combined with breastfeeding (suck on the mother’s empty breast) as compared to the routine pacifier suckling training model in achieving full oral feeding for infants whose gestational age are ≤ 30 weeks.MethodsThis is a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in the NICU and designed according to the SPIRIT Statement. The subjects included in the study are premature infants born between April 2020 and July 2021 with a gestational age of ≤30 weeks, birth weight of <1500 g, admission age of <72 h, and absence of congenital malformations. Those with oxygenation indices of >40 and those born to mothers with poor verbal communication skills will be excluded. A sample of 148 infants is needed. The infants will be randomized to the intervention (skin contact combined with mother’s breastfeeding model) or control group (routine pacifier sucking training model). The primary outcome is the time required to achieve full oral feeding. The secondary outcomes are the breastfeeding abilities of preterm infants as assessed by the Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale (PIBBS), breastfeeding rates at 3 and 6 months corrected gestational age, complication rates, duration of oxygen requirement, days of hospital stay, and satisfaction of parents.DiscussionThis paper describes the first single-center, open-label, randomized clinical trial on this topic and will provide crucial information to support the implementation of skin contact combined with the breastfeeding model in the NICU setting.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT 04283682. Registered on 8 February 2020.

The effect of feeding methods and non-nutritive sucking habits on early childhood caries and development of occlusion (A cross-sectional study)

Background and objectives: Early Childhood Caries (ECC ) is the most common chronic disease conditioning childhood and involves the presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions),missing(due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in children under 72 months of age.Time and frequency of breast-feeding, artificial feeding and of non-nutritive sucking habits can influence orofacial development, and when negative can provoke instability of orofacial function. Sucking habits involving digits or dummies are the most tangible environmental factors that play a role in the etiology of malocclusion.Subjects and method: A cross sectional study performed on aconvenient samples of 500 preschool child renaged between 4-6 years old in Erbil city. Parents (mothers ) were asked for a permission to include their children in the study. A short interview with the mothers of the children preceded the dental examination. The clinical examination included child weight, height determination and dental examination.Results: The results showed that prevalence of caries in breast fed children was (70.6%), in bottle was (62.4%) and both fed children was (65%) with no significant association between type of feeding and caries prevalence (P=0.298). Mean dmfs in males was (9.84±12.99) which is higher than mean dmfs of females (7.39 ±10.58). Class II canine classification was higher in bottle and both feeding than in breast feeding and there was no prevalence of Class III canine relation was found in bottle feeding.Conclusion: Type of feeding was not found to be related to development of early childhood caries in primary dentition of preschool children. Bottle feeding was considered as a risk factor for development of class II canine relation. Non-nutritive sucking (finger, pacifier sucking and both) were found to be risk factors for the development of anterior open bite and posterior cross bite. Finger sucking produces the development of unilateral posterior cross bite in primary dentition.

Influence of Breastfeeding and Deleterious Oral Habits in Malocclusions in Children

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Introduction:</strong> Malocclusion is a pathology which has caused by multifactorial factores, being related to a lot of factors, as breastfeeding and deleterious oral habits. <strong>Objectives:</strong> The objective of this work was to verify the prevalence and association between time and type of breastfeeding with the installation of deleterious oral habits and consequential malocclusions. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This is a transversal-type, observational, descriptive study, which evaluated 297 children, aged from three to five years, enrolled in municipal kindergartens. The first phase was carried out with a form directed to parents and guardians and collected information on the lactation period, presence of deleterious oral habits (DOH) and socioeconomic data. The second step consisted of the clinical occlusal examination of children whose parents or guardian had signed the Informed Consent Form and that were within the inclusion criteria of the survey. The data analysis was conducted at a level of significance of 5% through the tests &chi;2 and odds ratio, the OddsRatio were determined by formula OR = ad/bc, both processed in the software SPSS version 14.0.<strong> Results:</strong> Deleterious oral habits had a prevalence of 96.6% in the sample, the average time of exclusive breastfeeding was 4.57 months. The habit of highest incidence was the bottle suction, present in 69% of children, but the pacifier was the main responsible for developing malocclusions. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The obtained data allow concluding that the breastfeeding time influenced directly the presence of deleterious oral habits and malocclusions in the primary dentition, and that digital sucking habits, pacifier sucking and baby&rsquo;s bottle are associated with malocclusions in the studied population. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Key words:</strong> Breastfeeding, Children, Habits, Malocclusion, Oral Health.

Cessation of the pacifier sucking habit and self-correction of the anterior open bite in the primary dentition: case report

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of play strategies to break the pacifier-sucking habit and induce self-correction of the anterior open bite in the primary dentition. Methods: Data collection took place at the Pediatric Dentistry clinic of a public education institution. Three children, aged between 3 and 4 years old, using a pacifier and presenting with a 2 to 5 mm anterior open bite, participated in the research. Pediatric dental guidance was imparted to educate the family and to provide play strategies for the child by means of an illustrated book about the pacifier fairy. Results: After the first consultation, two children quit their pacifier habit. Subsequent consultations were devoted to positive reinforcement and follow-up of the self-correction of the anterior open bite. The third child required four visits to stop the pacifier habit, but other habits persisted and the open bite was only corrected after intervention by a multidisciplinary team. Conclusions: After receiving orientation from the professionals, the parents/guardians cooperated in stimulating the child, and the play activities were effective in encouraging the child to stop sucking on the pacifier, permitting self-correction of the anterior open bite. Bottle feeding, tongue interposition and mouth breathing may hinder the spontaneous correction of the anterior open bite after the pacifier habit is abandoned, requiring multidisciplinary intervention.

Pathways to anterior open bite after changing of pacifier sucking habit in preschool children: A cohort study.

Pacifier use is a major cause of anterior open bite (AOB), which negatively impacts the quality of life of children affected. To assess the direct and indirect pathways related to pacifier sucking habit and AOB in preschool children. This 2-year cohort study evaluated a random sample of preschool children (2-5years of age) from Southern Brazil. Caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing socio-economic and behavioural characteristics. Anterior open bite was recorded following the criteria recommended by Foster and Hamilton. Structural equation model was performed to assess the direct and indirect pathways among variables at baseline (T1) to predict the AOB at follow-up (T2). Regarding the AOB, 407 children were evaluated at T1 and 187 at T2. The prevalence of AOB was 32.9% at baseline and 16.0% at follow-up. The presence of AOB at follow-up was directly affected by the change in pacifier sucking habit from T1 to T2. Considering the indirect paths, the AOB at T1 influenced the AOB in T2 via a change of pacifier sucking habit. These findings suggest that the non-habit of sucking pacifiers is a fundamental strategy for the prevention of AOB as well as the promotion of health in childhood.

Prevalence of Malocclusions and Associated Factors inBrazilian Children and Adolescents with CerebralPalsy: A Multi-Institutional Study.

Background To assess the prevalence and factors associated with malocclusions in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods The study included 134 subjects with CP aged 2–18 years enrolled in six rehabilitation institutions and their caregivers, which provided demographic, systemic, and behavioral data. A calibrated researcher held oral examinations with record of the following malocclusion indexes, DAI and DMFT. Poisson regression analysis was used (α < 0.05). Results About 85.8% (n = 115) of patients had malocclusion. In deciduous and mixed dentition (n = 99), increased overjet (75.8%), open bite (51.5%), posterior cross bite (19.2%), and anterior cross bite (3.0%) were identified. Increased overjet was associated with the age group of 2–5 years and mild communication impairment. Anterior open bite was more common in children who underwent tongue interposition, lip interposition, and pacifier sucking. Communication skills, mouth breathing, and tongue interposition were associated with posterior cross bite. Severe malocclusions (DAI > 30) were observed in 88.6% of patients with permanent dentition (n = 35) and were associated with liquid diet consistency and finger sucking. Conclusion The prevalence of malocclusion in individuals with CP was high and associated with demographic, behavioral, and systemic factors.

Breastfeeding Behavior in Brazilian Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome.

Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) is a condition that has emerged only recently, bringing together multiple changes, including significant changes in the stomatognathic system, which may compromise sucking behavior and consequently the breastfeeding practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the breastfeeding behaviors in children with CZS. A longitudinal study was carried out in two reference centers in Northeastern Brazil. The nonprobabilistic sample consisted of 79 children diagnosed with physical, neurological, and behavioral alterations compatible with CZS. Information regarding the child, nutritive, and nonnutritive sucking behavior and changes related to the sucking reflex was collected. Data were presented through descriptive and inferential statistics. In the bivariate analyses, the chi-squared test was used and 5% significance level was adopted. The majority of children had severe microcephaly (59.7%). Breastfeeding was performed at birth in most of CZS children (89.9%) but only 36.6% of them presented exclusive breastfeeding in the six months of life. Bottle feeding and pacifier were used in 89.9% and 55.7%, respectively. Sucking and swallowing difficulties and occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux were observed in 27.8%, 48.0%, and 29.2% of children, respectively. Early weaning was associated with bottle feeding (p=0.005) and pacifier sucking (p=0.003). Although breastfeeding practice at birth constitutes a behavior adopted by most of mothers, adherence to this exclusive habit until the first six months of life was low since the children presenting a large number of comorbidities with direct interference in the suction reflex, sucking, and swallowing difficulty.

Sleep habits and sleep characteristics at 1 year-old in the ELFE birth cohort study

Abstract Infant sleep plays a critical role in his/her normal development. Sleep problems, including sleep onset difficulties (SOD) and night waking (NW), ranges from 20% to 30% in infants and young children and are partially persistent over time up to adulthood. French young children seem to have longer sleep durations and less sleep troubles than their counterparts worldwide. We here aimed at describing infants sleep characteristics (duration/24h (TST), NW, and SOD) and associated sleep habits in infants aged 1 year old from the French nationwide birth cohort ELFE. This study included 11,571 infants with information on both sleep characteristics and sleep habits (parental presence when falling asleep, eating to fall asleep, sucking pacifier or finger to sleep and the location where the infant falls asleep and ends his/her sleep). Associations were studied using multinomial logistic regressions adjusted for familial and infant characteristics. Mean TST was 13hrs36 including 2hrs54 of naps, 20% of the infants had TST ≤12hrs/24h. About 46% did not present SOD or NW, while 16% had frequent SOD and 22% had NW &amp;gt; 1 night over 2. Parental presence, feeding to fall asleep and infants sleep location were more frequent in infants having short sleep duration (≤12h/24h), NW and SOD. Non-nutritive sucking was associated with NW, SOD and TST&amp;gt;14h/24h. This work provides new information regarding infant sleep location and non-nutritive sucking that should be accounted for when considering sleep behaviors. In addition, most of identified sleep habits associated with poor sleep characteristics are accessible to prevention. Key messages French infants present better sleep characteristics than their counterparts. Most sleep habits associated with poor sleep are accessible to prevention.

Exclusive breast-feeding is associated with reduced pacifier sucking in children: Breast-feeding and pacifier-sucking habit

BackgroundStudies suggest that when children do not achieve the emotional satiety and adequate stimulus provided by breast-feeding, they exhibit sucking behaviors. This study aimed to estimate the association from 4 through 6 months of exclusive breast-feeding (EB) postpartum and pacifier-sucking behavior at 12 months of life. MethodsA cohort study was conducted with 1,037 infants, born alive and monitored up to 12 months. At 4 and 6 months after birth, the children were classified according to the type of breast-feeding they had received: exclusive, predominant, complementary, or none. The prevalence of pacifier-sucking behavior was calculated, and the association between the 2 events was estimated. Mothers’ socioeconomic-demographic characteristics, delivery features, and prenatal care, as well as the biological characteristics of the children, were determined. Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. ResultsIn comparison with EB infants, the RR of pacifier-sucking behavior at 12 months of life was higher in children receiving complementary breast-feeding or no breast-feeding for both 4 months (RRadjusted, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.39 to 2.02] and RRadjusted, 2.67 [95% CI, 2.24 to 3.17], respectively) and 6 months (RRadjusted, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.03 to 2.00] and RRadjusted, 3.30 [95% CI, 2.40 to 4.54], respectively). Conclusions and Practical ImplicationsEB for 6 months postpartum is associated with reduced pacifier-sucking behavior, adjusted for maternal color, number of prenatal consultations, and family income. Promotion of EB may reduce the use of pacifiers and their potential deleterious effects on oral health. Dental health care professionals should consider discussing the importance of breast-feeding with their patients with regard to the possible development of sucking habits in their children.

Alta frequência dos fatores de risco à oclusão dentária entre escolares no município de Petrópolis: um estudo transversal

Introdução: A má oclusão dentária tem origem multifatorial, logo é difícil definir estratégicas específicas de como preveni-la. A respiração bucal e certos hábitos de sucção, se persistir por mais de 36 meses, podem influenciar de forma negativa. Objetivo: Identificar fatores de risco à oclusão dentária como: respiração bucal e hábitos de sucção em escolares de 8 a 10 anos de idade em Petrópolis, RJ. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, de caráter descritivo. Incluídos escolares de ambos os sexos, 8 a 10 anos, matriculados em sete escolas municipais de Petrópolis. Distribuído aos escolares o protocolo para a identificação da criança respiradora bucal e o questionário sobre hábitos de sucção (mamadeira, chupeta e dedo). Resultados: Foram avaliados 377 protocolos para a identificação de criança respiradora bucal e 377 questionários sobre hábitos de sucção. Nos protocolos foram referidos sintomas como: dormir de boca aberta em 193 (51,2%), babar no travesseiro em 172 (45,6%), roncos em 131 (34,7%) e obstrução nasal diária em 118 (31,2%). Ao aplicar os critérios de Abreu, constatou-se uma frequência de 243 (64%) respiradores bucais e 134 (36%) respiradores nasais. Ao avaliar os 377 questionários sobre os hábitos de sucção encontraram-se: 276 (73%) crianças com hábitos de sucção e 101 (27%) sem tais hábitos. Dos 276 escolares que tiveram hábitos de sucção, houve persistência destes hábitos acima de três anos e 11 meses em 149 crianças (54%). Conclusão: Encontrada uma alta frequência de respiradores bucais e de crianças com hábitos de sucção.

Oral habits in Children with Cleft (Lip and) Palate: A Pilot Study

Background/Aims: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of oral habits and non-nutritive sucking habits in children with cleft (lip and) palate (CL/P) between 0–12 years, compared to peers without CL/P. Methods: Children with CL/P (mean age 6.0 years, SD 2.80) were recruited from the Ghent University Hospital and compared to gender- and age-matched children without CL/P (mean age 5.8 years, SD 3.09). A self-report questionnaire was developed and given to the caregivers. To compare the occurrence of oral habits and non-nutritive sucking habits in children with and without CL/P, χ² tests or Fisher’s exact tests were used. Results: The present study revealed a significantly lower occurrence of non-nutritive sucking habits in children with CL/P. These children showed significantly less pacifier sucking; no significant difference was found regarding thumb or finger sucking nor regarding sucking on other objects. Additionally, the results showed that the occurrence of snoring was statistically significantly higher in children with CL/P. Conclusion: Children with CL/P show less non-nutritive sucking habits, but more snoring compared to a control group without CL/P. Although further research regarding the oral habits in children with CL/P is necessary, cleft teams should give attention to the occurrence of oral habits.

Randomized controlled trial protocol to improve multisensory neural processing, language and motor outcomes in preterm infants

BackgroundPremature infants are at risk for abnormal sensory development due to brain immaturity at birth and atypical early sensory experiences in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. This altered sensory development can have downstream effects on other more complex developmental processes. There are currently no interventions that address rehabilitation of sensory function in the neonatal period.MethodsThis study is a randomized controlled trial of preterm infants enrolled at 32–36 weeks postmenstrual age to either standard care or standard care plus multisensory intervention in order to study the effect of multisensory intervention as compared to standard care alone. The study population will consist of 100 preterm infants in each group (total n = 200). Both groups will receive standard care, consisting of non-contingent recorded parent’s voice and skin-to-skin by parent. The multisensory group will also receive contemporaneous holding and light pressure containment for tactile stimulation, playing of the mother’s voice contingent on the infant’s pacifier sucking for auditory stimulation, exposure to a parent-scented cloth for olfactory stimulation, and exposure to carefully regulated therapist breathing that is mindful and responsive to the child’s condition for vestibular stimulation. The primary outcome is a brain-based measure of multisensory processing, measured using time locked-EEG. Secondary outcomes include sensory adaptation, tactile processing, speech sound differentiation, motor and language function, measured at one and two years corrected gestational age.DiscussionThis is the first randomized controlled trial of a multisensory intervention using brain-based measurements in order to explain the causal effects of the multisensory intervention on neural processing changes to mediate neurodevelopmental outcomes in former preterm infants. In addition to contributing a critical link in our understanding of these processes, the protocolized multisensory intervention in this study is therapist administered, parent supported and leverages simple technology. Thus, this multisensory intervention has the potential to be widely implemented in various NICU settings, with the opportunity to potentially improve neurodevelopment of premature infants.Trial registrationNIH Clinical Trials (clinicaltrials.gov): NCT03232931. Registered July 2017.

Relación entre tipos de maloclusión en plano horizontal y hábitos orales en niños de 8 a 14 años de Montemorelos

La importancia de los hábitos orales en odontología es que estos pueden modificar la posición y la relación de los dientes, debido a la alteración en el desarrollo normal y el funcionamiento de los músculos de la ATM. Las consecuencias pueden ser observadas en la dentición de los niños como una alteración de esta. Por ello, es muy importante realizar un diagnóstico de los hábitos para eliminarlos y corregir las futuras alteraciones que estas puedan provocar realizando un correcto tratamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar los efectos que produce la presencia de hábitos orales como succión digital y labial, succión de chupete, interposición lingual y respiración bucal en tipos de maloclusión en plano horizontal. Se realizó un estudio transversal sobre un análisis descriptivo de una base de datos obtenién- dose una muestra de 526 niños de 8 a 14 años de Montemorelos, Nuevo León. Se aplicó una encuesta y se les midió la distancia horizontal entre los incisivos centrales superiores e infe- riores a cada niño que nos pueda indicar la presencia de los tipos de maloclusión en plano horizontal. La recolección de datos se obtuvo mediante una encuesta que se realizó a los niños para el registro de los malos hábitos orales, y una exploración clínica para el registro de la medición de los tipos de maloclusión en plano horizontal. Los datos recopilados se analizaron mediante procesamiento y análisis estadístico de la información a través del programa estadís- tico SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Se utilizó el análisis descriptivo, la prueba no paramétrica de independencia de chi-cuadrado para probar la asociación entre las variables. Este estudio encontró una relación relevante con la presencia de over jet con la edad y tipo de dentición, al igual que tipo de dentición con bis a bis, además se encontró significancia en el hábito de succión digital con over jet, los demás hábitos orales no tuvieron una asociación significativa. En este estudio se observó que existe una asociación significativa entre succión digital y over jet, con eso concluimos que de los hábitos orales estudiados en nuestra población el hábito de succión digital es un factor importante para el desarrollo de over jet específicamente. Debemos tomar importancia en la detección de los hábitos orales al momento de valorar pacientes pediá- tricos y al mismo tiempo educar a los pacientes y a los padres para eliminar el factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de maloclusión tipo over jet.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PACIFIER CLEANING METHODS AND CHILD TOTAL IGE.

Introduction Microbial-related exposures in early life stimulate immune development and may protect against allergic disease manifestations later in life. Parental pacifier sucking in early life may offer protection through the transfer of beneficial oral microbes from parent to offspring. Methods Using maternal-child pairs from the Microbes, Allergy, Asthma and Pets cohort(N=141), we investigated whether pacifier cleaning methods reported at 6-months of age were associated with differences in serum total IgE over the first 18 months of life(cord, 6-months, and 18-months). Linear mixed effect models were used to model log-transformed total IgE trajectories. Results Of 128 mothers completing an interview at 6 months, 74(58%) reported current child pacifier use. Of these 74, 30(41%) reported pacifier cleaning by sterilization, 53(72%) reported handwashing the pacifier, and 9(12%) reported parental pacifier sucking. Pacifier sterilization or handwashing were not associated with serum total IgE trajectory. A significant time interaction was detected for pacifier sucking(p=0.079), indicating that the trajectory shape differed between children of pacifier-sucking versus non-pacifier sucking parents. Specifically, parental pacifier sucking appeared to suppress serum IgE levels beginning around 10 months(p=0.048), and continued to diverge through 18 months(p=0.014). Conclusions These results show an association between parental pacifier sucking and lower early-life total IgE production. Further research is needed to assess whether these differences are due to the transfer of parental oral microbes, and if allergic disease risk later in life is sustained. These findings support a previous Swedish study reporting a protective effect of parental pacifier sucking on the risk of allergic diseases in children. Difference in total IgE trajectory by parental sucking of pacifiers - among children who used pacifiers at 6-months of age.