Oxirane Oxygen Content Research Articles

Biodegradable hydroxylase polyols production from epoxidized palm oleic acid

Recently, the trend of using renewable sources has great attention in the production of polyol chemicals via the epoxidation method. Palm-based polyols produced from the epoxidation and hydroxylation methods usually have low hydroxyl values (below 200 mg KOH/g). This study aimed to synthesize the hydroxylase polyols with a higher hydroxyl value from the renewable source palm oil. The epoxidized palm oleic acid was synthesized using the in situ performic acid, which is obtained from the reaction of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The Taguchi method was executed to optimize the epoxidation process for the maximum production of epoxidized oleic acid. Then, optimized epoxidized palm oleic acid was hydroxylated to produce polyols. In addition, the effect of process parameters on the polyol yields was also studied. At the optimum process parameters, the response of relative conversion to oxirane (RCO) with the determination of oxirane oxygen content (OOC) was found at the maximum value of 82%. According to the results, the maximum hydroxyl value produced was 339 mg KOH/g. A kinetic study revealed that the oxirane cleavage by methanol is a second-order reaction whereas the formation of epoxidized palm oleic acid is a first-order reaction.

Inverse design of chemoenzymatic epoxidation of soyabean oil through artificial intelligence-driven experimental approach

This paper presents an inverse design methodology that utilizes artificial intelligence (AI)-driven experiments to optimize the chemoenzymatic epoxidation of soyabean oil using hydrogen peroxide and lipase (Novozym 435). First, experiments are conducted using a systematic 3-level, 5-factor Box-Behnken design to explore the effect of input parameters on oxirane oxygen content (OOC (%)). Based on these experiments, various AI models are trained, with the support vector regression (SVR) model being found to be the most accurate. SVR is then used as a fitness function in particle swarm optimization, and the suggested optimal conditions, upon experimental validation, resulted in a maximum OOC of 7.19 % (∼98.5 % relative conversion of oil to epoxy). The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach over existing methods. This framework offers a general intensified process optimization strategy with minimal resource utilization that can be applied to any other process.

Rice bran oil biorefining: functionalization with acrylate

Objective: To obtain acrylated refined rice bran oil (RBO) using a combined functionalization: first,epoxidation with H2O2/Novozym 435 lipase, followed by acrylate group insertion.Design/Methodology/Approach: After being epoxidized with H2O2/Novozym 435, the refined rice branoil was acrylated via epoxy ring-opening, using triethanolamine as catalyst and 4-methoxyphenol as inhibitor.The experimental conditions of temperature (T=100 and 110 °C) and reaction time (t=3 and 4 hours), as wellas the ratio of g eRBO (epoxidized oil) to g acrylic acid (1.5 and 2.0) were considered for the functionalization.The functionalizations were monitored using iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), and oxirane oxygencontent (OOC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), which allowedthe estimation of the %Acrylation.Results: The 1H NMR studies indicate that the acrylation of rice bran oil is efficient, which is confirmed withthe evolution of IV, SV, and OOC. Using the OOC, the best acrylation condition was identified at T=110°C, t=3 hours, and ratio of g eRBO to g acrylic acid=1.5, obtaining a %Acrylation of 85.89% via 1H NMR.Study Limitations/Implications: Partially acrylated rice bran oil may become an intermediate in thebiorefining of this oil and be used in the synthesis of crosslinked polymers.Findings/Conclusions: Refined rice bran oil was efficiently acrylated using two consecutive steps: it wasinitially epoxidized with H2O2/Novozym 435, followed by functionalization with acrylate group.

Aromatic amination of refined rice bran oil previously epoxidized with Novozym 435

Objective: To aromatically aminate refined rice bran oil (RBO), a by-product of the rice agro-industry,through a chemical-enzymatic epoxidation based on Novozym 435 and p-xylylenediamine insertion.Design/Methodology/Approach: Refined RBO was epoxidized with H2O2/Novozym 435. The resultingepoxidized rice bran oil (eRBO) was functionalized with the p-xylylenediamine aromatic diamine via epoxyring-opening (X-eRBO), using ZnCl2 as catalyst. Iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), and oxiraneoxygen content (OOC) were determined to evaluate structural changes in oils. The RBO, the eRBO, and theX-eRBO were identified using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR.Results: The IV, the SV, and the OOC suggest that the synthesis of eRBO and X-eRBO were effective. Theincrease of molecular weight in eRBO point to the formation of 6 epoxy rings per original triglyceride. TheOOC value of X-eRBO was 22% lower than the OOC value of eRBO, implying that an effective aromaticamination was achieved. The FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy analysis confirmed the epoxidation andamination of the RBO.Study Limitations/Implications: X-eRBO may be a feasible precursor for value-added products, such ascrosslinked polymers or corrosion inhibitors.Findings/Conclusions: Refined rice bran oil was aromatically aminated after two stages under mild thermal conditions. This result was achieved with an epoxidation sequence with H2O2/Novozym 435, followed byfunctionalization with p-xylylenediamine.

Microencapsulated epoxidized palm oil: A self-healing coating solution

Coatings are susceptible to cracking due to chemical exposure and mechanical forces. To enhance their durability and self-healing properties, microcapsules are utilized. In this study, poly(urea formaldehyde) microcapsules containing epoxidized palm oil as the core material were synthesized and investigated for their self-healing properties in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. The epoxidation reaction of palm oil was carried out by varying reaction times and the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to formic acid to achieve an effective oxygen carrier with a high oxirane oxygen content. The formation of epoxide groups was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Fourier transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). The core-shell structure of the microcapsules was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Pencil hardness and adhesion tests were conducted on the epoxy coatings containing different amounts of microcapsules to evaluate the impact of microcapsules on hardness and adhesion properties. The epoxy coatings with microcapsules demonstrated significant self-healing ability and provided effective anti-corrosive protection. Higher microcapsule contents resulted in improved self-healing performance. Furthermore, the addition of microcapsules at 5 to 15 wt % did not compromise the hardness and adhesion properties of the epoxy coating.

Preparing epoxidized vegetable oil from waste generated by the kapok fiber industry and assessing its thermal stabilization effect as a co-stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride

This paper describes the epoxidation of vegetable oil derived from waste kapok seeds using performic acid, which was generated in situ with sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst. The mole ratio of formic acid to double bonds varied between 0.25 and 1.00. The completion of the reaction has been verified by analyzing FTIR and NMR spectra. The resulting epoxidized kapok seed oil (EKSO) has a maximum oxirane oxygen content of 2.7%, achieved at a formic acid to double bond mole ratio of 0.5. The study has also examined the potential use of EKSO as a co-stabilizer in the presence of Ca/Zn stearate for stabilizing polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Both static and dynamic tests demonstrated that incorporating EKSO into the Ca/Zn stearate system leads to a significant increase in the thermal stability of PVC. Moreover, the effectiveness of EKSO as a co-stabilizer was found to be comparable to that of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO). However, the use of EKSO did result in a decrease in the strength of PVC due to an increase in plasticity, although this effect was minimal at low dosages and was also observed with ESBO. On the other hand, when utilizing small doses (<2 phr), there is a tendency for flowability to decrease, but the reduction is not significant either. Overall, these findings suggest that EKSO could be a valuable co-stabilizer for PVC in industrial applications, as it enhances PVC's thermal stability without significantly compromising its mechanical and flow properties.

Natural Oil Polyol from High-Oleic Palm Oil─Reaction Kinetics and Monitoring Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Natural oil polyols are widely used biobased monomers for the manufacture of polymers and resins. They are mainly produced via hydroxylation of epoxidized vegetable oils. This work studied the kinetics of hydroxylation of epoxidized high-oleic palm oil via oxirane ring cleavage with ethylene glycol (EG). Experiments were performed at different temperatures (65–95 °C), hydroxyl-to-oxirane mol ratios (1.75–14), and catalyst loadings (H2SO4, 0.5–4% wt). The reaction was monitored by measuring the hydroxyl value and oxirane oxygen content in samples using near-infrared absorbance. Different power-law kinetic expressions were evaluated, and the lower average error (3.25%) resulted in first order with respect to epoxide, second order with respect to EG, and considering oligomers formation. The corresponding frequency factor and energy of activation for hydroxylation were 3.58 × 104 and 51.9 kJ/mol, and those for oligomerization were 3.32 × 105 and 67.2 kJ/mol, respectively. The obtained model is suitable for further process design and scale up.

Novel Epoxidized Brazil Nut Oil as a Promising Plasticizing Agent for PLA.

This work evaluates for the first time the potential of an environmentally friendly plasticizer derived from epoxidized Brazil nut oil (EBNO) for biopolymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). EBNO was used due to its high epoxy content, reaching an oxirane oxygen content of 4.22% after 8 h of epoxidation for a peroxide/oil ratio of 2:1. Melt extrusion was used to plasticize PLA formulations with different EBNO contents in the range of 0-10 phr. The effects of different amounts of EBNO in the PLA matrix were studied by performing mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and morphological characterizations. The tensile test demonstrated the feasibility of EBNO as a plasticizer for PLA by increasing the elongation at break by 70.9% for the plasticized PLA with 7.5 phr of EBNO content in comparison to the unplasticized PLA. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of the fractured surfaces from the impact tests showed an increase in porosity and roughness in the areas with EBNO addition, which was characteristic of ductile failure. In addition, a disintegration test was performed, and no influence on the PLA biodegradation process was observed. The overall results demonstrate the ability of EBNO to compete with other commercial plasticizers in improving the ductile properties of PLA.

Epoxidation of Terminalia catappa L. Seed oil: Optimization reaction

Unsaturated fatty acids contained in vegetable oils can be used as a raw material to produce epoxy through epoxidation reactions. This study aims to obtain the optimum conditions for the epoxidation reaction of Terminalia catappa L. (local name “ketapang”) seed oil. In this study, the epoxidation reaction was carried out by reacting the ketapang seed oil and a mixture of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions obtained were reaction temperature of 45 °C, reaction time of 5 h, and reactants molar ratio of 1:4:5 (mol/mol). The percentage of the oxirane oxygen content of the products synthesized using the optimum reaction conditions was 3.46% with the percentage relative conversion to oxirane of 78%.

Extraction, characterization and epoxidation of Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum) seed oil: A bio-based material

Vegetable oils are rich source for obtaining most sustainable and green chemical compounds for various industrial applications. Oil from the seeds of locally grown plant Cassia fistula was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as solvent. The fatty acid composition of the extracted oil (CFSO) was established by GC analysis. The epoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids of triglyceride nature was carried out to get the epoxidated compound (ECFSO). Both the compounds were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. The physicochemical properties such as acid value, iodine value, epoxy equivalent and oxirane oxygen content of both the compounds were measured. The results confirm the complete epoxidation on the unsaturated double bond portion of the alkyl chains of triglyceride. Thermal decomposition stability of the samples was established from the dynamic thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). The decomposition of the samples occurred in a single step. ECFSO has relatively more thermal stability over the precursor CFSO. Integral and differential methods were used in the thermokinetic analysis of the data at different heating rates to calculate the activation energies (Ea) for the decomposition. It was revealed that the ECFSO sample decomposes with high Ea than its precursor. High sensitive differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) traces were used to determine the melting, pour, and cloud points. The pristine oil sample has displayed both the pour and cloud points while ECFSO showed only pour point, indicating the presence of cohesive intermolecular forces among the molecules of later. The Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on CFSO, ECFSO, and the methyl esters of the fatty acids of triglyceride to get the information on the changes in the IR characteristics upon epoxidation and also to calculate the HOMO-LUMO energies, band gap, molecular electrostatic potentials and quantum chemical descriptors to assess the effect of epoxidation and influence of fatty acids of triglyceride on the reactivity.

Synthetic Modification of Sunflower Oil

This report is based on the synthesis of thermoset resins from sunflower oil. Sunflower oil with an iodine value of 120 g I / 100 g oil containing 30 % oleic acid and 59 % linoleic acid was epoxidized by reaction with a peroxy acid (formed in-situ by the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and formic acid). The ratio of ethylenic unsaturation to hydrogen peroxide to formic acid used was 1:1.5:0.5. The maximum conversion of iodine generated was 82.45 % for seven h of epoxidation at 65 °C, and the oxirane oxygen content at that same condition was 4.6 %. Thermoset resins synthesized from sunflower oil were further modified using acrylic acid. All the resins generated were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that the generated resins could be used in composite production for automobile, construction, and furniture applications.

Synthesis, Characterisation, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Study of Green and Sustainable Polyurethane Acrylate from Jatropha Oil Using a Three Step Process

Bio-based polymer is a promising candidate to substitute conventional petroleum-derived polymer as it is sustainably produced from renewable resources, which helps reduce the production process’ carbon footprint. It also helps reduces humankind’s dependability on fossil fuel-based feedstock. In this work, a sustainable jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) was successfully prepared and synthesised using a 3-steps process; epoxidation (formation of an epoxy group), hydroxylation (addition of–OH group to opened ring), and acrylation (addition of acrylate group into polyol). The yellowish PUA prepared has a gel consistency, which is sticky and slightly runny. The PUA was characterised by using wet chemical tests such as oxirane oxygen content (OOC), acid value (AV), hydroxyl number (OHV) and iodine value. OOC value for the PUA synthesised was 4.23 % at the 5 hr reaction time. At the same time, the Epoxidised jatropha oil (EJO) used to prepare polyol records a hydroxyl number of hydroxyl 185.81 mg KOH/g and an acid value of 1.06. The polyol prepared was mixed with 2, 4-toluene-diisocyanate (TDI) and Hydroetyhlmethacrylate (HEMA) to produce PUA. The PUA was characterised by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). TGA analysis shows that the polymer is stable up to 373 K, whereas the EIS analysis records an ionic conductivity of (5.60±0.03) × 10-6 S cm-1. This polymer’s great thermal stability properties make it suitable for outdoor application where high temperature due to sun exposure is common. Furthermore, PUA prepared gel-like properties to make it a suitable candidate for preparing a gel polymer electrolyte.

Epoxidation of used cooking oils: Kinetic modeling and reaction optimization

This work developed a kinetic model for the epoxidation of used cooking oils (UCOs) via Prileschajew reaction with peracetic acid formed in situ. Such models, that have been not reported, are required for process design to assess feasibility of exploitation of UCOs as feedstock in the production of value-added oleochemical epoxides. The study evaluated the impact of reaction temperature and H2O2 loading on the oxirane yield, under constant loading of acetic acid (5% wt.), using H2SO4 as catalyst (2% wt.). Experiments were monitored by quantifying oxirane oxygen content along reaction, and the assessed conditions were defined based upon a factorial design. Considering a two-phase reactive media, two kinetic models were proposed and the corresponding kinetic parameters were adjusted by regression of the experimental data. It was found that the model that included two oxirane ring opening reactions pathways better described the experimental results, and that it can be further used for process design and scale up. Finally, the validated model was used to optimize a batch UCOs epoxidation by mean of a multi-objective optimization approach. Results indicate that conversions below 88% are required to avoid oxirane ring opening reaction, obtaining a product with an oxirane oxygen content of 4.4% wt.

Physicochemical Characterization of Novel Epoxidized Vegetable Oil from Chia Seed Oil.

In this study, a novel epoxidized vegetable oil (EVO) from chia seed oil (CSO) has been obtained, with the aim to be employed in a great variety of green products related to the polymeric industry, as plasticizers and compatibilizers. Previous to the epoxidation process characterization, the fatty acid (FA) composition of CSO was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Epoxidation of CSO has been performed using peracetic acid formed in situ with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, applying sulfuric acid as catalyst. The effects of key parameters as temperature (60, 70, and 75 °C), the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide:double bond (H2O2:DB) (0.75:1.0 and 1.50:1.0), and reaction time (0–8 h) were evaluated to obtain the highest relative oxirane oxygen yield (Yoo). The evaluation of the epoxidation process was carried out through iodine value (IV), oxirane oxygen content (Oo), epoxy equivalent weight (EEW), and selectivity (S). The main functional groups were identified by means of FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Physical properties were compared in the different assays. The study of different parameters showed that the best epoxidation conditions were carried out at 75 °C and H2O2:DB (1.50:1), obtaining an Oo value of 8.26% and an EEW of 193 (g·eq−1). These high values, even higher than those obtained for commercial epoxidized oils such as soybean or linseed oil, show the potential of the chemical modification of chia seed oil to be used in the development of biopolymers.

Optimization of High Yield Epoxidation of Malaysian Castor Bean Ricinoleic Acid with Performic Acid

Epoxidized castor oil (ECO) has shown high potential for industrial applications as value-added products such as polymer coating, plasticizer, and biolubricant. Epoxidized ricinoleic acid recovered from ECO has potential for industrial usage. In this work, epoxidized ricinoleic acid (ERA) was synthesized through in situ generated performic acid epoxidation of ricinoleic acid (RA). The epoxidation process was optimized by several reaction parameters, such as the molar ratio of formic acid to ethylenic unsaturation, the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to ethylenic unsaturation, and reaction temperature. The response reaction parameters of oxirane oxygen content (OOC) and iodine value (IV) were then evaluated. The results showed the optimal condition for the epoxidation of RA was obtained at 50 °C, the molar ratio of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide to ethylenic unsaturation of 1:8:1 for 4 h reaction time. A high yield of ERA of 86% with relative conversion into oxirane of 85.3% was achieved at the optimum condition. The optimum ERA showed a high OOC value of 4.00% and a low IV value of 2.24 mg/g. It is plausible that ERA can be used as an intermediate starting material to prepare value-added products such as biosurfactants, biopolymer additives, or biolubricants.

Synthesis and Characterization of Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes using Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol Acetone (DGEBPA) Epoxy Resin

Present work focuses on synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) using the conventional epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol acetone (DGEBPA). The conventional polyurethanes (PUs) are prepared by reaction of the toxic diisocyanates and polyols. The epoxy resin contains two epoxy groups which are converted to cyclic carbonate groups when reacted with carbon dioxide. In this work, the epoxy resin (ER) was converted into the cyclocarbonated epoxy resin (CCER) using methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide (MePh.I) as the catalyst and ethyl cellsuolve as the reaction medium. The reaction was carried out in a carbon dioxide atmosphere, slightly above the atmospheric pressure, for 20 h. The progress of reaction was monitored by percent oxirane oxygen content (%OOC). The FTIR study confirms the disappearance of epoxy groups at 910 cm-1 and appearance of cyclic carbonate groups at 1800 cm-1. The films of the resulting resin were prepared by curing with diethylamine (DEA), ethylene diamine (EDA) and reactive polyamide resin (70% NV). The formation of urethane linkage was confirmed by FTIR spectrum. The mechanical, chemical and appearance properties of the resulting NIPU were studied. The results were satisfactory, like improvement in adhesion and alkali resistance, but reduction in gloss and colour retention was observed. This eco-friendly route for synthesis of polyurethane can be used easily and variation in properties can be obtained by selecting the suitable epoxy compound as well as curing agent.

Kinetic study of in situ epoxidation of mustard oil

• This work explores the epoxidation and kinetics of mustard oil. • A structural study was carried out using NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. • Determined epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) for calculation of reactive groups. • Reaction rate constant calculated using maximum and minimum oxirane oxygen content. This work explores the kinetics of epoxidation of mustard oil in the presence of liquid inorganic acid catalysts by in situ generation of peroxyacetic acid. The formation of the epoxide group was studied over the reaction time for various temperatures. It was found that about 84% conversion to oxirane was achieved with significantly less oxirane cleavage by in situ epoxidation process. Peroxyacetic acid was found to be a more efficient epoxidising agent than peroxyformic acid. A structural study of epoxidised mustard oil was carried out using NMR spectroscopy as well as FTIR technique. For sulphuric acid-catalysed epoxidation of mustard oil, the rate constants ranged from 34.7 to 65. 8 × 10 −6 L mol −1 s − 1, for the temperature range of 55 to 70 °C. The activation energy was found to be 44.7 kJ mol −1 . Other associated thermodynamic parameters of change in entropy, change in enthalpy, and change in free energy of activation were calculated to be –206.8 J mol −1 K −1 , 40.2 kJ mol −1, and 109.1 kJ mol −1 , respectively.

Combination of Temperature and Time in Epoxidation for Producing Epoxidized Palm Oil as Source of Bio Polyol

Epoxidized palm oil is an alternative source of bio polyol. The combination of temperature and time in epoxidation reaction is important to produce qualifying epoxidized palm oil. This study used a combination of the temperatures ranged from 50-80 °C and time ranged from 1-4 hours. The epoxidized palm oil parameters were Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), density, oxirane oxygen content (OOC), and iodine value. The result of this study shows that an epoxidation temperature of 70 °C for 3 hours produced the highest OOC, while the epoxidation reaction temperature of 50 °C for 1 hour produced the lowest OOC. Epoxidized palm oil with high OOC is considered to be of better quality. The study also showed that the iodine values were getting lower. It indicates the epoxidation reaction was successful.

Comparative evaluation of conventional and microwave assisted epoxidation of soybean oil with citric acid, acetic acid using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

Epoxidized soybean oil was produced in this study by in situ generated peroxycitric with citric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Different production techniques were applied, namely conventional heating epoxidation and microwave-assisted epoxidation, using the Prileschajew method. Three different processes were studied in the conventional heating process: homogeneous catalysis with sulfuric acid, heterogeneous catalysis with Amberlite IR-120, and a process with no catalyst. Compared to acetic acid, citric acid is less toxic, safer for the epoxidation process, and does not require a strong acid catalyst for the reaction to occur, although oxirane oxygen content is higher when acetic acid is used as the oxygen carrier. Thermal runaway risks can be reduced by replacing acetic acid with citric acid since the latter is less volatile and more susceptible to steric hindrance. Citric acid is more acid than acetic acid, evidenced by a lower pKa, and then tends to favor ring-opening reactions once the epoxy group is produced. In the microwave heating process, epoxidation using both acetic acid and citric acid was studied. Microwave-assisted epoxidation allowed a decrease in reaction time from 2 h to 15 min when citric acid epoxidation was performed with similar resulting oxirane oxygen contents. In epoxidation with acetic acid, time was reduced from 2.3 h to 10 min in homogeneous catalysis with sulfuric acid and from 5 h to 25 min in heterogeneous catalysis with Amberlite IR-120.

The effect of amount of hydrogen peroxide on utilization of unsaturated fatty acids from avocado seeds waste into sourcing of raw materials in the making of epoxy compounds

Epoxy compounds are compounds that contain oxygen groups that are formed by an epoxidation reaction between peroxide acid with aromatic unsaturated compounds. Epoxy compounds can be applied as stabilizers, plasticizers in PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and can be used as antioxidants in natural rubber processing, as surfactants, anti-corrosive additives in lubricating oils and pesticide raw materials. The raw material in this research is avocado seed oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of catalyst concentration, sulfuric acid, the amount of H2O2 (ml) and stirring speed (rpm) on the characteristics of epoxy compounds. In this study, the fatty acids contained in the raw material were reacted with hexane, glacial acetic acid, H2O2 with variations of 40, 50, 60 and 70 ml, sulfuric acid as a catalyst with a variations of 1.5; 2.0; and 2.5%, stirring speed with a variation of 400, 500, and 600 rpm, a reaction time of 180 minutes. The results showed that the best epoxy compound results were obtained at a catalyst concentration of 2.5%, 70 ml H2O2, reaction time of 180 minutes, and a stirring speed of 600 rpm, which obtained an oxirane oxygen content of 3.552, an iodine number of 1.269 and an oxirane oxygen conversion of 72.489%.