Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

A new metrology tool: using transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) to identify and separate nanoparticles for regulatory purposes

Abstract The development of methods for characterising nanoparticles (NPs) at the nanometric scale is a major challenge facing metrology researchers today. The characterisation of the crystal structure of NPs for regulatory purposes is urgent as mixtures of NPs are frequently found in consumer products and this physicochemical parameter contributes to the understanding of potential health and environmental risks. Using the methods currently available, NPs cannot be individually identified and their size distribution cannot be correlated to crystallographic phases. Instead, a general identification of crystallographic phases is possible. New methods must be developed that identify individual particles on the nanoscale. This paper introduces transmission Kikuchi diffraction, an electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique as a method for comprehensively characterizing a mixture of iron oxide NPs by crystal structure. After identifying the crystal structure of three different iron oxide powders using x-ray Diffraction, the samples were characterised by TKD. The results underline the relevance of TKD, which has sufficient spatial resolution to determine the crystal structure of individual NPs. This study also demonstrates the possibility of electron backscattered diffraction analysis on unpolished samples, something atypical for EBSD and TKD. The powders were then mixed and the individual NPs were correctly identified in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using TKD. The results show that TKD can be used to correctly identify and classify NPs within a mixture and can be combined with SEM imaging to build size distribution histograms according to the NP crystal structure.

Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Butea monosperma Plant Extract and Their Antibacterial Applications

Plant based nanoparticles (NPs) has become an emerging field in nanotechnology in terms of cost efficiency, less hazardous, biocompatibility and ecologically benignancy. Further, These NPs are being extensively studied for their use as nanomedicines and novel antibacterial agents due to increased growth of hazardous bacteria and their increased resistance to traditional antibiotics. The present studies focused on biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs using the chloride derivative of zinc and aqueous extract of Butea monosperma (BM) plant and its antibacterial applications on food borne pathogens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the formation of mixed shaped (spherical and hexagonal) ZnO NPs with size ranging between 20-90 nm. The elemental composition of various constituents present in the resulting samples was confirmed from energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). XRD pattern suggested crystalline nature with hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs. The Scherrer formula is used to evaluate the average crystallite size of the synthesized NPs ranges from 15 to 85 nm. Furthermore, the Tauc plot method was employed to determine the bandgap energies of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs using UV-visible spectra. These NPs were found to be effective against bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 1272), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MTCC 4383), Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1457). Overall, this present research describes that synthesized ZnO NPs hold significant importance as potential antibacterial agents against gram positive bacteria.

Microwave Green Synthesis of Alumina Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Characterization and Microbial Effect

This research set out to provide a faster, easier, and more efficient process for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis of aluminum oxide NPs preparation by microwave irradiation, using plant extracts separately and in the same way (tea, coffee, rosemary), which is an easy-to-use and inexpensive method. The structural properties were investigated by X-ray diffractometer analysis technique (XRD). The X-ray analysis shows the structure has a polycrystalline nature with a hexagonal phase. The optical properties were studied using ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer, where the energy gap was determined. The surface morphology properties of the prepared aluminum NPs were examined by atomic force microscope (AFM). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy verified the presence of Al-O, C–O, and C–H bonds, this study confirms the high reducing and capping capacity of aluminum NPs via biomolecules found in the plant extract. The inhibitory activity of these Al2O3-NPs was observed, along with their potential to enter the bacterial cell wall and hinder its activity.

Environmental toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles manifest histo-hemato alterations to fresh water fish

The present study rigorously examined the toxicological effects of nanoparticles (NPs), specifically nickel (Ni) and chromium oxide (Cr3O4) NPs, synthesized under controlled conditions and characterized. To evaluate their potential environmental impact exposed the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (L. rohita) to environmentally relevant concentrations of both NPs within a controlled laboratory conditions. Vital organs, including gills and liver were subjected to histopathological analysis, revealing profound alterations in tissue architecture that were distinctly correlated with pathological damage. The lesions exhibited moderate to severe changes that are further correlated with the semi-quantitative mean alteration value (MAV). Furthermore, conducted a quantitative assessment of tissue-specific morphological changes. Notably, there was a significant reduction in critical hematological changes, including red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin concentrations and other parameters. All of which exhibited significant fluctuations in relation to increasing NPs concentrations. These findings underscore the critical necessity for continued investigation into the ecological risks associated with these nanoparticles.

Turning on Low-Temperature Catalytic Conversion of Biomass Derivatives through Teaming Pd1 and Mo1 Single-Atom Sites.

On-purpose atomic scale design of catalytic sites, specifically active and selective at low temperature for a target reaction, is a key challenge. Here, we report teamed Pd1 and Mo1 single-atom sites that exhibit high activity and selectivity for anisole hydrodeoxygenation to benzene at low temperatures, 100-150 °C, where a Pd metal nanoparticle catalyst or a MoO3 nanoparticle catalyst is individually inactive. The catalysts built from Pd1 or Mo1 single-atom sites alone are much less effective, although the catalyst with Pd1 sites shows some activity but low selectivity. Similarly, less dispersed nanoparticle catalysts are much less effective. Computational studies show that the Pd1 and Mo1 single-atom sites activate H2 and anisole, respectively, and their combination triggers the hydrodeoxygenation of anisole in this low-temperature range. The Co3O4 support is inactive for anisole hydrodeoxygenation by itself but participates in the chemistry by transferring H atoms from Pd1 to the Mo1 site. This finding opens an avenue for designing catalysts active for a target reaction channel such as conversion of biomass derivatives at a low temperature where neither metal nor oxide nanoparticles are.

Phytogenic Synthesis of Cuprous and Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles Using Black jack Leaf Extract: Antibacterial Effects and Their Computational Docking Insights.

Background: Green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have gained increasing popularity in recent times due to their broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to develop a phytofabrication approach for producing cuprous (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO) NPs using a simple, non-hazardous process and to examine their antimicrobial properties. Methods: The synthesis employed Bidens pilosa plant extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, alongside copper chloride dihydrate as the precursor. The biosynthesized NPs were characterized through various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized CuO and Cu2O NPs exhibited a high degree of crystallinity, with crystal structures corresponding to monoclinic and face-centered cubic systems. SEM images revealed that the NPs displayed distinct spherical and sponge-like morphologies. EDS analysis further validated the purity of the synthesized CuO NPs. The antimicrobial activity of the CuO and Cu2O NPs was tested against various pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) used to gauge their effectiveness. Conclusions: The results showed that the phytosynthesized NPs had promising antibacterial properties, particularly the Cu2O NPs, which, with a larger crystal size of 68.19 nm, demonstrated significant inhibitory effects across all tested bacterial species. These findings suggest the potential of CuO and Cu2O NPs as effective antimicrobial agents produced via green synthesis.

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

Enhanced adsorption of malachite green onto a composite material activated carbon and iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

EXTH-71. A MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION INTO AUGER THERAPY: 2-DIMENSIONAL THIN-FILMS TO CHARACTERIZE THERAPEUTIC RANGEIN VITRO

Abstract Metallic nanoparticles can improve the accuracy and effectiveness of conventional radiotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors through a light-matter interaction known as the Auger effect. In this work, we present the assembly of an iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle (NPs) layer within a biocompatible polyelectrolyte film using ionic self-assembly to enable the spatial separation of NPs from their target cells. Films exhibited uniform nanoparticle coverage as well as strong stability in cell culture conditions. To investigate the applicability of NMDR with non-internalized NPs, conditions with (NP-PEM) and without (PEM) embedded nanoparticles were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of physically separated nanoparticles on cells cultured on the film surface via a measure of intracellular reactive oxygen (ROS) generation and histone phosphorylation (yH2AX) after irradiation from a 137Cesium source. Cells cultured on NP-PEM demonstrated a 78.4% increase in ROS generation when compared to cells cultured on PEM films. When adjusting for cell count, NP-PEM films induce 70.5% greater ROS generation. In investigating nanoparticle-mediated deposition of radiation (NMDR), these films allow for the determination of the extent of the therapeutic effect when NPs are not internalized into their targeted cells, potentially providing indications with respect to off-target effects. Cells were irradiated on films with nanoparticle distances from 25.9 nm to 97.5 nm to interrogate the NMDR effect size at a range of distances. yH2AX phosphorylation exhibited an exponential decay until 69.8 nm, where there was no difference when compared to nanoparticle-free films. This work highlights the ability of iron oxide NPs to deliver NMDR at a known, quantifiable distance, providing insights for further translational applications.

Impact of the host lattice on crystallographic, Raman, optical, and luminescent properties on the terbium ion

AbstractA comparative study of the Gd2O3:Tb and Y2O3:Tb nanoparticles (NPs) was presented to examine the influence of the host lattices on the crystallographic phase, surface characteristics, optical properties, Raman effect, and photoluminescence properties. Cubic shapes Gd2O3:Tb and Y2O3:Tb NPs with an estimated crystalline size of 17 and 11 nm were recorded from the X‐ray diffraction pattern, respectively. Comparative absorption spectra of both oxides NPs were presented to examine the dispersibility, colloidal stability, and optical behavior of the NPs. Energy bandgap values were estimated to monitor the optical characteristics of the metal oxides in the UV/Vis region. Fourier transform infrared was recorded to confirm the surface‐attached water and organic moieties. The Raman spectra of metal oxides were recorded to examine the symmetrical dis‐order and polarizability of the vibrational bands. The ionic radius of the atoms distorts the bond structure resulting in it greatly influenced the vibrational bands of the materials. The emission spectra certified the effective doping of the luminescent Tb3+‐ion in the metal oxide host lattices. Raman spectra and emission spectra validated the crystal symmetry imperfections; subsequently, the efficiency of the Raman active modes and emission transitions was greatly influenced. In a comparative analysis, Y2O3:Tb NPs exhibited higher luminescence intensity in comparison with the Gd2O3:Tb NPs.

Anticancer and acute toxicity studies of cellulose-coated Vanadium oxide nanomaterials

In the present research work, a facile hydrothermal method has been used for the preparation of pristine and cellulose-coated Vanadium oxide (V2O5) nanoparticles (NPs). The as-synthesized nanostructures were characterized using XRD, SEM, UV–Vis, PL, DLS, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy. The crystallite size of the bare V2O5 NPs calculated using XRD analysis was ∼19 nm, which was reduced to ∼16 nm after cellulose functionalization. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of spherical shape NPs with sizes 21 ± 4.9 nm and 16.5 ± 4.4 nm for V2O5 and cellulose – V2O5 respectively. Cellulose-coated Vanadium oxide NPs have shown anticancer potential against the liver cancer cell line (HuH-7.0). Cell viability of V2O5 displayed the IC50 value of 102.182 μg/mL, compared to the coated Vanadium oxide, which was 49.402 μg/mL. In vivo toxicity studies were conducted using healthy albino rats. Pathological parameters indicate acute toxicity due to cellulose-coated Vanadium oxide NPs. The histopathology of cellulose-V2O5 NPs treated livers indicates the swelling in hepatocytes and compressed sinusoidal spaces.

Toxicity, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and DNA Cleavage Effects of Dextran-Graft-Polyacrylamide/Zinc Oxide Nanosystems.

Synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles-polymer nanocomposites is an emerging strategy in nanotechnology to improve targeted delivery and reduce the toxicity of nanoparticles. In this study, we report biological effects of previously described hybrid nanocomposites containing dextran-graft-polyacrylamide/zinc oxide nanoparticles (D-PAA/ZnO NPs) prepared from zinc sulfate (D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-)) and zinc acetate (D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc)) focusing primarily on their antimicrobial activity. D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems were tested in a complex way to assess their antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), antidiabetic potential (α-amylase inhibition), DNA cleavage activity, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity. In addition, the toxicity of D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems against primary murine splenocytes was tested using MTT assay. The studied nanosystems inhibited E.coli growth. For all the investigated strains, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) were in the range of 8mg/L-128mg/L and 16mg/L-128mg/L, respectively. The nanocomposites demonstrated effective antibiofilm properties as 94.27% and 86.43%. The compounds showed good antioxidant, anti-α-amylase, and DNA cleavage activities. D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems reduced cell viability and promoted cell death of primary murine spleen cells at concentrations higher than those that proved to be antibacterial indicating the presence of therapeutic window. D-PAA/ZnONPs(SO42-) and D-PAA/ZnONPs(-OAc) nanosystems show antioxidant, antidiabetic, DNA cleavage, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity against the background of good biocompatibility suggesting the presence of therapeutic potential, which should be further investigated in vivo.

Optical absorption studies of pulsed-laser-engineered silver nanospheres and their enhanced catalytic performance in the degradation of toxic methylene blue dye

Pulsed laser ablation in liquid is an environment-friendly and one of the fastest physical routes to synthesize surfactant-free and stable metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with high purity and no harmful residues. In this study, we report the synthesis of silver nanospheres (AgNSs) using the nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique resulting in the formation of a colloidal solution. Investigation of the optical properties using UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed the effects of laser wavelength, frequency, fluence, ablation time, and re-irradiation on the light absorption of the produced silver nanospheres. Physicochemical characterizations included FE-SEM, XRD, DLS, FTIR, and XPS techniques to evaluate the size, morphology, crystal structure, size distribution, zeta potential, and surface chemistry. FE-SEM studies revealed the formation of well-dispersed spherical Ag nanospheres with an average particle size of 209 nm without any agglomeration. DLS measurements showed high stability with a recorded zeta potential value of −38.27 (+/−1.81) mV and a wider size distribution. The XRD analysis indicated a face-centered cubic crystal structure with the formation of an oxide layer over the metallic silver core. The presence of silver and oxygen was confirmed through XPS studies with binding energies at 368.1 eV and 374.1 eV and oxide formation on the surface of Ag NSs. Finally, the catalytic activity of the Ag colloid was examined for the degradation of the toxic methylene blue dye. The results revealed an excellent catalytic response with 90 % of the dye degraded in just 15 min of reaction time. The kinetics of the degradation process were studied with a rate constant of 0.054/min−1 showcasing the effectiveness of the pulsed laser-synthesized silver colloidal nanomaterial as a sustainable approach for environmental remediation.

Study on the growth mechanism of Pt nanoparticles in oxides: Role of metal-oxide interactions

Strong interactions of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with oxide matrices can dramatically enhance the thermal stability of metal NPs. However, how metal-oxide interactions control the growth of metal NPs remains unclear. Here, the growth of Pt NPs with respect to metal-oxide interactions was investigated by encapsulating them in different Al2O3 and SiO2 oxides. Pt NPs encapsulated in Al2O3 exhibited excellent thermal stability than those in SiO2. Quantitative thermodynamic calculations revealed that metal-oxide interactions strongly governed the driving force for the coalescence of Pt in Al2O3 and SiO2. The kinetic analysis further showed that stronger Pt-Al2O3 interactions controlled the Ostwald ripening of Pt NPs by restricting the diffusion of Pt atoms in oxides, leading to a higher growth activation energy of Pt in Al2O3 than SiO2. These findings explain the different sinter resistance of metal NPs when encapsulated in different oxides, providing valuable insights for enhancing the thermal stability of metal NPs.

Synthesis and Characterization of magnetic chitosan/oxidized schizophyllan nanocomposite film for Biomedical Application

This study aimed to synthesize antimicrobial nanocomposite films based on periodate oxidized schizophyllan (POSPG), chitosan (CS), and green synthesized magnetic silver/iron oxide nanoparticles (Ag/Fe3O4 NPs). The average size and polydispersity index (PDI) of the Ag/Fe3O4 NPs produced by starch were 85 nm and 0.17, respectively. The schizophyllan (SPG) was first produced from Schizophyllum commune. The solution casting method was employed to prepare nanocomposite films composed of POSPG, CS and different concentrations of Ag/Fe3O4 NPs (0.66, 1.33 and 2 μg/mL). According to the MTT results, 1.33 μg/ml was the maximum non-toxic concentration for loading into CS/POSPG, so this film, CS/POSPG@NP1.33, was selected for further study. The appearance of a peak at 8.3 ppm in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of CS/POSPG film evidenced the imine bond formation. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping illustrated the proper distribution of Ag/Fe3O4NPs into the matrix. The mechanical strength and water vapor permeability of the CS/POSPG@NP1.33 nanocomposite increased to 82.77±1.25 MPa and 0.640±0.02 mm.g/m2.h.kPa, respectively as compared to those reported for CS/POSPG film (63.49±0.7 Mpa and 0.576±0.015 mm.g/m2.h.kPa), while the swelling capacity decreased to 2.3±0.075. The normal human fibroblast cell survival reached 83.21±1.78% after exposure to the CS/POSPG@NP1.33, indicating its biocompatibility. The inhibitory effect of the nanocomposite against S. aureus, E. coli, MRSA, P. aeruginosa, and candida was 94.6±3.73%, 97.2±4.65%, 88.4±3.87%, 97.9±2.04%, and 84.6±1.95%, respectively. The eradication rate of the CS/POSPG@NP1.33 against the S. aureus biofilm was up to 47.55±1.72 %, which increased to 79.74±2.09% after exposure to a magnetic field.

Improving the thermal properties of water by adding MWCNTs, cerium oxide, and MgO hybrid nanoparticles at different temperatures and volume fraction of nanoparticles: Experimental investigation

This study aimed to investigate the thermal conductivity (TC) of various nanofluid compositions, including water/MWCNT-MgO-cerium oxide ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) with solid volume fractions (SVFs) ranging from 0.1% to 0.6%. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of water/MWCNT-cerium oxide, water/MWCNT-MgO, and water/MgO-cerium oxide hybrid nanofluids (HNFs), as well as water/MWCNT, water/cerium oxide, and water/MgO mono nanofluids (MNFs), was measured at SVF=0.1% and 0.3%. The experimental temperature was varied between 20, 30, 40, and 50°C for all samples. The MWCNT, MgO, and cerium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were suspended in the water base fluid (BF) to create the nanofluids (NFs) in a two-step process. MWCNT NPs are 20–30 nm in size, MgO NPs are 20 nm, and cerium oxide NPs are 10–30 nm in size. DLS and zeta potential experiments, which demonstrate the correct stability of NFs, were used to evaluate the stability of NFs. The KD2-Pro instrument was used to test the samples' TC after making sure they were stable. The data obtained demonstrate a rise in TC with rising SVF and rising temperature. The MWCNT/water MNF exhibits the largest rise in TC in SVF=0.3%, with a TC increase of 19.16% at T=40°C. It should be noted that the largest increase in TC is 26.09% compared to the BF for water/MWCNT-MgO-cerium oxide THNF at SVF=0.5% and T=40°C. Finally, a mathematical connection was shown with the comparisons done to estimate the data. The results demonstrate the postulated relationship's high degree of accuracy.

Effects of metal oxide nanoparticles on healthy and psoriasis-like human epidermal keratinocytes in vitro.

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in skincare products has significantly increased human skin exposure, raising safety concerns. Whilst NP's ability to penetrate healthy skin is minimal, studies have demonstrated that metal oxide NPs can induce toxicity in keratinocytes through direct contact. Moreover, NP's effect on common skin disorders like psoriasis, where barrier impairments and underlying inflammation could potentially increase NP penetration and worsen nanotoxicity is largely unstudied. In this paper, we investigated whether psoriasis-like human keratinocytes (Pso HKs) would exhibit heightened toxic responses to titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and/or silica (SiO2) NPs compared to healthy HKs. Cells were exposed to each NP at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 500µg/ml for 6, 24, and 48h. Amongst the metal oxide NPs, ZnO NPs produced the most pronounced toxic effects in both cell types, affecting cell viability, inducing oxidative stress, and activating the inflammasome pathway. Notably, only in ZnO NPs-treated Pso HKs, trappin-2/pre-elafin was cleaved intracellularly through a non-canonical process. In addition, tissue remodelling-related cytokines were upregulated in ZnO NP-treated Pso HKs. The full impact of the observed outcomes on psoriatic symptoms will need further evaluation. Nonetheless, our findings indicate the importance of understanding the sub-lethal impacts of NP exposures on keratinocytes, even though direct exposure may be low, particularly in the context of skin disorders where repeated and long-term exposures are anticipated.

Iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by coprecipitation method: Impacts of zinc doping and surface functionalization by polyvinylpyrrolidone on the magnetic properties and heating efficiency

Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are promising agents for magnetic hyperthermia (MH) due to their ability to convert electromagnetic energy into heat. Their high stability in solution, which is essential to prevent aggregation and ensure uniform distribution as well as their high specific absorption rate (SAR) and intrinsic loss power (ILP) values are especially important in magnetic hyperthermia. This study explores how doping iron oxide NPs with zinc and surface functionalizing them with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) affects their magnetic and heating properties. The saturation magnetization (MS) of ZnxFe3-xO4 NPs at 50 K increases from 76 to 93.5 emu/g corresponding with increasing Zn content from x = 0 up to 0.20, and conversely their coercivity (HC) decreases from 135 down to 77 Oe. For PVP coated NPs, MS is reduced by the presence of nonmagnetic PVP, whereas their HC is increased due to reduced interparticle interactions. Furthermore, the high stability of PVP coated Zn0.20Fe2.80O4 NPs in solution is confirmed by the Zeta potential of 46 mV. Notable, high SAR of 460 W/g and ILP of 4.04 nH m2/kg values make them potential candidates for MH applications.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Crude Extract and Zinc- Oxide Nanoparticles from the Ink of Squid (Uroteuthis duvaucelii )

Objectives: Marine natural materials can be utilized to construct a variety of medications and have produced significant leads for therapeutic development. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract and zinc-oxide nanoparticles from the ink of squid. Methods : The anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized zinc-oxide nanoparticles and crude extract of Uroteuthis duvaucelii was determined by using albumin denaturation assay and anti-proteinase activity. Findings : The albumin denaturation assay of the crude ink extract shows a maximum anti-inflammatory activity of 29% at a concentration of 100µl/ml and a minimum activity of 7% at a concentration of 20µl/ml. The zinc-oxide nanoparticles of U. duvaucelii exhibit anti-inflammatory activity of 8% at 20µl/ml, and 37% at a concentration of 100µl/ml. Anti-proteinase activity of the crude extract exhibits 25% of inhibition at a concentration of 100µl/ml and lowest activity of 2% at a concentration of 20µl/ml. Zinc-oxide nanoparticles of Uroteuthis duvaucelii exhibit maximum inhibition of 28% at 100µl/ml and minimum activity of 5% at a concentration of 20µl/ml. Comparing the two extracts the zinc-oxide of U. duvaucelii shows better albumin denaturation and anti-proteinase action than the crude ink extract. So, this can be used as a source of anti-inflammatory agents for drug development. Novelty : Research suggests that natural products may be a source of anti-inflammatory medications with higher activity and fewer side effects. Therefore, the synthesized nanoparticles from the ink of Uroteuthis duvaucelii can be used as an anti-inflammatory drug. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; Zinc-oxide nanoparticles; Uroteuthis duvaucelii; Anti proteinase; Crude ink

Selective Identification of Hazardous Gases Using Flexible, Room-Temperature Operable Sensor Array Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles via Machine Learning.

Selective detection and monitoring of hazardous gases with similar properties are highly desirable to ensure human safety. The development of flexible and room-temperature (RT) operable chemiresistive gas sensors provides an excellent opportunity to create wearable devices for detecting hazardous gases surrounding us. However, chemiresistive gas sensors typically suffer from poor selectivity and zero-cross selectivity toward similar types of gases. Herein, a flexible, RT operable chemiresistive gas sensors array is designed, featuring reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and rGO decorated with zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on a flexible polyimide (PI) substrate. The sensor array consists of four different sensing layers capable of the selective identification of various hazardous gases such as NO2, NO, and SO2 using machine learning (ML). The gas sensor array exhibits a stable response even when mechanically deformed or exposed to high humidity (up to 60%). Each gas sensor, due to the different metal oxide NPs, shows unique responses in terms of sensitivity, responsiveness, response time, and recovery time to different gases. Consequently, the sensor array generates distinct response patterns that effectively differentiate between the target gases. By leveraging these distinctive recovery patterns and employing a data fusion approach in ML, specific concentrations of target gases can be distinguished. Using ML with fused array sensing data, the training and test accuracies achieved were 98.20 and 97.70%, respectively. This innovative combination of sensor arrays and ML offers significant potential for selective gas detection in environmental monitoring and personal safety applications.

Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks as a Carrier for Nanodrugs with Host–Guest Interaction for Smart Wound Dressing Applications

AbstractThis study introduces surface modification to conventional dressings utilizing adducts of a hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (HOF) with curcumin, curcumin–silver, curcumin‐zinc oxide nanoparticles, and citric acid drugs. Accordingly, eight HOF‐AMs and dressings modified with them were studied. The synthesized structures underwent characterization using various methods, including IR, 1H NMR, XRD, FE‐SEM, and EDX. FE‐SEM results show that the hexagonal morphology is maintained along with the crystal growth in the form of hexagonal tubes. In order to confirm the nanoscale nature of the structures, TEM analysis was conducted specifically for curcumin‐Ag nanoparticles and curcumin–ZnO nanoparticles which confirms the particle size smaller than 50 nm. Knowing the sensitivity of the release of the incorporated substances to temperature and pH, the controlled release of the drugs at two different temperatures (37 °C and 40 °C) and pH levels of 5.5, 7.4, and 9 at the modified dressings was investigated. Investigating the release of HOF‐AMs particles and modified dressings indicates that these products in both cases provide the possibility of drug release in alkaline and acidic pHs. Also, the results showed that increasing the temperature increases the release of curcumin particles in all its types. The modified dressings showed a loading capacity of more than 50 mg g−1.