Supported Oxide Catalysts Research Articles

Supported Binuclear Gold Phosphine Complexes as CO Oxidation Catalysts: Insights into the Formation of Surface‐Stabilized Au Particles

Atomically precise gold phosphine complexes as precursors for supported Au catalysts tested in CO oxidation are presented. Using a variety of analytical techniques, including in situ and operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, it is discovered that minor changes in the ligand of the molecular complexes result in significantly different activation behaviors of supported Au catalysts under reaction conditions. When using [Au2(μ2‐POP)2]OTf2 (POP = tetraphenylphosphoxane) as single‐source precursor, an active supported oxidation catalyst in second light‐off is obtained, outperforming a commercial Au/TiO2 and a P‐free Au/Al2O3 reference catalyst. Conversely, using [Au2(μ2‐dppe)2]OTf2 (dppe = diphenylphosphinoethane) on alumina leads to a significant decrease in CO oxidation activity. This difference is attributed to the formation of P‐containing ligand residues on the support in the case of [Au2(μ2‐POP)2]OTf2/Al2O3, which enhances the thermal stability of the Au particles and affects the particle's electronic properties through charge transfer processes. This work provides insights into the dynamic ligand decomposition of molecular gold complexes under reaction conditions and demonstrates the delicate balance between the stabilization of Au particles, clusters, and complexes using ligands and the blocking of active sites. This knowledge will pave the way for the targeted use of molecular transition metal complexes as precursors in synthesizing surface‐stabilized nanoparticles.

Exploring the atomic-scale dynamics of Fe3O4(001) at catalytically relevant temperatures using FastSTM

Surfaces and interfaces of functional nanoscale materials are typically highly dynamic when employed at elevated temperatures. Both, lateral surface and vertical bulk exchange diffusion processes set in, which can be relevant for applications such as heterogeneous catalysis. Time-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is being pushed to ever faster measurement modes to follow such dynamic phenomena in situ. Here, we present FastSTM movies monitoring a range of atomic-scale dynamics of a prototypical reducible oxide catalyst support, Fe3O4(001), at elevated temperatures. Antiphase domain boundaries between two domains of the reconstructed surface exhibit local mobility from around 350 K, while Fe-rich point defects, in a stable equilibrium with the bulk, appear to diffuse in a peculiar zigzag pattern above 500 K. Finally, exploiting the diffusivity of Fe interstitials, we follow the propagation of step edges in the topmost atomic layer of the Fe3O4(001) surface in an oxygen atmosphere.

Aqueous Phase Hydrogenation of 4-(2-Furyl)-3-buten-2-one over Different Re Phases.

4-(2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one (FAc) is obtained by aldol condensation of furfural and acetone and has been used in hydrodeoxygenation reactions to obtain fuel products using noble metal catalysts. The hydrogenation of FAc in the aqueous phase using metallic- and Re oxide-supported catalysts on graphite was studied, within a temperature range of 200-240 °C, in a batch reactor over a 6 h reaction period. The catalysts were characterized using N2 adsorption-desorption, TPR-H2, TPD-NH3, XRD, and XPS analyses. Catalytic reactions revealed that metallic rhenium and rhenium oxide-supported catalysts are active for the hydrogenation and Piancatelli rearrangement of FAc. Notably, metallic rhenium exhibited a fourfold higher initial rate than rhenium oxide, which was attributed to the higher dispersion of Re in the Re/G catalyst over graphite. Re/G and ReOx/G catalysts tended to rearrange and hydrogenate FAc to 2-(2-oxopropyl)cyclopenta-1-one in water.

Metal Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Production Via Water Splitting

The two-electron water oxidation reaction (WOR) has drawn recent attention as an efficient, simple method of producing on-site hydrogen peroxide through electrochemical water splitting. However, finding electrocatalysts with high activity and stability in the reaction’s harsh oxidizing environment is challenging. This is made especially difficult due to the competing four-electron and one-electron WOR, which necessitate a catalyst material with high selectivity towards the hydrogen peroxide production pathway. Here, we utilize metal/metal oxide coupling interactions to tune metal oxide catalysts to be active for 2 e- WOR via the creation of a Mott-Schottky junction. Metal/metal oxide interactions have been well studied for supported metal catalysts, but their behavior has been less investigated for catalysts where the metal oxide provides the active sites, called inverse catalysts. In this case, the difference in work functions between the metal support and metal oxide semiconductor catalyst drives electron transfer between the two, facilitating electronic interactions which can modulate the binding energy of reaction intermediates at the interface and thus tune the catalytic ability of the metal oxide. In this work, we investigate a variety of metal oxide catalyst and metal support materials and find that a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) supported by a layer of platinum (Pt) has excellent catalytic ability towards 2 e- WOR. The activity, selectivity, and stability of the ITO/Pt catalyst shows significant improvement over the unsupported ITO catalyst and yields hydrogen peroxide production rates greater than those reported in literature using other standard catalysts for this reaction. This method of catalyst engineering also provides a future pathway to create new catalysts for this electrochemical reaction. Figure 1

EFFECT OF THE FEED GAS MIXTURE COMPOSITION AT METHANOL DEHYDROGENATION TO FORMALDEHYDE ON SUPPORTED OXIDE CATALYSTS

The article presents the results of a study of the activity of deposited oxide catalysts in the process of obtaining formaldehyde from methanol. Model catalysts were prepared by impregnation of finely porous silica gel with nitrate solutions of zinc, copper, silver, sodium, followed by heat treatment. The catalytic properties of the samples were studied in the reaction of methanol dehydrogenation in the flow mode on a fine fraction of the catalyst. With the complication of the composition of the feed gas mixture, part of argon was replaced with hydrogen, mono- and carbon dioxide. The reaction mixture was analyzed by gas chromatography, IR spectroscopy and photocolorimetry. At a temperature of ~350 °C, a noticeable formation of formaldehyde begins, upon reaching a temperature of 500 °C in the reactor, methanol processing begins to decrease, while the concentration of formaldehyde changes insignificantly. Along with formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, methane and carbon dioxide are fixed in the reaction products. At the end of the tests on the surface of the catalyst, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are quantified using elemental analysis methods, the ratio between which corresponds to the formula (-COH-)n. That is, along with the target reaction, methanol is consumed for the formation of surface hydrocarbons. Oxymethylene oligomers can decompose along two competing routes to form formaldehyde or carbon and CO2. The addition of carbon dioxide to the feed gas mixture after the catalyst enters the stationary mode leads to a significant increase in its formaldehyde yield. It is obvious that the route with the formation of carbon dioxide is associated with the target reaction of formaldehyde production, where the catalytic reaction maintains a certain concentration of active centers. Thus, it can be assumed that carbon dioxide as a product of decomposition of surface oxymethylene compounds affects the rate of the catalytic reaction by maintaining a certain concentration of surface hydrocarbons, which are necessary as an element of the active catalytic center. For citation: Morozov L.N., Vorobyov A.S., Kunin A.V., Egorov N.A., Timoshin E.S. Effect of the feed gas mixture composition at methanol dehydrogenation to formaldehyde on supported oxide catalysts. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2024. V. 67. N 7. P. 88-95. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20246707.7003.

Synergy between Fe-Co oxide catalysts supported over HZSM-5 for direct conversion of methane to methanol

The direct conversion of methane to methanol over iron and cobalt oxide based composite catalysts supported over HZSM-5 was carried out in a fixed-bed micro reactor under changing process parameters and catalyst compositions. The prepared catalysts were well characterized by various techniques including N2 adsorption desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyridine FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis spectroscopy and temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR). The characterization results revealed the presence of various reducible iron and cobalt oxide species depending on the Fe/Co molar ratio and total metal oxide loading. Moreover, the XPS and UV–vis spectroscopic results also confirmed the variation of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Co2+/Co3+ species depending on the Fe-Co molar ratio which had strong influence on the performance of the composite catalysts. It was found that the cobalt species favours the formaldehyde formation whereas the iron species promotes the formic acid formation in their respective pure supported oxide catalysts. However, the synergistic effect of iron and cobalt oxide in equimolar ratio in composite catalysts appeared as effective for achieving highest yield of methanol. The methanol selectivity was also influenced by the alteration of various studied process parameters. The higher reaction temperature favoured the overoxidation of methanol to CO2 whereas the methanol selectivity increased with increasing the methane to oxygen ratio. The lattice to adsorbed oxygen ratio also had strong influence on the activity of composite catalysts and methanol selectivity. The highest methanol yield of 1.87% was achieved at the methane conversion of 42.81 % with the 20Fe1Co1Z catalyst at 873 K reaction temperature with CH4/O2 ratio of 2:1 and WHSV of 1030 ml hr−1 gcat−1.

Towards understanding the role of acidity on levulinic acid conversion using alumina-niobia mixed oxide-supported catalysts

The catalytic transformation of levulinic acid (LA) represents a pivotal advancement towards establishing a sustainable biorefinery industry. Hence, this study investigated the intricate role of the catalyst acidity, which remains relatively unexplored, in the catalytic transformation of LA. A range of alumina-niobia supported nickel-copper catalysts, with varying alumina (Al) to niobia (Nb) ratios, was synthesized and characterized. The results of characterization techniques revealed that the strength, quantity, and nature of the acidic sites of the catalysts were modified by the variations in the Al to Nb ratios. Further, a correlation between the acidic properties of the catalysts and the result of the reaction runs and poisoning experiments was established. Specifically, Lewis acid sites were responsible for the conversion of LA into angelica lactone (AL), which can be subsequently hydrogenated to gamma-valerolactone (GVL). Conversely, Brønsted acid sites are required for the ring-opening reactions of GVL which led to the formation of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) and valeric acid (VA). Notably, selectivities as high as 85.0% for MTHF and 67.0 % for VA were achieved with Ni-Cu/Al-Nb (6) and Ni-Cu/Nb2O5, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest MTHF selectivity in solvent-free catalytic conversion of LA. Additionally, based on our findings, we propose a comprehensive reaction pathway employing alumina-niobia-supported nickel-copper catalysts, shedding light on the intricate interplay of acidity in the LA conversion process. This study not only deepens our understanding of LA transformation but also holds great promise for optimizing catalytic processes in pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly biorefinery technologies.

Review on advancements of pyranopyrazole: synthetic routes and their medicinal applications.

Pyranopyrazoles are among the most distinguished, biologically potent, and exciting scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Synthesis and design of pyranopyrazoles using functional modifications via multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are thoroughly found in synthetic protocols by forming new C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. This review aims to focus on the biological importance of pyranopyrazoles as well as on a diverse synthetic approach for their synthesis using various catalytic systems such as acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed, ionic liquids and green media-catalyzed, nano-particle-catalyzed, metal oxide-supported catalysts, and silica-supported catalysts. In this review, we have summarized data on the advancements in synthesizing pyranopyrazole from the last two decades to the mid-2023 and research papers describing the importance of these scaffolds. This review will be significant for synthetic organic chemists and researchers working in organic chemistry.

Diving into the interface-mediated Mars-van Krevelen (M−vK) characteristic of CuOx-supported CeO2 catalysts

The unique interface synergistic catalytic properties for metal oxide-supported catalysts have long been explored in several critical heterogeneous catalytic processes (e.g., CO oxidation reactions). However, interfacial synergistic catalysis is still a hitherto undescribed mechanism due to the lack of direct evidence at the atomic level. Thereinto, the CuOx-supported CeO2 (CuOx/CeO2) catalyst is a typical case. Herein, a combination study including representative theoretical calculations, in situ DRIFTS spectra and tailored molecular probe experiments supports a new carbonate-interface mediated Mars-van Krevelen (M−vK) mechanism for CO oxidation, i.e., CO molecules form carbonate intermediate species directly between spatial proximity (2.99 Å) double lattice oxygen sites with low oxygen vacancies formation energy (EformOv = 0.82 eV/0.83 eV) at the copper−ceria interface. The reaction energy barrier of this process is 0.32 eV, much lower than the 1.23 eV of the conventional M−vK mechanism. Besides, the spatial effect of double oxygen vacancies (Ov) generated by the depletion of intermediate carbonate species promotes the sustained and dynamic activation of O2, hence facilitating the efficient operation of the M−vK mechanism at low temperatures.

Enhancing durability of automotive fuel cells via selective electrical conductivity induced by tungsten oxide layer coated directly on membrane electrode assembly.

The poor durability, attributed to catalyst corrosion during start-up/shutdown (SU/SD), is a major obstacle to the commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). We recently achieved durability enhancement under SU/SD conditions by implementing a metal-insulator transition (MIT) using proton intercalation/deintercalation in WO3. However, such oxide-supported catalysts were unsuitable for direct application to the mass production stage of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) process due to their physical and chemical properties. Here, we report a unique approach that achieves the same durability enhancement in SU/SD situations while being directly applicable to the conventional MEA fabrication process. We coated WO3 on the bipolar plate, gas diffusion layer, and MEA to investigate whether the MIT phenomenon was realized. The WO3-coated MEA demonstrated 94% performance retention during SU/SD, the highest level to our knowledge. It can directly contribute to enhancing the durability of commercial FCEVs and be immediately applied to the MEA mass production process.

Disentangling Local Interfacial Confinement and Remote Spillover Effects in Oxide-Oxide Interactions.

Supported oxides are widely used in many important catalytic reactions, in which the interaction between the oxide catalyst and oxide support is critical but still remains elusive. Here, we construct a chemically bonded oxide-oxide interface by chemical deposition of Co3O4 onto ZnO powder (Co3O4/ZnO), in which complete reduction of Co3O4 to Co0 has been strongly impeded. It was revealed that the local interfacial confinement effect between Co oxide and the ZnO support helps to maintain a metastable CoOx state in CO2 hydrogenation reaction, producing 93% CO. In contrast, a physically contacted oxide-oxide interface was formed by mechanically mixing Co3O4 and ZnO powders (Co3O4-ZnO), in which reduction of Co3O4 to Co0 was significantly promoted, demonstrating a quick increase of CO2 conversion to 45% and a high selectivity toward CH4 (92%) in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction. This interface effect is ascribed to unusual remote spillover of dissociated hydrogen species from ZnO nanoparticles to the neighboring Co oxide nanoparticles. This work clearly illustrates the equally important but opposite local and remote effects at the oxide-oxide interfaces. The distinct oxide-oxide interactions contribute to many diverse interface phenomena in oxide-oxide catalytic systems.

Niobium-doped conductive TiO-TiO2 heterostructure supported bifunctional catalyst for efficient and stable zinc-air batteries

The development of highly active and durable nonprecious metal-based bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) is important for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Herein, a three-dimensional conductive niobium-doped TiO-TiO2 heterostructure supported ZIF-67-derived Co-NC bifunctional catalyst was fabricated. In the Co-NC@Nb-TiOx catalyst, the Nb doping promoted the formation of TiO-TiO2 heterojunction support, enhanced its conductivity and stability and provided strong electron metal-support interaction between Co-NC and Nb-TiOx. Also, the supported Co-NC nanoparticles provided abundant active sites with excellent ORR/OER activity. Experimental analysis reveals that the high OER activity of Co-NC@Nb-TiOx can be attributed to the in-situ generated CoOOH species. It exhibits excellent ORR activity, as shown by its onset potential (0.95 V vs. RHE) and half-wave potential (0.86 V vs. RHE). Its OER overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 is 480 mV. The zinc-air battery realizes outstanding cycling stability over 225 h cycles tested at 10 mA cm−2. This work demonstrates the importance of designing highly stable metal oxide-supported catalysts in electrochemical energy conversion devices.

Genesis of Active Pt/CeO2 Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane by Reduction and Aggregation of Isolated Platinum Atoms into Clusters.

Atomically dispersed metal catalysts offer the advantages of efficient metal utilization and high selectivities for reactions of technological importance. Such catalysts have been suggested to be strong candidates for dry reforming of methane (DRM), offering prospects of high selectivity for synthesis gas without coke formation, which requires ensembles of metal sites and is a challenge to overcome in DRM catalysis. However, investigations of the structures of isolated metal sites on metal oxide supports under DRM conditions are lacking, and the catalytically active sites remain undetermined. Data characterizing the DRM reaction-driven structural evolution of a cerium oxide-supported catalyst, initially incorporating atomically dispersed platinum, and the corresponding changes in catalyst performance are reported. X-ray absorption and infrared spectra show that the reduction and agglomeration of isolated cationic platinum atoms to form small platinum clusters/nanoparticles are necessary for DRM activity. Density functional theory calculations of the energy barriers for methane dissociation on atomically dispersed platinum and on platinum clusters support these observations. The results emphasize the need for in-operando experiments to assess the active sites in such catalysts. The inferences about the catalytically active species are suggested to pertain to a broad class of catalytic conversions involving the rate-limiting dissociation of light alkanes.

CO2 hydrogenation over cubic yttrium oxide support: Effect of metal type

CO2 methanation is an effective strategy for making full use of waste gases and converting them into valuable chemicals. Nowadays, the key challenge is the design of efficient catalysts to enhance low-temperature catalytic performance. The present work studies the effect of metal type on the catalytic performance of yttrium oxide-supported catalysts for CO2 methanation reaction. Ru/Y2O3, Ni/Y2O3, and Co/Y2O3 catalysts were prepared by wetness incipient impregnation method, characterized using N2-adsorption/desorption isotherm, XRD, FTIR, and H2-TPR and TGA techniques to evaluate the surface, crystal phase, and thermal stability. The catalytic test was conducted with the use of a fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure. The temperature of catalytic performance was 350 °C with a supply of H2: CO2 molar ratio of 4 and a total flow rate of 200 mL/min. The main products of the reaction were CH4, and traces of carbon monoxide were present among the products. The methane yield reached 64.67%, 60.03%, and 50.82% over Ru/Y2O3, Ni/Y2O3, and Co/Y2O3 catalysts, respectively.

Oxygen Vacancy-Reinforced Water-Assisted Proton Hopping for Enhanced Catalytic Hydrogenation

Water-assisted proton hopping (WAPH) has been intensively investigated for promoting the performance of metal oxide-supported catalysts for hydrogenation. However, the effects of the structure of the metal oxide support on WAPH have received little attention. Herein, we construct oxygen vacancy-bearing, MoO3–x-supported Pd nanoparticle catalysts (Pd/MoO3–x-R), where the oxygen vacancies can promote WAPH, thereby facilitating catalytic hydrogenation. The experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the oxygen vacancies favor the adsorption of water, which assists the proton hopping across the surface of the metal oxide, enhancing the catalytic hydrogenation. Our finding will provide a potential approach to the design of metal oxide-supported catalysts for hydrogenation.

A One-Pot Hydrothermal Preparation of High Loading Ni/La2O3 Catalyst for Efficient Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde

It is a challenging task for selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to hydrocinnamaldehyde (HCAL) without additional by-product formation. In this work, a La2O3 supported high Ni content nanoparticle catalyst was prepared for CAL selective hydrogenation. Meanwhile, Co-La2O3 catalysts were used as a reference catalyst. XRD, TEM, STEM-HAADF, XPS, and H2-TPR measurements were used to investigate the physicochemical properties of Ni-La2O3 catalysts. The experimental results confirmed that the CAL conversion and HCAL selectivity were effectively promoted with the increase of Ni loading amounts. At a Ni/La molar ratio of four, a high HCAL selectivity of 87.4% was obtained at a CAL conversion of 88.1% under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst was recycled five times without activity loss. Combined with various characterizations, it could be inferred that the good hydrogen adsorption and dissociation capacity of Ni and the presence of a certain amount of oxygen vacancies on the La2O3 support have a positive effect on the improvement of HCAL selectivity. This work provided an effective path to design transition-metal-based supported oxide catalyst for the cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation to hydrocinnamaldehyde.

Characterization of lanthanide high entropy oxides using transmission electron microscopy

• Difficulty in figuring out lanthanide composition from EDS Spectra from HEO samples. • Confirmation on the formation of single-phase in five lanthanide-based HEO samples. • The application of SAED and EELS for the identification of composition isotropy. • Determination of oxidation states of lanthanides elements in HEO at nanoscale. Lanthanide based high entropy oxide (HEO) catalyst supports are promising nanomaterials for catalysis reactions. The interplay among structural, elemental, and chemical forces results in the formation of a specific phase for synthesized HEOs. The determination of structure and chemistry of the phase is a challenge due to the presence of high number of elements. We apply different modalities of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique to determine both structure and oxidation states of the HEO phase in samples that are synthesized with the coprecipitation of five lanthanide metals.

Emerging natural and tailored perovskite-type mixed oxides-based catalysts for CO2 conversions.

The rapid economic and societal development have led to unprecedented energy demand and consumption resulting in the harmful emission of pollutants. Hence, the conversion of greenhouse gases into valuable chemicals and fuels has become an urgent challenge for the scientific community. In recent decades, perovskite-type mixed oxide-based catalysts have attracted significant attention as efficient CO2 conversion catalysts due to the characteristics of both reversible oxygen storage capacity and stable structure compared to traditional oxide-supported catalysts. In this review, we hand over a comprehensive overview of the research for CO2 conversion by these emerging perovskite-type mixed oxide-based catalysts. Three main CO2 conversions, namely reverse water gas shift reaction, CO2 methanation, and CO2 reforming of methane have been introduced over perovskite-type mixed oxide-based catalysts and their reaction mechanisms. Different approaches for promoting activity and resisting carbon deposition have also been discussed, involving increased oxygen vacancies, enhanced dispersion of active metal, and fine-tuning strong metal-support interactions. Finally, the current challenges are mooted, and we have proposed future research prospects in this field to inspire more sensational breakthroughs in the material and environment fields.

Conversion of bio-glycerol to propylene glycol over basic oxides (MgO, La2O3, MgO-La2O3, CaO, and BaO2) supported Cu–Zn bimetallic catalyst: A reaction kinetic study

The effect of various basic oxide support (MgO, La2O3, CaO, BaO2) as a catalyst promoter on the performance of Cu–Zn bimetallic catalysts was investigated for selective conversion of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) in an autoclave reactor. Various catalysts developed were characterized by different techniques and the physicochemical properties of the catalysts were correlated with the activity data and compared. Among the basic oxide-supported catalysts, Cu–Zn(4:1)/MgO demonstrated a very high glycerol conversion of 98.7% with a 92.2% yield of 1,2-PDO at 210 °C temperature and 4.5 MPa pressure. It was observed that after the incorporation of La2O3, glycerol conversion reached 100%, and 1,2-PDO yield marginally improved to 93.1%. It has been observed that the acidity/basicity, average crystallite size, H2-consumption, and the degree of reduction of the catalyst played an important role to improve the catalyst activity and 1,2-PDO yield. Further, a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson​ (LHHW) model was developed in presence of Cu–Zn(4:1)/MgO-La2O3 catalyst. The numerical solution of the model equation was computed with the help of the ode23 solver in MATLAB combined with a genetic algorithm (GA). Results demonstrated that the experimental concentrations of the reactant and products were very well correlated with the model predicted data. The calculated activation energy and frequency factor for the conversion of glycerol to 1,2-PDO were 69.6 kJ mol−1 and 4.2 × 107 mol gcat−1 h−1, respectively.

Performance comparison of mainstream catalysts in the CO2 hydrogenation of CH3OH

Carbon dioxide capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) has been a hot topic in recent years and among the products derived from carbon dioxide conversion, methanol is favoured by many scientists for its wide range of applications. Scientists are also looking for different types of catalysts to complete this conversion process more efficiently. This paper compares the selectivity, yield and stability of oxide supported metal catalysts, oxide supported oxide catalysts and other typical catalysts to identify the most favourable catalysts that could be used for industrial production in the future. Through this comparison, In-Co/Ce catalysts are one of the most beneficial options.