Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Research Articles

Regulatory and institutional developments in the Ontario wine and grape industry

Regulatory and institutional developments in the Ontario wine and grape industry Richard Carew,1 Wojciech J Florkowski21Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BC, Canada; 2Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USAAbstract: The Ontario wine industry has undergone major transformative changes over the last two decades. These have corresponded to the implementation period of the Ontario Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA) Act in 1999 and the launch of the Winery Strategic Plan, "Poised for Greatness," in 2002. While the Ontario wine regions have gained significant recognition in the production of premium quality wines, the industry is still dominated by a few large wine companies that produce the bulk of blended or "International Canadian Blends" (ICB), and multiple small/mid-sized firms that produce principally VQA wines. This paper analyzes how winery regulations, industry changes, institutions, and innovation have impacted the domestic production, consumption, and international trade, of premium quality wines. The results of the study highlight the regional economic impact of the wine industry in the Niagara region, the success of small/mid-sized boutique wineries producing premium quality wines for the domestic market, and the physical challenges required to improve domestic VQA wine retail distribution and bolster the international trade of wine exports. Domestic success has been attributed to the combination of natural endowments, entrepreneurial talent, established quality standards, and the adoption of improved viticulture practices.Keywords: Ontario, wine, quality standards

Operational mark–release–recapture field tests comparing competitiveness of wild and differentially mass-reared codling moths from the Okanagan–Kootenay sterile insect program

AbstractPheromone trap catches and mating activity of sterile, mass-reared, diapaused and non-diapaused male codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were compared with those of wild diapaused males using mark–release–recapture field experiments in springtime. Sterile moths were provided by the Okanagan–Kootenay Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Program mass-rearing facility, in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada. Nondiapause-reared (SIR-standard) and diapause-reared (SIR-diapaused) sterile males were recaptured in similar frequencies. Both types of sterile males were recaptured significantly less often than similarly released wild diapaused males, and ratios of recaptured sterile to wild males were similar with either sterile male. Ratios of sterile to wild males, using the combined catches of SIR-standard and SIR-diapaused males, were significantly lower when measured with traps baited with wild-females (21:1) than with traps baited with 10 μg pheromone (48:1). Both trapping ratios were markedly lower than the 80:1 ratio at which sterile and wild males were released. In mating studies, SIR-standard and SIR-diapaused males exhibited equivalent mating frequencies and both were recaptured in copula with tethered wild females significantly less often than released wild males. In the same mating studies, sterile mass-reared, diapaused males that had been chilled for 3 h at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC) before release (PARC-diapaused) were significantly more competitive than SIR-standard or SIR-diapaused males that averaged 24 h of chilling as part of normal SIR Program operations. PARC-diapaused males and released wild males mated with tethered females with equal frequency. We hypothesize that the length of time SIR males were chilled before being released may have caused SIR-diapaused males to be less mobile, and therefore less competitive with wild males in field mating assays, than were PARC-diapaused males. Based on these results, introduction of a diapause phase into the mass-rearing system used at the Osoyoos facility cannot currently be recommended as a means of improving trap-measured ratios of sterile to wild males, or increasing sterile × wild matings.

SPC103 (Sentennial™) sweet cherry

Kappel, F., MacDonald, R. A., Brownlee, R. T. and McKenzie, D.-L. 2011 SPC103 (Sentennial™) sweet cherry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 179–181. SPC103 (Sentennial™) is a sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) that has been released by the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC-Summerland), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at Summerland, BC, as part of the ongoing sweet cherry breeding program that began in 1936. Sentennial™ is the latest maturing cultivar released from PARC-Summerland and has very good fruit size and firmness. It was released to growers for advanced commercial testing in 2006. The name Sentennial™ was chosen in honour of the District of Summerland's centennial year in 2006 and it was spelled with an “S” to maintain the tradition of starting most cherry cultivar names from the Summerland breeding program with an “S”.

Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2009

Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2009

13N0770 (Stardust™) sweet cherry

13N0770 (Stardust™) is a late-maturing blush sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) that has been released by the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC-Summerland), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at Summerland, BC. The release is part of the on-going sweet cherry breeding program that began in 1936 (Kappel and Lay 1997). Stardust™ is the latest-maturing blush or bi-colored cultivar released from PARC-Summerland and has very good fruit size, firmness, and is self-fertile. It was released to growers for wide scale commercial testing in 2002.Key words: Prunus avium, fruit breeding, cultivar description

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2008

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2008

Screening sweet cherry cultivars from the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Summerland breeding program for resistance to brown rot (Monilinia fructicola)

Recently released cultivars and advanced selections of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) from the breeding program at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre at Summerland, British Columbia, were screened for resistance to brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (Wint.)]. From 2000 to 2003 a range of sweet cherries were inoculated by spraying with a conidial suspension of 1 × 104 colony-forming units per mL of Monilinia fructicola, placed in a growth chamber at 13°C and rated for rot at 8 and 11 d after inoculation. The response of cultivars or selections varied from year to year. In 2000, 10 of 14 cultivars had disease incidences of over 50% by day 8, whereas, in 2002, only 2 of 19 cultivars had disease incidences greater than 50%. Staccato™, Stardust and Sweetheart were in the least susceptible category, that is, the percent rot infection was significantly less than the mean of all genotypes in 2 of the 4 yr. Santina, Skeena, and 13N-07-32 were in the least susceptible category in 1 of 4 yr. The level of resistance to brown rot was not very high. For the least susceptible cultivars such as Staccato™, Stardust, or Sweetheart, the level of resistance was not high enough to grow the crop without fungicide applications. Key words: Prunus avium, resistance, inoculation

Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2007 / Réunion annuelle, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2007

Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2007 / Réunion annuelle, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 2007

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2006 The Canadian Phytopathological Society

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2006 The Canadian Phytopathological Society

XIV International Entomophagous Insects Workshop: June 11–15, 2006, Newark, Delaware

s are listed in alphabetical order by the last name of the senior author. Parasitoids of Myzus persicae and Aulacorthum solani on pepper crops in British Columbia Susanna Acheampong, David R. Gillespie and Don Quiring Pacific agri-Food Research Centre (Agassiz); 6947 #7 Highway; P. O. Box 1000; Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0; Canada, acheampongs@agr.gc.ca A survey of parasitoids of three clones of Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and a clone of Aulacorthum solani (foxglove) on peppers in the lower Fraser valley of British Columbia, Canada from April – August 2005 revealed the presence of nine primary parasitoids. Aphidius matricariae was the dominant primary parasitoid species in all months, at all locations, and on all clones. Appearance of parasitoid species varied among parasitoid genera with some parasitoids occurring earlier in the season and others late in the season. Generally sex ratios were male-biased at the beginning of the season but as the season progressed, there was a shift towards a female-biased sex ratio. Hyperparasitoids were collected from three genera of hyperparasitoids, and were most common in the field in July and August. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques to study parasitism in insect hosts Marianne Alleyne1 and Luisa Ciobanu2 1Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA, vanlaarh@life.uiuc.edu 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA The development of parasitoids within a host is usually visualized with the help of histological serial sections and subsequent reconstruction of the structures from these sections. A big drawback of this technique is the loss of the host and parasitoid, making studies of subsequent development of the same parasitized host impossible. Non-destructive imaging procedures could potentially give us new insights into how parasitoids survive and develop within a host. The goal of the present investigation was to assess the use of NMR imaging (MRI) for the study of endoparasitoid development. For this study we imaged Manduca sexta larvae parasitized by Cotesia congregata 6 to 12 days after parasitization and compared the images to those of unparasitized larvae. In order to limit manipulations larvae were not anaesthetized or injected with contrasting dyes. Larvae were contained within a tube for about 30 min during each imaging session. Experiments were performed using a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer. 600 MHz represents one of the highest frequencies at which animal micro-imaging experiments have been successfully performed to date. This frequency level affords the maximal spatial resolution and contrast currently available. We were able to obtain images from larvae on consecutive days. Parasitoids emerged from parasitized larvae successfully, even after 3 or more imaging sessions. Images clearly showed different regions, within the body as a whole and within the 1 mm imaging-slice, containing primarily water or fat molecules. However, we were unable to distinguish between parasitized and unparasitized larvae, presumably because the fat in a parasitoid larva is indistinguishable from fat within the fat body using this technique. Mortality and fertility of Aphelinus near parmali at four temperatures

‘Saanich’ Red Raspberry

'Saanich' is a new floricane-fruiting red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) cultivar from the breeding programme at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC) of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). This cultivar was selected from a cross of two PARC selections BC-82-5-161 and BC 80-28-50. It produces a very high yield of medium-sized, firm, sweet fruit suited to machine harvesting and that can be individually quick frozen. It is well adapted for processing and fresh markets. It is resistant to the common strain of the North American raspberry aphid, Amphorophora agathonica, a vector of Raspberry mosaic virus complex.

13S2009 (Staccato™) sweet cherry

13S2009 (Staccato™) is a very late maturing sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) that has been released by the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC-Summerland), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at Summerland, B.C. The release is part of the ongoing sweet cherry breeding program that began in 1936 (Kappel and Lay 1997). Staccato™ is the latest maturing cultivar released from PARC-Summerland and has very good fruit size and firmness. It was released to growers for commercial testing in 2000. Key words: Prunus avium, fruit breeding, cultivars

Annual Meeting, Québec, Quebec, 2006, The Canadian Phytopathological Society / Réunion annuelle, Québec, Québec, 2006, La Société canadienne de phytopathologie

Annual Meeting, Québec, Quebec, 2006, The Canadian Phytopathological Society / Réunion annuelle, Québec, Québec, 2006, La Société canadienne de phytopathologie

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2005

Composts containing fluorescent pseudomonads are suppressive to the development of fusarium root and stem rot on greenhouse cucumber. G. Bradley, S. Rose, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Interactions between Gliocladium catenulatum, Fusarium oxysporum, and cucumber plants leading to biological control of fusarium root and stem rot. S. Chatterton and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Influences of organic amendments on nematodes in rootzone soil of apple and red raspberry. T.A. Forge, D. Neilsen, G. Neilsen, E. Hogue, and C. Kempler. Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada; and (D.N., G.N., E.H.) PARC, AAFC, P.O. Box 5000, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. Detection of Fusarium spp. in rusty-root lesions on ginseng, using DNA-array hybridization. R.S. Goswami, T. Barasubiye, C.A. Lévesque, A. Wan, K.A. Seifert, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; and (T.B., K.S., C.A.L.) Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. Evaluation of the role of the coat protein of Cucumber necrosis virus on particle structure and virus transmission. E. Hui and D. Rochon. Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; and (D.R.) Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 5000, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. Identification of greenhouse plant pathogens on glass slides, using microarray technology. C.A. Koch, P.C.H. Li, and R.S. Utkhede. Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada; and (P.C.H.L.) Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Screening for resistance to Thielaviopsis basicola in Daphne spp. D. Noshad, Z.K. Punja, and A. Riseman. University of British Columbia Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research, University of British Columbia, 6804 SW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; and (Z.K.P.) Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Cellular and biochemical changes occurring in ginseng rusty-root tissue associated with infection by Fusarium spp. Z.K. Punja, M. Rahman, and N. Verma. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Influence of iron on severity of cylindrocarpon root rot on ginseng roots. M. Rahman and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Rhizome blackening and root rot of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) caused by Pythium and Fusarium spp. G. Rodriguez and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. The screening of bacterial isolates for biological control of blue and gray molds of apples. S.C. Stokes, P.L. Sholberg, L.M. Nelson, and E. Sergeeva. Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 5000, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada; and (L.M.N., E.S.) The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada. Molecular technique and biological control for internal fruit rot of greenhouse sweet peppers. R.S. Utkhede and S. Mathur. Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada. Evaluation of promoter activity in carrot (Daucus carota) tissues for the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins in transgenic plants. O. Wally, J. Jayaraman, and Z.K. Punja. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.

Cheam-VR orchardgrass

Cheam-VR is an early-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar with high levels of resistance to Cocksfoot Mottle Virus (CfMV) suited to silage and hay production in regions with moderate temperate climate. The population was developed at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, BC, in collaboration with AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB. In BC trials, Cheam-VR yielded 6% better than the check cultivar Potomac without inoculation with CfMV and 15% more than the check when inoculated with the virus. In a southern Alberta trial, Cheam-VR survived for 3 yr and yielded 6% more than a winterhardy check cultivar, Kay. Key words: Orchardgrass, Cocksfoot Mottle Virus resistance, Dactylis glomerata

Chilliwack-VR orchardgrass

Chilliwack-VR is a medium-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) population with high levels of resistance to Cocksfoot Mottle Virus (CfMV) suited to silage and hay production in regions with a moderate temperate climate. The population was developed at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, BC, in collaboration with AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB. In BC trials, Chilliwack-VR yielded 5% more than the check cultivar Potomac without inoculation with CfMV and 23% better than the check when inoculated with the virus. In a southern Alberta trial, Chilliwack-VR survived for 3 yr and yielded as much biomass as a winterhardy check cultivar, Kay. Key words: Orchardgrass, Cocksfoot Mottle Virus resistance, Dactylis glomerata

Haida-VR orchardgrass

Haida-VR is a latematuring orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar with high levels of resistance to Cocksfoot Mottle Virus (CfMV) suited to silage and hay production in regions with moderate, temperate climate. The cultivar was developed at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia (BC) in collaboration with AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta. In BC trials, Haida-VR yielded 3% more than the check cultivar Potomac without inoculation with CfMV and 21% better than the check when inoculated with the virus. In a southern Alberta trial, Haida-VR survived for 3 yr and yielded 3% better than a winterhardy check cultivar, Kay. Key words: Orchardgrass, Cocksfoot Mottle Virus resistance, Dactylis glomerata

Annual Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, 2004

Annual Meeting, Ottawa, Ontario, 2004

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2003

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2003

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2002, The Canadian Phytopathological Society

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2002, The Canadian Phytopathological Society