Oxide Production In RAW Research Articles

Four New Tirucallane Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Ailanthus Triphysa with Anti-Inflammatory Activities.

Isolation and determination of three new compounds from the leaves of Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston with their anti-inflammatory activity. Ten tirucallane triterpenes (1-10) including four undescribed compounds, ailantriphysas A-D (1-4), were isolated from the leaves of Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston. Their structures were elucidated using IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Compound 1 inhibited lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 8.1±μM. Additionally, compound 1 also displayed significant inhibitory effects on the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α at tested concentrations of 4, 8, and 16 μM.

Anti-inflammatory Activities and Mechanisms of New Compounds Isolated from the Fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Forty-nine compounds, including six previously unknown together with forty-three known ones, were isolated from the fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Their structures were elucidated using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) methods. All isolates were evaluated their anti-inflammatory activity. The results indicated that compounds 1, 6, 35 and 45 inhibit lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 17.13 ± 0.74, 14.40 ± 0.54, 112.13 ± 2.08 and 77.02 ± 3.62 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the potential targets of the four active ingredients were explored through network pharmacology, revealing that SRC, TP53, AKT1, and PIK3CA may serve as key anti-inflammatory targets. To confirm the potential binding mode, molecular docking was employed, which demonstrated that all active targets except SRC exhibited favorable binding energy with compound 35. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-6 were first observed in this experiment.

Phyllanretiosides A and B: Two Undescribed Compounds from Phyllanthus Reticulatus with Nitric Oxide Production Inhibition and Antimicrobial Activity.

Phytochemical study on the methanol extract of the leaves of Phyllanthus reticulatus led to the isolation of two new compounds, phyllanretiosides A (1) and B (2) together with ten known ones (3-12). Their chemical structures were determined by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and ECD spectra in comparison with the literature. Three ellagitannins, phyllanretioside A (1), corilagin (3), and phyllanthusiin C (4) inhibited lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 63.2, 83.2, and 5.6 μM, respectively. In addition, compounds 1, 3, and 4 exhibited significantly antimicrobial activity (MICs: 16-128 μg/mL) towards some of seven microbial strains.

Effects of Dietary Yeast β-1,3/1,6-D-Glucan on Immunomodulation in RAW 264.7 Cells and Methotrexate-Treated Rat Models.

A new subclass of nutraceuticals, called immunoceuticals, is dedicated to immunological regulation. Although yeast-derived β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan shows promise as an immunoceutical candidate, further studies are needed to define its precise immune-enhancing processes and to standardize its use. Following methotrexate (MTX)-induced immunosuppression in rats, we evaluated the immunomodulatory efficacy of a highly pure and standardized β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan sample (YBG) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In in vitro and in vivo models, YBG demonstrated remarkable immunomodulatory effects, such as repair of immune organ damage, elevation of blood cytokine levels, and enhanced phagocytosis and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. These results are consistent with the established immunostimulatory properties of β-glucan. It is noteworthy that this research indicates the potential of YBG as an immunomodulatory nutraceutical, as it is among the first to demonstrate immunological augmentation in an immunosuppression setting produced by MTX. Based on these observations, further investigation of YBG is warranted, particularly given its potential to emerge as a combination immunoceutical to mitigate immunosuppression and reduce the risk of infection in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving long-term MTX therapy.

Three novel sesquiterpene polyol esters from the root bark of Celastrus angulatus Maxim and their nitric oxide inhibitory activity.

Three new sesquiterpene polyol ester compounds angulatin V [1β,15-diacetoxy-2β-(α-methyl)-butanoyloxy-4α,6α-dihydroxy-8α-isobutanoyloxy-9β-benzoxy-β-dihydroagarofuran], angulatin W [1β,2β-diacetoxy-4α,6α-dihydroxy-8-carbonyl-9β-benzoxy-15-isobutanoyloxy-β-dihydroagarofuran], angulatin X [1β,2β,8α-triacetoxy-4α, 6α-dihydroxy-9β-benzoxy-15-nicotinyl-β-dihydroagarofuran] (1-3), together with one known compound Putterine B (4), were isolated from the root bark of Celastrus angulatus Maxim. The structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, IR data, and comparison with the literature data. The anti-inflammatory activity of all compounds was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages. Compounds 1-4 showed no significant nitric oxide inhibitory activity at 2.5 and 5 μM concentrations.

Potential active fractions and constituents in the flowers of Trollius chinensis Bunge responsible for treating acute pharyngitis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTrollius chinensis Bunge has a long history of use in China as traditional Chinese medicine and functional tea for the treatment of respiratory infections, such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis and bronchitis. Pharyngitis can impact the entire throat and adjacent lymphoid tissues, and may lead to significant systemic complications. However, the active components and mechanism of Trollius chinensis Bunge for treating acute pharyngitis remains unclear. Aim of the studyTrollius chinensis Bunge is recognized in China both as a medicinal herb and a functional tea. Research into its properties aimed to establish its effectiveness against pharyngitis and to pinpoint the active components and mechanism. Materials and methodsA 70% ethanol extract from the herb was prepared, which was refined using chromatography through a column containing D101 macroporous resin and varying ethanol solutions. The efficacy of the initial and refined extracts was tested using a rat model of ammonia-induced acute pharyngitis. Pathological examination, HE staining and ELISA were applied to screen activity fraction. The compounds were isolated by silica gel, sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC chromatography from active fraction. All of the isolated compounds were assessed for anti-inflammatory activity by acting on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity of compounds was detected by CCK-8 assay. The Griess reaction was applied to evaluate the inhibitory effects of isolated compounds on NO production in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 levels in macrophage supernatant were detected by ELISA. Molecular docking and western blot analysis were applied to study the anti-inflammatory mechanism of active compound. ResultsThe fraction extracted with 30% ethanol proved particularly effective, significantly reducing pharyngitis symptoms. This was evidenced by decreased levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2) and visible improvements in the pharyngeal tissue histology. In pursuit of pharyngitis treatments, 23 phenolic acids and 13 flavonoids were isolated from the 30% ethanol fraction and identified using spectral analysis. Of these, three were newly discovered compounds and eight were first-time isolates from the Trollius genus. These compounds were further investigated for their ability to suppress nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Compounds 3, 19, and 26 exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties. HPLC analysis of the 30% ethanol fraction revealed that orientin was the predominant component, accounting for 44.4% of this fraction. Western blot analysis demonstrated that orientin reduced the expression levels of the protein p-p65 relative to p65, p-IκBα relative to IκBα and iNOS, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect potentially through the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. ConclusionThe finding of this study provided strong support for the use of T. chinensis as a potential functional food for treating pharyngitis.

Green extraction of marine phospholipids from Conger eel by-product using SC-CO2: Lipidomic profiles and biological activities

This paper presents an eco-friendly approach to recovering phospholipids (PLs) from the Conger myriaster head (CMH) via supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) extraction using ethanol as a cosolvent. The lipidomic profile and biological activities of the extracted PLs were investigated. Purity assessments, PL composition analysis, and fatty acid profiling were performed to characterize the PLs. Biological activity was determined through antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer evaluations. The results showed that the yields of the SC–CO2 extracted CMH PLs (SCHP) and organic solvent extracted CMH PLs (OCHP) were 3.26% ± 0.20 % (76.18% ± 0.09% purity) and 9.02% ± 0.21% (purity = 18.29% ± 0.04%), respectively. The 31P NMR analysis revealed a diverse PL composition in both extracts, with the SCHP showing higher PC content and selective extraction characteristics. The SCHP exhibited significantly superior antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and anti-dementia activities compared to the OCHP. Both extracts inhibited nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting anti-inflammatory activity. Selective anticancer activity was observed, with high toxicity in SK-N-SH cells but no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and HaCaT cells. The findings highlight the potential of SC-CO2 extraction using ethanol to obtain bioactive PLs from marine by-products, with promising applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

Superabsorbent crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose-PEG hydrogel containing a nutgall extract as a broad antimicrobial agent for wound dressing applications

The treatment of chronic wounds encounters major challenges from oxidative stress that results from chronic inflammation and microbial infections. A hydrogel containing an ethanolic extract of Quercus infectoria galls (Qi) was developed as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronically infected wounds. FTIR confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds with 9.42 mg/g gallic acid as revealed by HPLC. Qi hydrogel presented a rough and compact surface with macroporous networks that contributed to an extremely high absorption of wound exudate equivalent to approximately 2300 % of the weight of the hydrogel. The biological activities of Qi hydrogel were compared with those of commercially-available products. According to the kinetic release, the correlation coefficients showed that the hydrogel fitted to the Higuchi model. Qi hydrogel exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against pathogens of clinical importance associated with wound infections. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 250 and 3.91 to >250 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, microbial biofilms were significantly inhibited compared with the untreated control (p < 0.05). At concentrations from 0.78 to 12.5 mg/mL, Qi hydrogel scavenged almost 100 % of DPPH and ABTS radicals and showed a ferric ion reducing power of 443.11 μM FeSO4/g hydrogel by FRAP assay. A biocompatibility assessment of the hydrogel on L929 fibroblast cells confirmed no toxic effects and the hydrogel significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages (p < 0.05). The absorbency, permeability, phytochemical compounds and biological activities of Qi hydrogel are suitable properties of a dressing for treating and preventing chronically infected wounds.

Structurally diverse diterpenoids from the seeds of Caesalpinia minax Hance and their bioactivities

Eight previously undescribed diterpenoids, caesamins A–H (1–8), were separated and identified from the seeds of Caesalpinia minax Hance. Their structures were characterized by extensive spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Structurally, caesamin A (1) is the first cassane-type diterpenoid with a C23 carbon skeleton containing an unusual isopropyl. Caesamin F (6) represents the first example of cleistanthane diterpenoid from the genus Caesalpinia. Caesamins B (2) and F (6) exhibited inhibitory activity against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 45.67 ± 0.92 and 42.99 ± 0.24 μM, comparable to positive control 43.69 ± 2.62 μM of NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of the isolates was discussed.

Essential Oil from Vietnamese Peperomia leptostachya Hook. & Arn. (Piperaceae): Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxic Activities, and In Silico Analysis.

This study is the first to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of Peperomia leptostachya leaf oil. A yellow oil was obtained through hydro-distillation, with a yield of 0.1% (w/w). The GC-MS analysis revealed 66 compounds, constituting 99.6% of the oil. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons predominated (70.4%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (13.2%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (12.4%), non-terpenic compounds (2.0%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (1.6%). Major constituents included germacrene D (25.1%), (E)-caryophyllene (17.4%), bicyclogermacrene (6.6%), α-pinene (6.2%), and β-pinene (4.7%). The assessment of antioxidant capacity via 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay yielded a weak effect, with an IC50 value > 100 µg/mL. The inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells was quantified using the MTT assay, showing an IC50 value of 15.15 ± 0.68 µg/mL. Furthermore, cytotoxic effects on SK-LU-1 cell line growth were evaluated using the sulforhodamine B assay, resulting in an IC50 value of 37.45 ± 2.43 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity was notable among the analyzed bioactivities of this oil. By employing a computational model, the predominant secondary metabolites in the essential oil were selected as candidates for interaction analysis with cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme implicated in the inflammatory response. Our findings suggest that P. leptostachya leaf oil could serve as a potential source of natural compounds with prospective therapeutic effects in treating inflammatory conditions.

New alkaloids from Stemona tuberosa and structural revision of tuberostemonols P and R

Three Stemona alkaloids named stemotuberines A–C (1–3) with unique C17N frameworks, presumably formed by elimination of the C-11–C-15 lactone ring of the stichoneurine skeleton, were isolated from the roots of Stemona tuberosa. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and computational methods. Compounds 2 and 3 showed inhibition (IC50 values of 37.1 and 23.2 μM, respectively) against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, concern was expressed about the reported plant origin (S. sessilifolia) of the recently described alkaloids tuberostemonols O–R (4–7), which should be S. tuberosa. NMR calculations indicated structural misassignment of these compounds except for 6. Isolation of tuberostemonol P (5) from our material of S. tuberosa allowed for a close examination of the spectroscopic data leading to the revised structure 5a. Tuberostemonol R (7) was found to have identical 1H and 13C NMR data to the well-known alkaloid croomine, and therefore its structure including relative stereochemistry must be revised as 7a.

Enhancing the nitric oxide inhibitory activity using a combination of plant essential oils and mixture design approach

The synergistic effects of essential oils (EOs) from three aromatic plant species, Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (C.Presl) Bég. (FV), Origanum heracleoticum L. (OH) and Lavandula austroapennina N.G.Passal., Tundis & Upson. (LA), were evaluated for their inhibitory properties on nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We utilized a Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to optimize a formulation by combining three Essential Oils (EOs), while simultaneously taking into account two response variables, maximization of NO inhibition with minimum cytotoxicity. The optimal blend of components was predicted, and the statistical outcome's efficacy was experimentally verified. The combination corresponding to 87.7 % FV, 12.3 % LA and 0.0 % OH showed high inhibitory effect (76.3 %) with negligible cytotoxicity (4.5 %). This research provides new information on the interactions among fennel, oregano and lavender essential oils and shows how they can synergistically inhibit in vitro LPS-induced NO production.

Isolation and characterization of dihydrohomoisoflavonoids from Portulaca oleracea L.

Eight pairs of dihydrohomoisoflavonoids (1−8), including four pairs of enantiomeric aglycones [(R,S)-portulacanones B (1) and C (2) and (R,S)-oleracones C (3) and Q (4)] and four pairs of epimeric glycosides [portulacasides A−D and epiportulacasides A−D (5−8)], were obtained from Portulaca oleracea L. Among them, (R,S)-oleracone Q (4) and four pairs of epimeric glycosides (5−8) were reported for the first time. The 50% EtOH fraction from the 70% EtOH extract prevented HepG2 human liver cancer cell damage induced by N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), and the cell survival rate was 62.3%. Portulacaside B (6a), which was isolated from the 50% EtOH fraction, exhibited hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. The compound increased the survival rate of APAP-damaged HepG2 human liver cancer cells from 40.0% to 51.2% and reduced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, resulting in an inhibitory rate of 46.8%.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities against acne-causing bacteria of Miliusa velutina (A.DC.) Hook.f. &amp; Thomson extracts

Context: Acne is often associated with bacterial infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In Thailand, Miliusa velutina has traditionally been used to relieve pain and to heal wounds. Given its biological properties, M. velutina extracts may represent an alternative approach to treat acne. Aims: To characterise M. velutina extracts regarding their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria. Methods: We prepared crude methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. velutina leaves and stem bark by maceration. We evaluated the antioxidant activity of the extracts by using four in vitro methods and determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. We tested the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts by examining their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. We tested the antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria by using the agar diffusion method and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The methanolic bark extract showed potent antioxidant properties, denoted by its ability to scavenge the ABTS and DPPH radicals and its iron-reducing power and total antioxidant activity. The methanolic leaf extract presented the best ability to inhibit nitric oxide production, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.20 ± 1.92 µg/mL. Additionally, M. velutina extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the MIC and MBC ranging from 0.49 to 62.50 mg/mL. Conclusions: These findings indicate that M. velutina extract can be used as a novel therapeutic agent for acne treatment owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

HPPO-Derived Meroterpenoids from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41691.

Seven new 4-hydroxy-6-phenyl-2H-pyran-2-one (HPPO) derived meroterpenoids, 1-methyl-12a,12b-epoxyarisugacin M (1), 1-methyl-4a,12b-epoxyarisugacin M (2), 2,3-dihydroxy-3,4a-epoxy-12a-dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (3), 2-hydroxy-12a-dehydroxyisoterreulactone A (4), 3'-demethoxyterritrems B' (5), 4a-hydroxyarisugacin P (6), and 1-epi-arisugacin H (7), together with two known analogues (8 and 9), were isolated from the marine-derived fungal strain Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41691. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 3 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Among them, 1 and 2 had a unique methyl migration in the basic meroterpenoid skeleton with a 12a,12b-epoxy or 4a,12b-epoxy group, and 3 was a highly oxygenated HPPO-derived meroterpenoid featuring a rare 6/5/6/6/6/6 hexacyclic system with a 3,4a-epoxy group. Biologically, 5 exhibited inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 21 μM, more potent than the positive control indomethacin.

Anti-inflammatory monoterpenes from morinda (Morinda officinalis How.)

Morinda (Morinda officinalis How.) is widely consumed as a functional food owing to its potential to promote health. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals of morinda and isolated 30 monoterpenes, including 6 undescribed iridoids (1, 6, 9–11 and 25), 2 undescribed acyclic monoterpenoids (28, 29), a known acyclic monoterpenoid and 21 known iridoids. Their chemical and stereo-structures were elucidated based on HR–ESI–MS, NMR, 13C-NMR calculations, ECD data and ECD calculations. Notably, compounds 11, 12 and 20 exerted pronounced inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, with IC50 values of 28.51 ± 1.70, 25.45 ± 4.17 and 29.17 ± 3.71 μM respectively (indomethacin, IC50 of 33.68 ± 2.19 μM). The same compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by blocking nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κ-B, and down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 at mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that moderate consumption of morinda helps prevent and reduce the occurrence of inflammatory-related diseases.

New diterpene lactone derivatives from Aphanamixis polystachya leaves inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells.

Phytochemical studies on Aphanamixis plants have attracted considerable attention over the past few decades due to the structural diversities and significant biological activities of terpenoids produced by these plants. In the present study, five new acyclic diterpene lactone derivatives, aphanamixionolides A-E (1-5), and three known tirucallane-type triterpenes, namely, piscidinol A (6), hispidone (7), and bourjotinolone A (8), were isolated from the leaves of Aphanamixis polystachya. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic data and by comparison with those reported in the literature. Absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by experimental and TD-DFT calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 1-8 inhibited NO production with IC50 values of 10.2-37.7 μM, which are comparable to positive control l-NMMA (IC50: 31.5 μM).

Nitrogenous compounds from Aesculus wilsonii seeds

Eight nitrogenous compounds including five undescribed ones, aeswilnitrousol A (1), aeswilnitrousosides BD (2–4), and 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbutylamino)-8-oxoadenine (5) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus wilsonii. Their structures and absolute configurations were established based on spectroscopic determination, calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis, as well as chemical reaction methods. Among the three known compounds, 7 and 8 were obtained from the Aesculus genus for the first time, and 6 was gained from this plant initially. The 13C NMR data of 7 and 8 were reported for the first time. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of all the isolates against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated. As a result, compounds 2 and 8 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner at 10, 25, and 50 μM.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Myricetin in Different Cell Lines

The aim of this research work was to perform pharmacological evaluation of Myricetin by using different cell lines. To check the short-term cytotoxic effect of Myricetin in HepG2 and L6 cells, a colorimetric based MTT assay was performed also the glucose utilization in both HepG2 and L6 cells was estimated in order to measure the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of Myricetin. For Lipid accumulation T3-L1 preadipocytes cells are used. For measurement of nitric oxide (NO) the RAW-264.7 cells are used. The alpha-amylase assay and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay was performed to check if our drug is having effect in term of inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to check the expressions of iNOS protein in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cells before and after the exposure of Myricetin. The cytotoxicity data suggested that Myricetin displayed low level of cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and in L6 myoblast cell lines. For glucose utilization experiment, it discovered that glucose uptake level was notably increase in HepG2 cells and in L6 myoblast cell lines with the increasing concentration of Myricetin. Myricetin increase lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and also inhibits nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Research was found that Myricetin had no significant effect in order to alter the expression of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Our research concludes that Myricetin can be used as a potent anti-diabetic agent.

Triterpenoids from the fruits of Aphanamixis polystachya and their inhibitory activities on nitric oxide production

Nineteen triterpenoids, including five previously unknown (four triucallane-type derivatives and one highly oxidized A, B-seco limonoids), together with fourteen known triterpenoids, were isolated from the fruits of Aphanamixis polystachya. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. All isolates were evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities. The result showed that all compounds inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages with their IC50 value ranging from 95 to 1332 uM, and compound 6 exhibited obvious anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of the positive control, with IC50 values of 94.96 uM.