Ownership Paradigm Research Articles

The (im)possibility of personal and industrial (machine-generated) data to be subject to property rights

Abstract Discussions surrounding the possibility of expanding the legal regime of ownership to data have been ongoing for several decades. Proponents of recognizing the right of ownership to data motivate their position by the needs of the data economy and the need to protect the interests of data subjects. However, specific properties of data cause contradictions with the concept of property rights. This paper examines data in a system of related categories, such as information and knowledge, aiming to determine their correlation and answer the question of whether personal and industrial (machine-generated) data can be objects of ownership. The category of digital data is analysed; its specific features, which make it possible to equate them with a type of property, are determined. The paper reveals correlation between concepts of digital ownership and data ownership and answers the question of why there is no room for personal and industrial data in the ownership paradigm.

Investment Decision Factors of Non-Fungible Tokens in the Czech Republic: Survey

Abstract Non-fungible Tokens (NFTs), represent a revolution in the digital ownership paradigm. NFTs are a kind of digital asset built on blockchain technology, most commonly the Ethereum blockchain, that validate the uniqueness and ownership of a unique digital item in question. Each NFT carries specific information or attributes that make it original and non-fungible. Unlike cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum, which are identical to each other, non-fungible tokens cannot be exchanged on a like-for-like basis making them non-fungible. NFTs are traded for cryptocurrencies via online trading platforms. Investment in NFTs can present a risky situation due to the large volatility of the assets in a quite short time. This article focuses on identification of key aspects that influence decision making process of potential investors who are considering buying non-fungible tokens as an investment tool in the Czech Republic. From the point of view of investment decision-making, the primary factors appear to be the expected income from the investment, its payback period, and the risk that the investor undertakes. It has been proven that there is a degree of dependence between gender and the mentioned decision-making factors. The research showed that men are more inclined to make decisions based on expected returns, while women are more likely to make decisions based on perceived risk.

소유의 새로운 패러다임을 제시하는 김 회권의 ｢자비 경제학｣ : 정의로운 소유는 무엇인가?

이 글은 김 회권의 ｢자비 경제학—구약성경과 하나님 나라 경제학｣에 대한 비평논문이다. 그가 이 책에서 정의하는 자비 경제학은 하나님을 믿는 언약공동체의 살림살이인데, 이것이 바로 21세기를 살아가는 우리에게 제시하는 소유의 새로운 패러다임이다. 김 회권이 제시하는 정의로운 소유의 새로운 패러다임은 토마스 페인의 자연법적 토지 사상과 구약성경의 토지 정의법을 근거로 한 토지 기본소득이다. 그는 정보와 부의 쏠림은 가난한 이들을 더욱 가난하게 만들면서 공동체의 존속을 위협한다고 말하고 있다. 그는 오늘날 가난한 사람들, 더 구체적으로 말하자면 노인, 장애인, 고아, 과부 등의 노동력이 없는 이들에게도 기본소득이 필요하다고 주장하면서, 그들을 돌보지 않는 것이 공동체의 파멸까지 이어질 수 있다고 이 책에서 경고하고 있다. 페인과 구약성경 모두 기본소득은 노동력이 없는 이들이 당연히 누려야 할 권리라고 주장한다. 경제학적으로 노동의 관점에서 기본소득은 옳지 않다고 주장할 경제학자들은 많지만, 기본소득은 단순히 노동 경제학적 관점에서 바라볼 문제는 아니다. 공동체적 관점에서 김 회권이 제시하는 기본소득은 하나님을 믿는 언약공동체뿐 아니라 이 세계에 살아가는 모든 공동체에 기여하는 정의로운 소유의 개념이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Is self always prioritised? Attenuating the ownership self-reference effect in memory.

The current study demonstrates the abolishment of the Ownership Self Reference Effect (OSRE) when elaborate details of a distant other-referent are provided. In a 2 (High versus Low information)×2 (Self versus Other) experimental design, we tested the capacity for the SRE to be modulated with social saliency. Using a well-established ownership paradigm (Collard et al., 2020; Cunningham et al., 2008; Sparks et al., 2016), when the other was made socially salient (i.e. details and characteristics about the other were provided to the participant prior to encoding), no SRE emerged, such that self-owned and other-owned items were recalled with comparable accuracy. In contrast, when the other was not salient (i.e., no details about them were provided), participants accurately recalled a higher proportion of self-owned items, demonstrating a typical SRE in source memory. The degree of self- or other- referencing was not related to measured variables of closeness, similarity or shared traits with the other. Although the SRE is an established and robust effect, the findings of the current study illustrate critical circumstances in which the self is no longer prioritised above the other. In line with our predictions, we suggest that the self has automatic attributed social salience (e.g. through ownership) and that enhancing social salience by elaborating details of the other, prioritisation can expand to encapsulate an other beyond the self and influence incidental memory.

Review: Rethinking Ownership of Development in Africa, by T. D. Harper-Shipman

Review: <i>Rethinking Ownership of Development in Africa</i>, by T. D. Harper-Shipman

El paradigma liberal de la propiedad y la codificacion decimononica en la Republica Argentina

The liberal paradigm of ownership was welcomed by the Argentine Civil Code of 1871. This paper first offers two conceptualizations that assist in setting its scope: ownership paradigms and American civil law jurisdictions. This paper then addresses the first generation of civil codes in those American jurisdictions, elaborating on the time of adoption, content, and motivation. The account continues by tracing the codification of the liberal paradigm of ownership in those nineteenth-century normative bodies. Further, this paper offers an illustration of the above-mentioned circulation of ideas, describing the experience of reception of the liberal paradigm within the articles and notes to the text drafted by Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield and its pollination into the civil codes of other jurisdictions. It should be noted that ownership is subject to changes that respond to the mentality of a given society, according to time and space.

The impact of group ownership on memory

The influence of the self on memory processes has been extensively investigated (the self-reference effect) both explicitly (trait-rating paradigm) and implicitly (ownership paradigm). The groups that are closely related to the self are an important part of self-concept, and group-reference facilitated recall to the same extent as self-referencing using trait-rating paradigm. The current research employed an ownership procedure to investigate the impact of group ownership on memory using the participants’ family served as the reference group. In both experiments, participants were asked to sort items into baskets that belonged to their family or a fictitious family. A subsequent recognition test showed that there was a significant memory advantage for objects that owned by their family, and the ownership effect was found in remember, but not know, responses. This finding suggests that transient ingroup-ownership of items had a significant memory dominance effect, and the enhancing effect of ownership leads to recollective experience.

Генезис ноономики: НТП, диффузия собственности, социализация общества, солидаризм

The author emphasizes the critical nature of technological transformations for shaping the future of the human civilization. His analysis focuses on changes in the economy and society, on engineering a vision of the future order (economic and social) and developing tools for the transition to a fair and reasonable living arrangement. The article considers causes of the global systemic crisis and emphasizes that the economic model of societal development which is based on the paradigm of market, ownership and priority role of profit has exhausted itself. The author considers the following alternative: the strategy for transitioning to a qualitatively new state of society – to the noonomy through the new industrial society of the second generation. Four resultant vectors bear fundamental importance for the noo-transition: (1) scientific and technological progress, (2) diffusion of ownership, (3) socialization of society and the development of human noo-qualities, (4) solidarity.

Availability of Manufacturing data resources in Digital Twin

Data and information are the basis of the integrated manufacturing environment. The latest, synonym of the integrated manufacturing environment is a digital twin. The concept of a digital twin has grown profoundly in recent years. Several models and frameworks are suggested to create a digital twin in manufacturing. Various information and data flows are involved in any manufacturing case. Diagnosis and gather required data and information is the first and basis of creating digital twin. Data ownership is a significant issue because of the large amount of isolated data islands and due to different data ownership relationships of the whole production chain. This study focuses on the ownership paradigm in manufacturing and digital twin. The reliable data resources in manufacturing the metal-based products are recognized. Available and unavailable data in the turning process are studied and classified in general form to cover every condition as a case study.

Staircase or safety net? Examining the meaning and functioning of RDP house ownership among beneficiaries: a case study of Klapmuts, Stellenbosch

ABSTRACT Recognising the apartheid legacy of inaccess to housing and property for the majority of black South Africans, the Constitution entrenches rights of access to housing and property. Since 1994, one of the main ways the government has pursued this mandate has been to roll out an ambitious Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) private house ownership programme. The overarching goal of the programme (now called Breaking New Ground or BNG) is to establish "sustainable human settlements" that result in "sustainable development, wealth creation, poverty alleviation and equity". Speaking to the "wealth creation" and "equity" aspects, a key component ofBNG is "ensuring property can be accessed by all as an asset for wealth creation and empowerment". Thus, BNG is explicitly aimed at addressing inequality through asset formation. Yet, despite the considerable public resources spent on home ownership projects in South Africa, there is little understanding of the subjective meaning accorded to having an RDP house and the extent to which the financial function of private housing, as a wealth-generating asset (the Hernando de Soto "staircase" role), plays out in practice alongside its more poverty alleviation function as providing social security, including shelter (the "safety net" role). To contribute towards a better understanding of the role and value of RDP home ownership, I undertook a qualitative study among 21 beneficiaries of an RDP housing project in Klapmuts (Stellenbosch). The study provides some tentative conclusions regarding the utility and impact of the private ownership paradigm of these State projects. Keywords: RDP ownership, house, home, property rights, Klapmuts.

Typology and Unified Model of the Sharing Economy in Open Innovation Dynamics

The sharing economy is emerging as one of the hottest issues of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The ownership paradigm was dominant during the First and Second Industrial Revolutions, so the formation of the sharing economy was almost non-existent, but it has grown to 5% of the global GDP during the Third Industrial Revolution as the sharing paradigm became prominent. It is expected that the scale of the sharing economy will reach up to 50% of the global economy by 2025 as the online to offline convergence (O2O) phenomenon (GE, 2012). The sharing economy is generally considered complex, diverse, and simply chaotic territory due to its various meanings or types despite its importance. In short, there is a great need to do more research to develop a unified model of the sharing economy. Our study defines sharing economy as “an activity where economic agents share economic objects together to create values”. The KCERN Sharing Economy Cube Model presented in the study is a unified model where the subjects of sharing—supply, market platform, demand, etc.—share the objects of sharing—information, materials, relations, etc.—in order to engage in economic activities, both for profit and nonprofit, to create values. The model reflects all these activities and encompasses all the other definitions of the sharing economy. This study aims to systematically draw a roadmap for the national sharing economy in the ongoing Fourth Industrial Revolution era based on the integrative sharing platform economy model.

Questioning local ownership: Insights from donor-funded NGOs in Tajikistan

ABSTRACTLocal ownership is one of the popular paradigms of Western development aid. It involves giving more effective control of the design and implementation of development aid to local actors in aid-receiving countries, including governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local communities. This article contrasts the understanding of local ownership as a top-down process triggered by donors, with an alternative, bottom-up ownership, which emerges spontaneously on the ground. By looking at the case of a local NGO in post-Soviet Tajikistan, the article analyses practices which reveal how the NGO actively takes ownership of development aid through everyday work. This includes fundraising, structuring relations with other organizations competing for donor funding, selecting calls for proposals from NGOs and writing grant applications. Each of these activities involves negotiations of the goals and scope of development work, against parameters imposed by donors. By means of example, the article questions the application of the local ownership paradigm in development work.

Ambidextrous Lockeanism

AbstractLockean approaches to property take it that persons can unilaterally acquire private ownership over hitherto unowned resources. Such natural law accounts of property rights are often thought to be of limited use when dealing with the complexities of natural resource use outside of the paradigm of private ownership of land for agricultural or residential development. The tragedy of the commons has been shown to be anything but an inevitability, and yet Lockeanism seems to demand that even the most robust common property arrangements be converted to privatized units. This often motivates a move away from natural law in the moral analysis of property rights. I argue however that it is not the deontological nature of Lockean principles that are at fault, but rather the manner of their application. Lockean theory often exhibits a bias in favour of private property: assuming that only private property can protect one’s interest in autonomy, and therefore asserting that each individual has a power of private acquisition. Starting with a claim against interference however enables us to mould the appropriate property rights to each individual’s particular interest in autonomy. This sometimes leads to private ownership, but often leads to various forms of commons.

Distraction Modulates Self-Referential Effects in the Processing of Monetary and Social Rewards.

A reward that is personally relevant tends to induce stronger pursuit motivation than a reward that is linked to other people. However, the role of attention in eliciting this “self-referential reward effect” remains unclear. In our two studies, we evaluated the significance of attention in self-referential reward processing utilizing an ownership paradigm, which required participants to complete a visual search task to win either monetary rewards (in Study 1) or social rewards (in Study 2) for themselves or for an acquaintance. Access to attentional resources was manipulated by sometimes including a distracting stimulus among the presented stimuli. The results of Study 1 revealed that a significant self-referential reward effect emerged under undistracted attentional conditions and was associated with improved task performance when self-owned monetary rewards were available. However, distracted attention impaired this self-referential reward effect. Moreover, distracted attention was also observed in the self-referential social reward processing in Study 2. These results suggested that distracted attention can impair the pursuit advantage for self-relevant rewards; self-referential processing is strongly dependent on attentional resources.

Neural mechanisms for learning self and other ownership

Sense of ownership is a ubiquitous and fundamental aspect of human cognition. Here we used model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging and a novel minimal ownership paradigm to probe the behavioural and neural mechanisms underpinning ownership acquisition for ourselves, friends and strangers. We find a self-ownership bias at multiple levels of behaviour from initial preferences to reaction times and computational learning rates. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and anterior cingulate sulcus (ACCs) responded more to self vs. stranger associations, but despite a pervasive neural bias to track self-ownership, no brain area tracked self-ownership exclusively. However, ACC gyrus (ACCg) specifically coded ownership prediction errors for strangers and ownership associative strength for friends and strangers but not for self. Core neural mechanisms for associative learning are biased to learn in reference to self but also engaged when learning in reference to others. In contrast, ACC gyrus exhibits specialization for learning about others.

Politics of Repatriation: Formalizing Indigenous Repatriation Policy

Abstract:This article will show how institutions and cultural values mediate changes in the governance of repatriation policy. By examining ownership paradigms and institutional power structures and analyzing the changing discourses before and after the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, it is possible to understand the ramifications of formalizing repatriation. The current binary of cultural property nationalism/cultural property internationalism in relation to Indigenous ownership claims does not represent the full scope of the conflict for Indigenous people within the Western legal interpretations of property ownership. Inclusion of a cultural property indigenism component into the established cultural property nationalism/internationalism ownership paradigm will more accurately represent Indigenous concerns for cultural property. Looking at the rules, norms, and strategies of national and international laws and museum institutions, this article will argue that there are consequences to repatriation claims that go beyond the possession of property and that a formalized process (or semi-formalized approach) can aid in addressing Indigenous rights.

Mine, Mine, Mine: Self-Reference and Children's Retention of Novel Words.

Adults demonstrate enhanced memory for words encoded as belonging to themselves compared to those belonging to another. Known as the self-reference effect, there is evidence for the effect in children as young as three. Toddlers are efficient in linking novel words to novel objects, but have difficulties retaining multiple word-object associations. The aim here was to investigate the self-reference ownership paradigm on 3-year-old children’s retention of novel words. Following exposure to each of four novel word-object pairings, children were told that objects either belonged to them or another character. Children demonstrated significantly higher immediate retention of self-referenced compared to other-referenced items. Retention was also tested 4 h later and the following morning. Retention for self- and other-referenced words was significantly higher than chance at both delayed time points, but the difference between the self- and other-referenced words was no longer significant. The findings suggest that when it comes to toddlers’ retention of multiple novel words there is an initial memory enhancing effect for self- compared to other-referenced items, but the difference diminishes over time. Children’s looking times during the self-reference presentations were positively associated with retention of self-referenced words 4 h later. Looking times during the other-reference presentations were positively associated with proportional looking at other-referenced items during immediate retention testing. The findings have implications for children’s memory for novel words and future studies could test children’s explicit memories for the ownership manipulation itself and whether the effect is superior to other forms of memory supports such as ostensive naming.

Public–private synergies: Reconceiving urban redevelopment in Tübingen, Germany

ABSTRACT The public–private development (PPD) model created in Tübingen, Germany, exemplifies an alternative to traditional PPD practices that engage high-capacity business stakeholders, such as large developers and real estate investment firms. Although working in a context of fiscal duress, the local progressive urban regime created a PPD partnership to impede private investment from distorting development patterns. Public authorities deployed a 3-pronged approach: they maintained an authoritative position, created different stages and modes for participation, and diffused power over multiple small developer groups. They did not pursue a progrowth policy agenda but sought to produce broader social values through a community-building governance strategy and the promotion of what Imrobscio (2013) calls an “ownership paradigm.” The model points to a well-calibrated urban regeneration strategy that creates a positive synergy between the regulatory authority and the administrative and fiscal capacity of the local state and private sector and community entrepreneurialism.

Deploying storage assets to facilitate variable renewable energy integration: The impacts of grid flexibility, renewable penetration, and market structure

As variable renewable wind and solar resources constitute a larger fraction of electricity supply, interest in flexible resources, including demand response, dispatchable generation, transmission interconnection, and storage technologies is growing. This paper evaluates the utility of storage assets given different electricity system configurations, market paradigms, and management schemes using a production cost model. When a large share of non-renewable generation is derived from inflexible sources, storage is imperative even at relatively low renewable penetrations. At high renewable penetrations, storage becomes increasingly important in flexible systems as well. In addition to renewable penetration, storage utilization rates are sensitive to the storage assets' market bidding structure and ownership paradigm, particularly in inflexible electricity systems. Storage assets consume during low-cost hours and generate during high-cost hours, regardless of bidding structure, but the price delta is largest for a centrally-controlled storage asset bidding with a price arbitrage motive. Storage utility cannot be deduced from an individual metric, but rather depends on the interaction between bidding mechanism, renewable penetration, and system flexibility.

Sustainable finance for sustainability: a case study analysis

This study analyses the philosophical reasons behind the implementation of sustainable finance in ABC Bank in Indonesia based on parameters developed by previous research. The parameters consist of the theory of the firm, human nature of economic actors, ownership paradigm, and ethical framework. The case study approach is supported by primary and secondary data through interviews with managers and analysis of the company’s related reports and documents. The results confirm the parameters of sustainable finance implementation in ABC Bank, indicating the advanced movement made by the bank relative to the other counterparts to accommodate the issue of sustainability on the financial system.