PACE Code Research Articles

The coproduction work of healthcare professionals in police custody: destabilising the care-custody paradox

ABSTRACT Forensic medicine has traditionally been understood as constituting a tension between medical and legal roles: a care-custody paradox. Rather than reinforcing this paradox, however, in this paper I will draw upon a study of Healthcare Professionals working within police custody suites in England in order to show the ways that they coproduce [Jasanoff, S., 2004. States of knowledge: the co-production of science and social order. London: Routledge] their work with the aim of simultaneously meeting the requirements of both their police (for instance PACE codes) and healthcare (for instance the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Practice) responsibilities. Focusing on acts of ‘mundane care’ [Brownlie, J. and Spandler, H., 2018. Materialities of mundane care and the art of holding one’s own. Sociology of health and illness, 40 (2), 256–269], the typification of detainees and the use of detention cells as risk management tools, I will show that rather than undergoing an existential crisis, Healthcare Professionals mobilise coproduced practices in order to perform their work successfully, thereby further enabling police and detention officers to achieve their custody objectives.

A combinatorial construction of an M12-invariant code

A ternary [66, 10, 36]3-code admitting the Mathieu group M12 as a group of automorphisms has recently been constructed by N. Pace, see [N. Pace: New ternary linear codes from projectivity groups, Discrete Mathematics 331 (2014), 22-26]. We give a construction of the Pace code in terms of M12 as well as a combinatorial description in terms of the small Witt design, the Steiner system S(5, 6, 12). We also present a proof that the Pace code does indeed have minimum distance 36.

The Pace code, the Mathieu group [formula omitted] and the small Witt design [formula omitted

A ternary [66,10,36]3-code admitting the Mathieu group M12 as a group of automorphisms has recently been constructed by N. Pace, see Pace (2014). We give a construction of the Pace code in terms of M12 as well as a combinatorial description in terms of the small Witt design, the Steiner system S(5,6,12). We also present a proof that the Pace code does indeed have minimum distance 36.

Neutron emission and dose distribution from natural carbon irradiated with a 12 MeV amu−1 12C5+ ion beam

Measured neutron energy distribution emitted from a thick stopping target of natural carbon at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° from nuclear reactions caused by 12 MeV amu−1 incident 12C5+ ions were converted to energy differential and total neutron absorbed dose as well as ambient dose equivalent H*(10) using the fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients provided by the ICRP. Theoretical estimates were obtained using the Monte Carlo nuclear reaction model code PACE and a few existing empirical formulations for comparison. Results from the PACE code showed an underestimation of the high-energy part of energy differential dose distributions at forward angles whereas the empirical formulation by Clapier and Zaidins (1983 Nucl. Instrum. Methods 217 489–94) approximated the energy integrated angular distribution of H*(10) satisfactorily. Using the measured data, the neutron doses received by some vital human organs were estimated for anterior–posterior exposure. The estimated energy-averaged quality factors were found to vary for different organs from about 7 to about 13. Emitted neutrons having energies above 20 MeV were found to contribute about 20% of the total dose at 0° while at 90° the contribution was reduced to about 2%.

Near-barrier neutron transfer in reactions with 3He nucleus

Experimental cross sections for the formation of 196,198Au isotopes in the 3He + 197Au reaction and 44,46Sc isotopes in the 3He + 45Sc reaction are analyzed. To calculate transfer probabilities and cross sections, the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is numerically solved for the external neutrons of the 3He, 45Sc, and 197Au nuclei. It is shown that the contribution from the fusion channel with subsequent evaporation is important for the 3He + 45Sc reaction and negligibly small for the 3He + 197Au reaction. Fusion–evaporation is taken into account using the NRV and PACE codes. Calculation results demonstrate overall satisfactory agreement with experimental data.

Thick target neutron yield from 145 MeV 19F+27Al system

The double differential neutron energy distribution has been measured for the 19F+27Al system at 145MeV projectile energy. The time of flight technique was used to measure the energy while pulse shape discrimination has been used to separate the neutrons from photons. The results are compared with the statistical nuclear reaction model codes PACE and EMPIRE. The PACE code appears to predict the slope and the end point energy of the experimental spectra fairly well but over predicts the values. The slope obtained from the EMPIRE calculations appears to be harder while the values being closer to the experimental results. The yield from the Hauser–Feshbach based compound nucleus model calculations agree reasonably well with the experimental results at the backward angles but not in the forward directions. The energy integrated angular distribution from 145MeV projectiles show an enhanced emission in the forward angles compared to the similar results from 110MeV projectiles. This analysis suggests some contribution from the pre-equilibrium emissions from the system at the higher projectile energy.

Neutron ambient dose equivalent from 5 MeV/u 10,11B, 12,13C and 16,18O projectiles incident on a thick Al target

Abstract The neutron ambient dose equivalent has been measured from 10 B, 11 B, 12 C, 13 C, 16 O and 18 O projectiles of energy 5 MeV/amu incident on a thick Al target at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° with respect to the beam direction using a conventional dose equivalent meter. The calculated results obtained using previously reported empirical relations do not reproduce the experimental data. The results obtained from the PACE nuclear reaction code are closer to the experimental data as compared to the various empirical expressions. The ratio of the increase in the dose rates when the projectile is changed from the lighter to the heavier isotopes is fairly reproduced by most of the empirical formulations and the PACE code. A previously reported relation for the slope parameter is used to predict the directional distribution of the neutron dose for the projectiles used in this study. The calculated doses are lower than the experimental results in the forward directions but agree within the uncertainties at the backward directions. A new set of projectile-based parameters have been derived from the present experimental data which can be used in an empirical formulation.

Stop and Search: Disproportionality, Discretion and Generalisations

It has long been recognised that discretion is vital to good police work. However, in Britain (and many other countries), practices of discretion in the stop and search context have come under much scrutiny as it has widely been linked to racist practices, i.e. a disproportionate amount of Black and minority ethnic individuals are stopped and searched compared to White people. In a bid to counteract the discretionary practices that are seen to be linked to racist stops and searches, police officers are required (in stops and searches under section 1 of the PACE code A) to have ‘reasonable grounds for suspicion’. This article evaluates what has been claimed as the tension between the required reasonable grounds for suspicion and the need to draw on generalisations (police discretion) for effective policing.

PRE-EQUILIBRIUM EFFECTS IN THE SECONDARY PARTICLE SPECTRA IN THE REACTIONS WITH HEAVY IONS

Theoretical description of the experimentally obtained spectra for protons and α-particles and model calculations for the neutron spectra in the reactions with heavy ions has been presented. The hybrid model of non-equilibrium processes was used. Equilibrium evaporation process was analyzed in the framework of the statistical theory of nuclear reactions with Monte-Carlo simulation including certain dynamical and kinematical characteristics. This approach was included in PACE code, which permits to simulate Monte-Carlo de-excitation nuclear process. The Fermi-gas model and level-density phenomenological model for the variation of the nuclear level density parameters was used. In this approach data on 16 O +116 Sn reaction with Ebeam = 130, 250 MeV were analyzed. Double-differential light charged particle spectra for this reaction were measured using the GARFIELD apparatus in coincidence with evaporation residues. The experimental data were collected in four angular ranges from 29 to 41, 41 to 53, 53 to 67 and 67 to 82 degrees in the laboratory system. The results of the calculations are shown and discussed for these four angular ranges. The contributions from the evaporative and pre-equilibrium processes were analyzed in connection with different nucleus equilibration mechanisms.

Lord Willoughby, I Presume? 100 Years of Assessing Eyewitness Evidence

This paper examines police practice and the law relating to eyewitness identification over the past century. In 1904 an inquiry into mistaken identity, and the associated media attention, led directly to the establishment of the Criminal Court of Appeal in England. Much advancement has been made to avoid miscarriages of justice through the use of identity parades, rules and regulations, such as PACE Code D, and judicial warnings such as the Turnbull direction. However, the number of appeals based upon fraught eyewitness evidence persists to this day. Can the perennial problem of inherent human observational error ever be overcome?

Positron source Ge‐68 through copper and bronze irradiated by carbon ions

AbstractThis communication reports on the formation of radioactive germanium isotope (G68) in copper (Cu) and bronze irradiated with Carbon ions (70MeV, 700 nA for 20 h) at the pelletron facility at TIFR, Mumbai. The irradiated targets were analyzed by gamma spectroscopy using HPGe detector and end point energy using GM counter. By analysis of gamma spectrum, it has been observed that Ge68 isotope along with some other isotopes like Se75 (119 days), Ge66 (2.26 days), Ga74 (8.12 minutes), As69 (15.2 minutes), Co60 (1925days), Zn65 (243days), Ga68 (67.7 minutes) were formed as estimated by PACE Code calculations. These results show that both Cu and bronze have contributed to Ge68 production but the irradiated bronze is found to form a good positron emitter in comparison to that of irradiated copper. The beta end point energy of Ge68 estimated by GM counter has been found to be 1.80 MeV. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Taking the Protection of Vulnerable Suspects Seriously: Putting ‘Appropriate Adults’ through their PACES

The ‘appropriate adult’ is intended to safeguard the interests of the vulnerable suspect. Social workers' performance of this role has received extensive castigation. However, forthcoming changes in social work regulation and possibly training and the introduction of volunteers to the role could be used to improve the protection of vulnerable suspects' rights. This article suggests that whether social workers or volunteers fill the role, they will need to be put through their paces on rigorous training programmes to ensure that vulnerable suspects are protected as envisaged by the PACE Codes of Practice. Whether, however, these opportunities will be seized is yet to be seen. Moreover, further reforms of the appropriate adult system may be required, some of which are considered in this article.

PACE Codes of Practice and the investigation of incidents in schools

PACE Codes of Practice and the investigation of incidents in schools

The ‘Notice to Detained Persons’, PACE Codes, and reading ease

AbstractThis paper looks at the reading ease of the ‘Notice to Detained Persons’ and the PACE Codes of Practice. The documents were analysed by using the Flesch formula for reading ease (Flesch, 1948). The results indicate that the leaflet of Notice, given to arrested persons at police stations in order to advise them of their legal rights, would be fully understood by fewer than one in four of the general population. The Codes of Practice are even more complicated, and require substantially above‐average intelligence and comprehension. An exploratory study into the comprehension complexity of the Notice to Detained Persons was carried out on 15 offenders with IQ values below 100. The results support the findings obtained by the Flesch formula, indicating that the Notice is far too complicated for the intellectually disadvantaged to understand their rights fully as outlined in the document. The implications of the findings are discussed.