Ozonation By-products Research Articles

Sous-Produits D'Ozonation du Glucose en Milieu Aqueux Ozonation By-Products of Glucose in Water

The aim of this work was to characterize and to quantify ozonation by-products of glucose in ultra-pure water ([Glucose]o = 5 mmol l−1; initial pH: ≈ 6, final pH: ≈ 3). HPLC and GC analyses showed that ozonation of glucose yields mainly gluconic acid (0.6 – 0.7 mole / mole of glucose eliminated) and formic acid (0.2 – 0.25 mole / mole of glucose eliminated) at the beginning of the reaction. Glycolic acid, formaldehyde and peroxides were also formed for low ozone dosages. GC/MS analyses carried out on extracts from ozonated solutions of glucose and gluconic acid (90–95% removal of the initial organic compound) allowed the identification of several by-products wih six carbon atoms (hexosuloses, glucuronic and glucaric acids) and with less carbon atoms (acids and aldehydes).

Evaluation of odour removal by pilot-scale biological treatment process trains during spring runoff in an ice-covered river

Biological water treatment has been shown to effectively remove biodegradable organic matter, chlorinated by-products and ozonation by-products from drinking water during a large pilot-scale study for the American Water Works Association Research Foundation using the North Saskatchewan River, at Edmonton. In addition to studying total organic carbon, assimilable organic carbon, chlorine demand, haloacetic acid formation potential, trihalomethane formation potential, adsorbable organic halide formation potential, chloral hydrate and aldehydes, this study used a flavour profile panel to follow the removal of odour through different process trains involving biological treatment during the annual spring runoff which has historically caused odour incidents in the water supply. Over the 5-week period of the study, the raw water was found to develop from a very mild grassy odour to a strong odour, variously characterized as septic, manure, musty, earthy and hay-like. The odour persisted and changed character to varying degrees through the various process trains under study. The results verified the futility of relying on a strictly oxidative treatment like ozone for odour removal as well as showing that biological treatment using granular activated carbon could produce an essentially odour-free effluent during a transient raw-water odour event.

Ozonation of Phenols Containing in Wastewaters from Oil Shale Chemical Treatment

The study of the ozonation process of some phenols specific for the wastewaters produced by the thermal treatment of oil-shale such as xylenols, trimethylphenol, thymol at different pH values has been undertaken. We have investigated the ozonation of phenol and o-cresol to get data to compare their oxidation rates with the oxidation rates of other substituted phenols under the same conditions. The dynamics of formation of two by-products of phenol ozonation (quinone and hydrogen peroxide) has been studied. The impact of pH on the removal rate of phenols depended on the compound. Nevertheless, ozonation was shown to be quite effective for degradation of all phenols, especially for substituted ones. The data on the ozonation of phenols and their mixtures have shown that in acidic and neutral media ozonation of phenols is mainly chemical reaction limited and in the basic media mass transfer limited. Ozonation may be recommended as a posttreatment process of oilshale wastewater purification to achieve the MPC...

Evaluation of odour removal by pilot-scale biological treatment process trains during spring runoff in an ice-covered river

Biological water treatment has been shown to effectively remove biodegradable organic matter, chlorinated by-products and ozonation by-products from drinking water during a large pilot-scale study for the American Water Works Association Research Foundation using the North Saskatchewan River, at Edmonton. In addition to studying total organic carbon, assimilable organic carbon, chlorine demand, haloacetic acid formation potential, trthalomethane formation potential, adsorbable organic halide formation potential, chloral hydrate and aldehydes, this study used a flavour profile panel to follow the removal of odour through different process trains involving biological treatment during the annual spring runoff which has historically caused odour incidents in the water supply. Over the 5-week period of the study, the raw water was found to develop from a very mild grassy odour to a strong odour, variously characterized as septic, manure, musty, earthy and hay-like. The odour persisted and changed character to varying degrees through the various process trains under study. The results verified the futility of relying on a strictly oxidative treatment like ozone for odour removal as well as showing that biological treatment using granular activated carbon could produce an essentially odour-free effluent during a transient raw-water odour event.

“OZONE BYPRODUCTS” - Let's Get Real!

(1994). “OZONE BYPRODUCTS” - Let's Get Real! Ozone: Science & Engineering: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. i-iv.

Spermatotoxicity of dibromoacetic acid in rats after 14 daily exposures

Halogenated acetic acids are major disinfection by-products of water chlorination and ozonation. Limited data in experimental animals indicate that repeated doses of dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or single doses of dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) cause testicular damage. In the present study, spermatotoxic effects were investigated in rats given oral doses of 0, 10, 30, 90, or 270 mg DBAA/kg/day for 14 days. In rats dosed with 270 mg/kg/day, there were marked effects on epididymal sperm motility and morphology including the flagellar fusion of 2 or more sperm. Testis weight, epididymis weight, and testicular sperm head counts were mildly reduced relative to control, whereas epididymal sperm counts were substantially decreased. Histologic changes in the tests included retention of Step 19 spermatids in Stages IX to XII, abnormal development of late spermatids, and the formation of atypical structures resembling residual bodies that were observed predominantly in Stages X to XIV and I of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. At the dosage of 90 mg/kg/day, effects on spermiation, spermatid development, epididymal sperm counts, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were less severe than at the higher dosage. Reduced caput sperm counts and mild effects on spermiation also occurred at 30 and 10 mg/kg/day. These studies indicate that subchronic exposure to DBAA has the potential to affect reproductive outcome in the rat. Compared to previous studies of DCA (12), DBAA, on a molar basis, appears to be a stronger testicular toxicant than the dichloro analogue.

Using Fractionated Natural Organic Matter to Quantitate Organic Byproducts of Ozonation

Abstract An improved procedure was used to isolate and fractionate natural organic matter (NOM) in water for subsequent ozonation and disinfection by-product (DBP) and color removal quantisation. Isolated NOM fractions from two different sources, accounting for approximately 50 to 60% of the dissolved organic material and 60 to 75% of the color, were characterized and then ozonated under conditions approximating those encontered during drinking water treatment. The natural waters also were ozonated. Organic DBPs of either health concern or which may contribute to biological instability of finished water were investigated, including aldehydes, oxoacids and low molecular weight carboxylic acids. pH and ozone dosage were the parameters having the greatest effect on DBP formation. On the basis of UV absorbance measurements, the fulvic acid fractions studied taken together accurately represented the natural water and may be the primary sources of precursor material for aldehydes and oxoacid DBPs. However, as y...

Oxidation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether (ETBE) by Ozone and Combined Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract The aim of this work was to study the reaction of ozone and combined ozone/hydrogen peroxide on oxygenated additives such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) in dilute aqueous solution using controlled experimental conditions. Experiments conducted in a semi-continuous reactor with MTBE and ETBE in combination (initial concentration: 2 mmol/L of each) showed that ETBE was better eliminated than MTBE with both ozone and combined O3/H2O2. Batch experiments led to the determination of the ratio of the kinetic constants for the reaction of OH°-radical with MTBE and ETBE [kOH°/ETBE/kOH°/MTBE = 1.7). Tert-butyl formate and tert-butyl acetate were identified as the ozonation byproducts of MTBE and ETBE, respectively, while tert-butyl alcohol was found to be produced during the ozonation of both compounds.

Ozonation byproducts of atrazine in synthetic and natural waters

The primary ozonation byproducts of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] were determined in natural and synthetic water with a maximum initial atrazine concentration of 15 μg/L. Deethylatrazine [2-amino-4-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was the primary byproduct under almost all conditions, with up to seven other degradation products being detected at various conditions

Sequential Chemical/Biological Oxidation of 2-Chlorophenol

The feasibility of preozonation with subsequent biodegradation as an alternative treatment of 2-chlorophenol was investigated. The major ozonation byproduct of 2-chlorophenol was chlorosuccinic acid which was oxidized to oxalic acid upon further ozonation. Only chlorosuccinic acid sustained substantial growth of Pseudomonas putida during batch biodegradation experiments compared with a blank, 2-chlorophenol, and oxalic acid. Accordingly, based on the results obtained with this model system, preozonation of persistent compounds can result in an increased extent of mineralization. However, care must be exercised in the chemical oxidation process to prevent formation of secondary refractory intermediates.

Ozonation byproducts: identification of bromohydrins from the ozonation of natural waters with enhanced bromide levels

Ozonation byproducts: identification of bromohydrins from the ozonation of natural waters with enhanced bromide levels

Aqueous Ozonation Of Surfactants: A Review

Abstract The aqueous ozonation reactions of surfactants have been reviewed, including the degree of reaction and ozonation byproduct identity. Compounds are classified into three groups: anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants. Experimental conditions for each study reviewed are summarized. Much work has been carried out under conditions unlikely to occur during drinking water treatment. Thus, most of the findings of the papers reviewed cannot be directly applied to potable water treatment. However this review can serve to indicate the likely reactivity of the individual surfactants towards ozone and the possible byproducts formed. This reactivity depends mainly upon the chemical structure of the surfactants. The removal of surfactants is pH dependent, with the best results being obtained in alkaline media. High ozone doses usually do not cause complete disruption of the surfactants, while smaller doses are sufficient to enhance their biodegradation.

Influence of ozonation on the mutagenic activity of benzidine in water

In this study, benzidine was treated with ozone to determine the effectiveness of degradation and the genetic properties of ozone byproducts. Several types of ozonation were studied, partial ozonation, ozonation at about 99.9% and total ozonation. Disappearance of parent compounds and appearance of ozone byproducts were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with spectrofluorimetry and UV spectrophotometry. A plate incorporation mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain was used to test the ozone byproducts in presence and in absence of metabolic activation system.

Analysis of Ozonation By-Products Produced in Drinking Water Treatment

Analysis of Ozonation By-Products Produced in Drinking Water Treatment

Effects of ozonation on mutagenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

In this study, four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were tested. Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), Chrysene (CH), 7,12-dimethylbenzo(a)-anthracene (DMBA) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in hexane were treated with ozone to determine the effectiveness of degradation and to evaluate the genetic properties of ozone byproducts. Two types of ozonation were carried out: partial ozonation and total ozonation. The disappearance of parent compounds and the appearance of ozone byproducts were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with spectrofluorimetry and U.V. spectrophotometry. Plate incorporation mutagenicity assay, using a Salmonella typhimurium strain, was used to test the ozone byproducts with and without metabolic activation.

Ozonation of Selected Molecules Constituting Cellular Matter

Ozonation of purine and pyrimidine bases and of carbohydrates was studies in laboratory experiments. The results showed that nucleobases are much more reactive with molecular ozone in aqueous solution than carbohydrates. Second order rate constants for direct reaction of ozone on purines (adenine and guanine) and on pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine and uracil) ranged from 0.76 × 103 to 6.8 × 103 M-1s-1at 2°C. The difference of reactivity between these solutes may be attributed to their substituents. As far as carbohydrates are concerned, direct reactions of ozone are very slow k03 ≍ 0.1 – 0.3 M-1s-1 at 20°C, and the results indicated that free radical reactions are predominant in the degradation pathway of carbohydrates by ozone. Some ozonation by-products of monosaccharides (glucose, xylose) and disaccharides (cellobiose) also were identified in this study by means of GC/MS analyses.

The Evaluation of Genotoxicity Using DNA Repairing Test for Chemicals Produced in Chlorination and Ozonation Processes

The umu-test which can detect the induction of DNA repair is applied in order to analyze the genotoxicity of by-products of chlorination and ozonation. In this research work, the genotoxicities of 37 comnercial chemicals which are expected to be involved in the by-products of chlorination and ozonation processes are checked and evaluated by the umu-test. The genotoxicities of the following organic halogenated compounds are clearly detected: Without microsomal activation; m-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and bromoform: With microsomal activation; m-dichlorobenzene, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and chloral are detected. From the results on some compounds which are expected to be produced by ozonation, formaldehyde and ionone show positive genotoxicities without microsomal activation, and 5 compounds have positive genotoxicities with microsomal activation; formaldehyde, furfrol, carvone, glyoxal and acrolein. The effects of the concentration on genotoxicities of those chemicals are discussed and compared with the results obtained in other bacterial assays. Some of the selected organic compounds, chloroform and so on, are identified positive genotoxic, which were reported not to be mutagenic in other bacterial assays. As the Quantitative evaluation for genotoxicity on chemical dose, the time of DNA repairing on damaged spots by SOS genes and the induction rate of umu gene are experimentally evaluated.

Biohazards of drinking water treatment

Overview. Volatile Organic Compounds in Treated Drinking Water. Pathogens in Treated Drinking Water. Chlorination Pathways and By-Products. Ozonation By-Products. Granular Activated Carbon. Recent Developments.

Ozonation byproducts. 2. Improvement of an aqueous-phase derivatization method for the detection of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds formed by the ozonation of drinking water

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOzonation byproducts. 2. Improvement of an aqueous-phase derivatization method for the detection of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds formed by the ozonation of drinking waterWilliam H. Glaze, Minoru Koga, and Devon CancillaCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 23, 7, 838–847Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/es00065a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views751Altmetric-Citations155LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

The Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Ozonated Water by the PFBOA Method

Abstract PFBOA, O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine, is excellent as a derivatizing agent in the GC determination of carbonyl compounds in ozonated water samples. Surface and waste waters have been ozonated. The carbonyl ozonation by-products were identified as PFBOA derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main by-products of ozonation identified were formaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and 13 other compounds. The characteristics of the first three compounds with respect to production and decomposition during ozonation are discussed.