This study investigates the microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of polyetherimide (PEI). Activated carbon (AC), petroleum coke, graphite, silicon carbide, and AC-supported oxides (Fe₃O₄, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and ZnO) were chosen as microwave absorbers and/or catalysts to determine the impact of microwave absorber/catalyst type on the decomposition. Experiments were conducted at a microwave power of 400 W, which corresponded to an average bulk temperature of 400 °C, for 10 min in an argon atmosphere. No PEI remained intact after the treatments and the products were in the gas, liquid, wax, and solid phases, with the gas phase being the dominant fraction. Decomposition with the AC–Fe₃O₄ catalyst resulted in the highest gas yield and hydrogen production of up to 20 mmol g⁻¹ PEI, corresponding to 76% of the hydrogen content of PEI. Decomposition without metal oxides produced more wax, whereas metal oxides shifted the product distribution toward gases and/or aromatic condensates (notably toluene), depending on the oxide. The catalysts were deactivated by carbon deposition, degradation of the carbon support and/or reduction of metal oxide species. These results demonstrate that microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of PEI enables hydrogen generation and the recovery of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, styrene, and naphthalene), highlighting its potential as a chemical recycling route for high-performance thermoplastics. • Microwave-assisted PEI decomposition achieved complete polymer conversion. • AC–Fe₃O₄ combined microwave absorption with high H₂ yield from PEI. • Catalyst choice controlled H₂ and aromatic recovery from PEI decomposition.

• First exclusive review on MOXEN hybrids for asymmetric supercapacitors • Evaluates synthesis methods, electrode architecture, and electrochemical performance • Highlights interfacial engineering and charge transport in hybrid systems • Identifies key challenges like scalability, phase stability, and electrolyte compatibility • Provides future research directions for commercial realization of MOXEN-ASCs Pseudocapacitive MOXENs-hybrid nanostructures integrating MXenes with transition metal oxides-represent a next-generation class of electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). By combining the metallic conductivity and surface tunability of MXenes with the rich redox activity of metal oxides, these hybrids deliver remarkable improvements in energy density, power capability, and cycling stability. Despite these advantages, practical translation is constrained by challenges such as phase instability, interfacial incompatibility with electrolytes, and the lack of scalable, environmentally benign synthesis routes. This review systematically consolidates the progress in MOXEN-based ASCs, highlighting advances in synthetic methodologies, electrode design, device architectures, and electrochemical performance metrics. Particular attention is given to emerging strategies-including hetero interface engineering, defect modulation, and layered assembly—that enhance charge storage kinetics and long-term durability. The novelty of this work lies in providing the first unified perspective on the synergistic interactions between MXenes and transition metal oxides in asymmetric configurations, an area thus far underexplored. By critically assessing current progress and pinpointing key limitations, this review establishes a roadmap for the rational design, scalable fabrication, and eventual commercialization of high-performance MOXEN-based energy storage technologies.

Point defect engineering in transition metal oxides: Strategies for enhancing cathode performance of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Comprehensive review on MXenes, transition-metal oxides, MOFs, and COFs for supercapacitors: Progress, challenges, and future solutions

Electronic and structural dynamics of metal oxide nanostructures for gas detection

Defect-driven material design for high-performance semiconducting gas sensing applications

Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are a very promising zero-dimensional nanomaterial that has attracted considerable interest due to its exceptional characteristics, including high carrier mobility and excellent optical properties with tunable bandgap. BPQDs are ideal for potential applications in optoelectronics and energy storage devices. They are used in solar cells, photodetectors, supercapacitors, and lithium and sodium ion batteries. This paper discusses various BPQD synthesis routes, from scalability to size control, focusing on their potential applications in energy storage devices and optoelectronics. The study primarily focuses on integration of BPQDs with diverse materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, polymers, and metal oxides. Addressing issues of stability, scalability and conductivity will pave the way for their wider practical application. Furthermore, this review discusses the future outlook for BPQD composites in developing the next generation of technologies, emphasising their potential to enhance the efficiency, flexibility and sustainability of energy and optoelectronic systems. • BPQDs are an important class of zero dimensional nanomaterials for energy storage and optoelectronic devices. • Scalable synthesis enables precise control of BPQD size and properties. • BPQD based composites increase charge transport, cycling stability and storage capability in energy storage devices. • Engineered BPQDs materials boost efficiency in batteries, supercapacitor and solar cells. • Hybrid BPQD based systems enable high performance, flexible, wearable, and light-responsive devices.

Characterization of cadmium-doped nZVI residuals: Structure, morphology, and photoelectrochemical properties

Selective oxidative cleavage of lignin through tailored reactive oxygen species

Effects of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticle composition and concentration on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel

Application of polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework modified magnetic black phosphorus nanosheets for phosphoproteome analysis.

Nanozymes with superoxide dismutase activity: Mechanisms, classification, and biomedical applications.

• Sustainable e-nose systems enhance real-time monitoring of meat and seafood freshness • Metal oxide nanostructures and biodegradable sensors reduce environmental impact • AI and machine learning improve the detection of VOCs in spoilage assessment • Integration with IoT and smart packaging enables non-invasive freshness evaluation • Case studies show e-nose systems can reduce food waste and improve shelf-life control • Self-powered and MEMS-based sensors lower energy consumption in food quality monitoring Electronic nose (e-nose) sensor arrays have emerged as a crucial technology for meat and seafood preservation through their ability to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The growing need for sustainable food preservation methods has driven significant developments in this field, particularly focusing on environmental responsibility and economic viability. This review examines recent innovations in e-nose technology, focusing on sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs. It analyzes developments in sensing materials, including metal oxide semiconductors and biodegradable components, along with energy-efficient innovations such as self-powered sensors and optimized arrays. The study also evaluates the integration of e-nose systems with spectroscopic methods, biosensors, and sustainable cloud computing solutions, supported by machine learning algorithms. The review reveals significant advancements in sustainable e-nose technology, demonstrating improved detection accuracy while maintaining environmental responsibility. Integration with complementary technologies has enhanced comprehensive quality assessment capabilities. Case studies in meat and seafood preservation showcase the technology's potential for reducing food waste and improving monitoring efficiency. While challenges remain in optimizing sensor selectivity and stability for low-concentration VOCs, ongoing developments in sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs indicate promising future applications in food preservation practices. These innovations contribute to both environmental sustainability and economic feasibility in the food industry.

Data mining the missing ordered phases of Li/Na metal oxides

The functional role of different carbon/semiconducting oxide hybrid nanostructures for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting

Metal oxide nanoparticles are widely used in catalysis, photovoltaics, and gas sensing, where surface structure and oxidation state strongly influence performance. This work investigates how carrier gas composition, combined with in-flight heating, can be used to control the surface properties of metal oxide nanoparticles generated via the gas-phase method, spark ablation. Sn, Zn, and Al nanoparticles were characterized using in-flight X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at the MAX IV synchrotron radiation facility, enabling near real-time measurement of suspended particles under oxidizing (N₂ + O₂), inert (N₂ and Ar), and potentially reducing (N₂ + H₂ and Ar + H₂) gas environments, without introducing potential changes associated with particle deposition and storage. To support the interpretation of the XPS results, the particle size distributions, spark energy and frequency, and compaction behaviour were studied, providing insight into how material properties and generation conditions affect surface chemistry. The XPS results show that for Sn nanoparticles, surface oxidation state can be tuned from SnO2 to SnO and metallic Sn by selecting appropriate carrier gas and in-flight heating temperature. For Zn, the carrier gas primarily determines the surface composition, while heating has only a minor influence on the balance between ZnO, oxygen-deficient ZnOₓ, and metallic Zn on the surface. In contrast, the surface oxide of Al nanoparticles remains largely unaffected by both carrier gas and in-flight heating. These findings demonstrate how careful control of carrier gas and in-flight thermal processing can be used to tailor nanoparticle surface properties, providing a pathway for designing materials optimized for specific applications. • In-flight XPS reveals true nanoparticle surface oxide without deposition artifacts. • Carrier gas composition controls NP surface chemistry during in-flight heating. • Surface tuning of spark-ablated metal oxide NPs depends strongly on the material. • Carrier gas and heating tune Sn and Zn surfaces, while Al remains highly stable. • Size distributions reveal how spark energy and frequency control NP formation.

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Coupled water dissociation and proton reduction on ruthenium doped ternary metal (hydro) oxide for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

Amorphous systems lack long-range order, making their properties strongly dependent on short-range order (SRO) and medium-range order (MRO) structural motifs and their network connectivity. While graph neural networks (GNNs) excel for crystalline materials, their performance on amorphous systems is limited by graph construction ambiguities, message-passing bottlenecks, data scarcity, and transferability issues. This review surveys traditional descriptors and then focuses on topological approaches: complex network descriptors, persistent homology, rigidity theory (also known as topological constraint theory), and graph limit metrics. We summarize how rings, voids, and percolating backbones correlate with mechanics, transport, and thermodynamics across metallic glasses, oxide glasses, polymers, and organic semiconductors, among others, highlighting their potential to inform the exploration and design of amorphous energy materials. Finally, we provide a shortlist of topological variables with potential for property modeling and set out three directions in datasets, unified topology modeling and topology aware GNN architectures.

The interaction of toxic metal exposure and oxidative balance score on semen quality: A cross-sectional study based on Shanghai volunteers, China.