Ozone Fading Research Articles

Critical Review on Sustainability in Denim: A Step toward Sustainable Production and Consumption of Denim.

The exponential development in knowledge on the health and environmental concerns linked to conventional denim processing is directly responsible for the continuous increase in demand for the exploitation of sustainable denim. Research is essential to explore alternative methods to reduce the environmental impact caused by these industries. This review examines the many sustainable ways to produce denim, keeping in mind the problems that the denim industry is now facing in finding alternatives to conventional manufacturing practices. The most current advancements in environmentally friendly dyeing techniques for denim have been extensively discussed. These processes include the production of indigo from bacteria as well as different dyeing processes, such as digital spray, microbially assisted dyeing, and foam dyeing denim with indigo. In addition, this review covers the many environmentally friendly finishing methods for denim garments, such as ozone fading, e-flow, enzyme-based bleaching, water, laser fading, and so on. Finally, it is described how the chemical and mechanical processes used to finish denim might affect the amount of microplastics and microfibers released from the denim garment during domestic washing. As a result, the content presented in this review aims to address the importance of sustainable denim processing, that is, something that can be rethought, reevaluated, renewed, and restructured within the scope of conventional denim processes, while taking eco-responsible solutions for increased environmental sustainability into account.

Mechanism and application of ozone fading: Oxidative decolorisation of disperse dyes and waste‐dyed polyester fabrics

AbstractAs the most common synthetic fibre, polyester has consistently been in high demand and usage, but its recycling has always been a problem for the textile industry. The decolorisation of dyed polyester is the key to expanding its recycling use, and there is no rapid, effective and simple decolorisation method. In this study, ozone was used to decolorise dispersed dyes developed for polyester. Ozone was effective in decolorising CI Disperse Orange 30 and CI Disperse Blue 60, and the process was extended to the decolorisation of dyed polyester fabric. Based on single factor analysis, the optimum decolorisation technological conditions were: an ozone feed rate of 130 mg L−1 min−1, treatment time of 2 hours, wet pick‐up of 100% and pH value of 3, with which the decolorisation rate and colour difference values could exceed 45% and 6%, respectively. The changes in dye structure during the process of ozone decolorisation were analysed using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy, and the mechanism of ozone decolorisation was also investigated. The results showed that the crystallinity decreased from 41.18% to 36.30% with a strength retention rate of above 80%, and demonstrated that ozone can be used on polyester fabric and dye simultaneously. The aim of entering the fibre was achieved by etching the polyester and decolorisation was achieved by oxidising the chromaticity groups.

Color fading of reactive-dyed cotton using UV-assisted ozonation

ABSTRACTFashion trends have promoted the use of oxidants in the textile sector recently. Conventionally, oxidants require an aqueous bath, with ozone; the worn style or faded effect on textile products could be achieved more ecologically. UV-assisted ozonation has been studied or applied to certain areas but not fading reactive-dyed textiles. In this study, the UV-assisted ozonation on color-fading reactive-dyed cotton was investigated. The effect of UV on ozone fading effect and the comparison of UV-assisted ozonation with conventional color-fading processes (hydrogen peroxide and chlorine) were carried out in terms of fading efficiency, negative impacts on fabrics’ mechanical properties, namely, tensile strength and elongation, tearing strength and abrasion resistance, and surface microstructure. It is found that UV strengthens the fading effect (up to 2.7 times) of ozonation with slight loss of cottons’ mechanical properties. UV-assisted ozonation is not only more effective than conventional fading processes in the respect of fading efficiency but also less negatively influenced fabrics mechanical properties. Additionally, it comparatively requires far less the use of water and power, so we may conclude that it proposed an excellent potential to alternate the conventional processes.

The effect of denim color fading ozonation on yarns

ABSTRACTDenim color fading ozonation is dissimilar from other ozone applications as it is employed with distinctive parameters and on special products. In this study, yarns of cotton, lyocell and PET treated by denim color fading ozonation were investigated in terms of the effects of time, pH and water content on their physical properties, which included chemical and crystalline structures, surface microstructure, yarns strength and elongation. It is found that, the cellulose in cotton and lyocell yarns has a loss of strength and elongation, while only slight impacts on their crystalline structures are observed. An aggregation and compact crystalline structure of PET prevents it from the decomposition of ozone, whose prevention may also benefit from its poor ability of moisture regain. As a result, synthetic materials, such as PET is recommended more than cellulose fibers to be used in ozone fading process. Meanwhile, such process should neither be employed on cotton, lyocell and other cellulose yarns at pH < 7 nor without paying attention to select a proper water content.

Colour Properties of Plasma-Induced Ozone Fading of Cotton Fabric

This study concerned with colour fading of cotton fabric by plasma-induced ozone treatment. Cotton knitted fabrics were dyed with reactive dye of red colour with a depth of 0.5% and were subjected to ozneo generated by a plasma machine for colour fading. In order to investigate the colour properties of the plasma-induced ozone treated cotton fabric. The plasma-induced ozone treatment was conducted with different parameters: (i) air concentration = 10%, 30%, 50% and 70%; (ii) water content in fabric = 35% and 45% and (iii) treatment time = 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. After the plasma-induced ozone treatment, the colour properties of the fabric were measured by spectrophotometer under illuminant D65to obtain the CIE L*, CIE a* and CIE b* values.

ChemInform Abstract: Ozone Fading of 2,2′-Dihydro Azo Copper Complex Dyes.

The reactivities of dyes with ozone were in the following order, Acid Blue 74>disodium 1-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonate>Direct Yellow 12>Acid Orange 7>disodium 1-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate-2,2′-diolatocopper(II)>Mordant Red 3>Basic Green 4. The reaction of disodium 1-phenyl-azonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate-2,2′-diolatocopper(II) with ozone was retarded by the introduction of electron-withdrawing groups and 8-sulfonato group. The potassium sulfonate dye was less reactive than the sodium one. Ozonization of l-phenylazonaphthalene-2,2′-diolatocopper(II) gave phenol, 2-naphthol, and phthalic anhydride.

Effects of Molecular Substituents of Copper Phthalocyanine Dyes on Ozone Fading

Copper phthalocyanine dyes, widely used in various imaging systems, are susceptible to fading under ambient conditions. One of the main factors responsible for such fading is the presence of ozone. Addition of suitable antiozonants has been shown to be effective in improving ozone stability. Although the exact mechanism of such stabilization is not fully understood, the electronic structures of the additives have shown to have significant impact on their effectiveness. In order to increase the ozone stability of copper phthalocyanine dyes without any additives, several copper phthalocyanine dyes containing substituents of varying electronic structures were synthesized and tested for ozone stability. The structure of a copper phthalocyanine dye with significantly improved stability to ozone is described in this paper. Possible mechanisms leading to such stability are also discussed.

Effects of Molecular Substituents of Copper Phthalocyanine Dyes on Ozone Fading

Copper phthalocyanine dyes, widely used in various imaging systems, are susceptible to gas fading under ambient conditions. One of the main factors responsible for such fading is the presence of ozone. Addition of suitable antiozonants has been shown to be effective in improving ozone stability. Although the exact mechanism of such stabilization is not fully understood, the electronic structures of the additives have shown significant impact on their effectiveness. In order to increase the ozone stability of copper phthalocyanine dyes without any additives, several copper phthalocyanine dyes containing substituents of varying electronic structures were synthesized and tested for ozone stability. The structure of a copper phthalocyanine dye with significantly improved stability to ozone is described in this paper. Possible mechanisms leading to such stability are also discussed.

Reduction of Ozone Fading of Copper Phthalocyanine Dyes by Non-traditional Antiozonants

Ozone fading of printed images has been an important concern in digital imaging industries. Copper phthalocyanine dyes, widely used in imaging products, have excellent light fastness, but they are highly susceptible to ozone fading. Although the detrimental effects of ozone on other industrial products, such as rubber are deterred by the addition of chemicals performing as antiozonants, mixing of dyes with these conventional antiozonants is usually not suitable for systems where the components are required to be in solution, due to the relatively lower solubility of these antiozonants in aqueous or solvent systems. Some of these efficient antiozonants also undergo oxidation, resulting in highly colored compounds, which also make them unsuitable for imaging products. The presence of suitable functional groups in the antiozonant molecules may reduce or eliminate both these problems. The results presented in this article show that several compounds, which are not used as typical antiozonants, improve ozone stability of copper phthalocyanine dyes to significant extents, with minimal colorimetric shifts. The effects of substituents on these antiozonant molecules are discussed in this article.

Reduction of Ozone Fading of Copper Phthalocyanine Dyes by Non-traditional Antiozonants

Ozone fading of printed images has been an important issue in digital imaging industries. Copper phthalocyanine dyes, widely used in imaging products, are highly susceptible to ozone fading. Mixing of dyes with conventional antiozonants, used in other non-imaging industrial products, is usually not suitable for systems where the dyes are required to be in solution, due to the relatively lower solubility of these antiozonants in aqueous or solvent systems. Some of these efficient antiozonants also react with air, resulting in highly colored compounds, which make them unsuitable for imaging products. The presence of suitable functional groups in the antiozonant molecules can reduce both these problems. The results presented in this paper show that several compounds, which are not used as typical antiozonants, improve ozone stability of copper phthalocyanine dyes to significant extents, with minimal colorimetric shifts. The effects of substituents on these antiozonant molecules and the possible mechanisms of the antiozonant effect are also discussed in this paper.

Uncertainty in Evaluation of Accelerated Ozone Fading Tests of Inkjet Prints

Influences of various test conditions, such as ozone concentration, relative humidity, temperature and gas-flow rate in a test chamber, on an accelerated ozone fading test with various ink-media combinations have been studied. The influences of relative humidity and temperature have been different with each ink-media combination. About ozone concentration, some ink-media combinations have shown reciprocity failure between ozone concentration and duration of exposure. And furthermore, the extent of the influence of gas-flow rate and that of temperature has been different with each ink-media combination. In some ink-media combinations, the influence of gas-flow rate has been larger than that of temperature, while opposite results have been observed in another ink-media combinations.

Influences of Various Test Conditions on Accelerated Ozone Fading of Inkjet Prints

Influences of Various Test Conditions on Accelerated Ozone Fading of Inkjet Prints

Features of Reciprocity Failure and Ozone Fading in Ink Jet images

Features of Reciprocity Failure and Ozone Fading in Ink Jet images

The Ozone Fading of Traditional Chinese Plant Dyes

Silk samples dyed with 12 traditional Chinese plant dyes were examined to measure their rate of fading upon exposure to atmospheric ozone. Samples of the same colorants extracted directly from the dried plant materials and applied to watercolor paper also were tested for their sensitivity to ozone-induced fading. The samples were exposed in a chamber to an atmosphere containing 0.40 parts per million ozone at 25°C ± 1°C and 50% RH, in the absence of light, for 22 weeks. Colorant-on-paper samples produced from the dyes Jiang huang (turmeric), zi cao (gromwell), and zi ding cao (violet) proved to be particularly reactive toward ozone and faded by ∆E>10 over the course of the experiment. Ju zi pi (tangerine peel extract) on paper changed color by ∆E>5, with an increase in reflectance below a wavelength of 530 nm and a decrease above 530 nm. All but one of the remaining colorant samples on paper changed by ∆E>2 as a result of ozone exposure. Color changes observed among the dyed silk samples generally were smaller than for the colorant-on-paper systems, due to their darker initial depth of shade and hence higher colorant concentration per sample, to their greater saturation of colorant throughout the cloth, and to the effects of mordanting. Colorant-on-silk samples showing color changes of ∆E>2 over the course of the experiment include zi cao (gromwell), su mu (sappan wood), huang zhi zi (gardenia), Jiang huang (turmeric), and zi ding cao (violet).

The Ozone Fading of Traditional Chinese Plant Dyes

Silk samples dyed with 12 traditional Chinese plant dyes were examined to measure their rate of fading upon exposure to atmospheric ozone. Samples of the same colorants extracted directly from the dried plant materials and applied to watercolor paper also were tested for their sensitivity to ozone-induced fading. The samples were exposed in a chamber to an atmosphere containing 0.40 parts per million ozone at 25°C ± 1°C and 50% RH, in the absence of light, for 22 weeks. Colorant-on-paper samples produced from the dyes Jiang huang (turmeric), zi cao (gromwell), and zi ding cao (violet) proved to be particularly reactive toward ozone and faded by ∆E>10 over the course of the experiment. Ju zi pi (tangerine peel extract) on paper changed color by ∆E>5, with an increase in reflectance below a wavelength of 530 nm and a decrease above 530 nm. All but one of the remaining colorant samples on paper changed by ∆E>2 as a result of ozone exposure. Color changes observed among the dyed silk samples generally were smaller than for the colorant-on-paper systems, due to their darker initial depth of shade and hence higher colorant concentration per sample, to their greater saturation of colorant throughout the cloth, and to the effects of mordanting. Colorant-on-silk samples showing color changes of ∆E>2 over the course of the experiment include zi cao (gromwell), su mu (sappan wood), huang zhi zi (gardenia), Jiang huang (turmeric), and zi ding cao (violet).

Ozone Fading of 2,2′-Dihydro Azo Copper Complex Dyes

Abstract The reactivities of dyes with ozone were in the following order, Acid Blue 74&amp;gt;disodium 1-(2-hydroxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonate&amp;gt;Direct Yellow 12&amp;gt;Acid Orange 7&amp;gt;disodium 1-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate-2,2′-diolatocopper(II)&amp;gt;Mordant Red 3&amp;gt;Basic Green 4. The reaction of disodium 1-phenyl-azonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate-2,2′-diolatocopper(II) with ozone was retarded by the introduction of electron-withdrawing groups and 8-sulfonato group. The potassium sulfonate dye was less reactive than the sodium one. Ozonization of l-phenylazonaphthalene-2,2′-diolatocopper(II) gave phenol, 2-naphthol, and phthalic anhydride.

Changes in void content and free volume in fibers during heat setting and their influence on dye diffusion and mechanical properties

AbstractThe contributions of the changes in porosity and free volume to the differences in the properties of dry and wet heat set fibers are analyzed. Nylon 6 fibers heat set in wet atmosphere (autoclave and Superba process) show a significantly higher small‐angle X‐ray scattering intensity between 0.5° and 1.5° (Cu Kα) relative to corresponding non‐heat‐set fibers, whereas the fibers heat set in dry atmosphere (Suessen process) do not. This scattering arises from the electron density contrast due to pores and free volume which lower the elctron density between the fibrils. The average diameter of the crystalline fibrils, as calculated from the Guinier analysis of diffuse scattering, increases from ca. 50 to 65 Å in all fibers upon heat setting. Additional scattering at much lower angles is attributed to aggregates of fibrils. Transmission electron microscopic studies of fibers stained by AgI, through I2/methanol/AgNO3 treatment, suggest that as AgI crystallizes in a dendritic network along the paths opened up by the diffusion of iodine, it brings about large structural changes in the polymer; this process reveals defects and latent diffusion paths in the fiber. The dendritic structures of AgI are more extensive in wet heat set fibers than in dry heat set and non‐heat‐set fibers. The ordering within the crystalline domains, the interlamellar spacing, and the density of the fiber increase during both wet and dry processes. The role of these changes in the structure and the morphology of the fibers on the dyeing and ozone fading behavior, and on the strength and the modulus of the fibers, are discussed.

Ozone fading of triphenylmethane colorants: reaction products and mechanisms

Triphenylmethane compounds were exposed in the dark to ozone in air (10 ppm for 4 days), and the exposed samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry. There was no evidence for reaction between ozone and triphenylmethane and between ozone and the triphenylcarbinol pararosaniline base. In contrast, the triphenylmethane cationic dye Basic Violet 14 yielded substituted benzophenones and other aromatic compounds. These products are consistent with a mechanism involving ozone addition on the unsaturated carbon-carbon bond. The results are briefly discussed in terms of the ozone fastness of triphenylmethane dyes used as artists' pigments and industrial colorants.

Ozone fading of phenolphthalein and aurin

The reactions of phenolphthalein, which exists as a lactone‐quinonoid tautomeric mixture in solution, and aurin with ozone have been examined. The reactivity of the lactone tautomer of phenolphthalein with ozone was found to be low and the ozone attacks the aromatic ring. In the case of the quinonoid tautomer the ozone readily reacts with the carbon skeleton. In the case of aurin ozone also attacks the carbon skeleton.

Ozone fading of organic colorants: products and mechanism of the reaction of ozone with curcumin

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOzone fading of organic colorants: products and mechanism of the reaction of ozone with curcuminDaniel. Grosjean, Paul M. Whitmore, C. Pamela. De Moor, Glen R. Cass, and James R. DruzikCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 11, 1357–1361Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/es00176a017RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views254Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (562 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts