Ownership Productivity Research Articles

Forging a Lineage: Kinship, Mobility, and the Zildjian Cymbal

Abstract Renowned for its 400-year-old Ottoman/Turkish/Armenian past and produced by “America's oldest family-run business,” the Zildjian cymbal is paradoxically rendered an unremarkable “humble object” in its assumed inclusion in orchestras and bands around the world. Tracing the lineages of the Zildjians and their cymbals through historical documentation, ethnography, and the materiality of the instruments themselves, I first discuss the cymbal's shifting musical contexts and functions in Ottoman Janissary mehter bands, European orchestras, American jazz bands, and many other ensembles over the past four centuries, as well as the role of the Zildjians in this musical expansion. Then, I examine how twentieth-century negotiations of Zildjian kinship emerged in contentions over the authenticity and ownership of cymbal production. Finally, I consider how the assimilatory pressures of nation-states shaped narratives of cymbal production as well as the Zildjians’ mobilities, particularly in the context of the ethnoracialization of minority populations in the late Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic as well as the struggle of Armenian migrants to the United States to be recognized as valid U.S. American citizens at the turn of the twentieth century. By approaching the cymbal itself as the main interlocutor of this exploration, I aim to foreground the ways in which cymbals have sounded and resounded the mobility and kinships of its human creators. In doing so, I regard musical instruments as essential mediators of histories of cultural and musicological development as well as constructions of human identity and relationship, glimpsing how such objects may both reify and unsettle our epistemologies and the institutions of modern life.

Degrowing China—By Collapse, Redistribution, or Planning?

Minqi Li asks: How can China, the world's largest energy consumer, be "de-grown"? What policies and institutions must change, and what are the potential social implications? How can social ownership of production, redistribution of wealth the working class, and democratically controlled planning bring the country closer to a zero growth scenario?

Agriculture of Mordovia in the Conditions of Reforms of the Early 1990s

Introduction. The article examines the transformation of the agricultural industry in Russia during the transition to a market economy. The essence of the reforms consisted in a comprehensive change in the entire system of agrarian relations, including land ownership and other means of production, systems of farming and economic management, the transformation of the intersectoral and territorial structure of agro-industrial production, etc. Results and Discussion. In order to form a new organizational and economic structure of the agricultural sector, at the end of 1991, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted regulations on the reorganization of collective farms and state farms and the procedure for the privatization of state agricultural enterprises. It was assumed that the arrays would be gradually withdrawn from collective and state farm land use in order to provide them to farmers without upper restrictions on the size of allotments. By 1994, more than half of agricultural enterprises in Russia had chosen new organizational and legal forms of management, and preference was given to various types of partnerships. In Mordovia most enterprises in the agricultural sector have retained their former status as a collective farm or state farm. The course of the ongoing reforms was accompanied by a decline in production, a decrease in livestock, the cost of agricultural products, sharp deterioration in the financial condition of agricultural enterprises. Even in these difficult years, when reforms were carried out inconsistently, and sometimes some attitudes contradicted others, part of the farms of Mordovia worked relatively steadily, made a profit, regularly paid salaries to employees, had a good profitability indicator. Conclusion. As a result of the reorganization of collective agricultural enterprises, a significant step was taken towards the creation of a multi-layered agrarian economy based on equality of all forms of ownership and methods of land management. However, this did not bring tangible positive results in increasing the efficiency of agricultural production in the 1990s.

Federated FAIR principles: Ownership, localisation and regulatory compliance (OLR)

FAIR-Guidelines can be enriched to include ownership of data, localisation of storing data and stewardship that respects regulatory frameworks relevant to the jurisdiction. It is proposed that this is referred as FAIR-OLR; OLR referring to Ownership, Localisation and Regulation of data production in jurisdiction.

The Role of Entrepreneurs, Management and Intellectual Property Rights in Improving Micro Business Competitiveness in Rancatungku Village

ABSTRACT Purpose - The purpose of Community Service (PKM) is for a workshop on the role of entrepreneurship, management and registration of Intellectual Property Rights (HKI) in increasing the competitiveness of micro-enterprises in Rancatungku village. Methods - The workshop method begins with a preliminary survey, observations of business houses, interviews with micro-enterprises, licensing arrangements, and preparation of presenters. Result and discussions - The workshop was held in the Rancatungku village hall on February 27, 2022, which was attended by Micro Business actors, especially those engaged in the culinary field such as pastries and sponge cakes. The workshop program is divided into three, namely enlightenment on the importance of entrepreneurship for micro-enterprises; introduction of management aspects from production, packaging, transformation technology in marketing culinary products, external capital and recognition of production ownership. Conclusions - The result of PkM activities is their high interest in being given training on packaging, branding and marketing in subsequent PkM activities so that they can penetrate supermarkets and have high purchasing power across countries. Keywords: entrepreneurship, management, intellectual property rights

The Role of Entrepreneurs, Management and Intellectual Property Rights in Improving Micro Business Competitiveness in Rancatungku Village

ABSTRACT
 Purpose - The purpose of Community Service (PKM) is for a workshop on the role of entrepreneurship, management and registration of Intellectual Property Rights (HKI) in increasing the competitiveness of micro-enterprises in Rancatungku village. 
 Methods - The workshop method begins with a preliminary survey, observations of business houses, interviews with micro-enterprises, licensing arrangements, and preparation of presenters. 
 Result and discussions - The workshop was held in the Rancatungku village hall on February 27, 2022, which was attended by Micro Business actors, especially those engaged in the culinary field such as pastries and sponge cakes. The workshop program is divided into three, namely enlightenment on the importance of entrepreneurship for micro-enterprises; introduction of management aspects from production, packaging, transformation technology in marketing culinary products, external capital and recognition of production ownership. 
 Conclusions - The result of PkM activities is their high interest in being given training on packaging, branding and marketing in subsequent PkM activities so that they can penetrate supermarkets and have high purchasing power across countries.
 Keywords: entrepreneurship, management, intellectual property rights

Proprietary Varieties’ Influence on Economics and Competitiveness in Land Use within the Hop Industry

To evaluate changes to hop industry concentration and competitiveness the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) was used. The ownership of hop proprietary varieties, their acreage and production were compared with public varieties. Market share for each proprietary hop variety acreage and production was calculated between 2000 and 2020. The quantity of land under centralized control in the U.S. hop industry due to increased proprietary variety acreage between 2000 and 2020 was quantified. Assuming tacit collusion between the participants in the oligopoly, the HHI enabled us to quantify the portion of land under oligopoly control. The HHI analysis of hop acreage and hop production demonstrated that market concentration rose rapidly between the years 2010 (0.0376 and 0.0729) and 2020 (0.4927 and 0.5394). This resulted in decreasing business competitiveness within the market during this period caused primarily by rapid consolidation of ownership during increased proprietary variety acreage and production increases. Calculations revealed that in 2016 a tipping point had been reached concerning market concentration, which resulted in higher sustained season average prices of hops—a key raw material in brewing.

PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT AT THE ENTERPRISE IN THE CONDITIONS OF UKRAINE’S ENTRY INTO THE EU

The peculiarities of the concept of Total Quality Management (hereinafter – TQM) in the activities of domestic enterprises in the conditions of the implementation of the European development vector of Ukraine were studied. It is indicated that the guarantee of the enterprise's activity on the basis of sustainability is its competitiveness. It is emphasized that ensuring the proper quality of the performed works and services is one of the important tasks that are solved at the enterprise within the framework of management activities. Attention is focused on the fact that in modern conditions of economic development, quality is a general set of characteristics of products (work, services), which are part of (are a component of) marketing, development, production and maintenance, with the help of which products (work, service) must meet needs at a price the consumer can afford. Quality management is defined as a continuous process of influencing production through the consistent performance of logically interrelated functions to ensure product quality. It has been investigated that effective management of the quality of goods, works and services can be ensured by creating a quality management system at the enterprise. It is noted that today in quality management at the enterprise, a certified quality management system is important, which is a guarantee of high stability of quality characteristics of products, goods and services. The quality system certificate allows the enterprise to maintain a competitive advantage in the market. It was emphasized that a significant impetus for the creation of international standards of the ISO 9000 series can be considered a significant increase in consumer demands for product quality.These requirements are regulated by relevant regulatory documentation (standards, technical conditions and regulations). It is noted that the quality management process should cover all the stages of production. It is indicated that, regardless of the direction of the activity of the business entity, the quality policy declared by the top management of the enterprise must ensure such a level of quality that guarantees the optimal profit of the enterprise. Ways to achieve this goal can be different and are determined by the general market strategy of the enterprise. It was concluded that modern quality management at the enterprise, regardless of the forms of ownership and scale of production, should optimally combine actions, methods and means that ensure, on the one hand, the production of products, goods and the provision of services that meet the current requirements and needs of the market, and on the other hand, the development of new products capable of meeting future market demands and needs.

Editorial: New Forms of Media Work and Its Organizational and Institutional Conditions

This thematic issue explores the widening scope of media work and the institutional and organizational conditions that support new forms of media work. The media industry has undergone significant economic, structural, and technological changes during the past few decades, including changing patterns of ownership and digitalization of media production, distribution, and consumption. Simultaneously, practices of media work are adopted also in other industries. The 10 articles in the issue not only focus on the new professional roles and responsibilities emerging in the news media industry but also study the practices of media work in organizations in other fields, such as the music industry and public sector.

Challenges to ensuring valid and useful waiting time monitoring \u2013 a qualitative study in Swedish specialist care

BackgroundAccess to health care is an essential health policy issue. In several countries, waiting time guarantees mandate set time limits for assessment and treatment. High-quality waiting time data are necessary to evaluate and improve waiting times. This study’s aim was to investigate health care providers and administrative management professionals’ perceptions of validity and usefulness of waiting time reporting in specialist care.MethodsSemi-structured interviews (n = 28) were conducted with administrative management and care professionals (line managers and care providers) in specialized clinics in the Stockholm Region, Sweden. Clinic-specific data from the waiting time registry was used in the care provider interviews to assess face validity. Clinics were purposefully sampled for maximum variation in complexity of care, volume of production, geographical location, private or public ownership, and local waiting times. Thematic analysis was used.ResultsThe waiting time registry was perceived to have low validity and usefulness. Perceived validity and usefulness were interconnected, with mechanisms that reinforced the connection. Structural and cognitive barriers to validity included technical and procedural errors, errors caused by role division, misinterpretation of guidelines, diverging interpretations of nonregulated cases and extensive willful manipulation of data.ConclusionsWe identify four misconceptions underpinning the current waiting time reporting system: passive dissemination of guidelines is sufficient as implemented, cognitive load of care providers to report waiting times is negligible, soft-law regulation and presentation of outcome data is sufficient to drive improvement, and self-reported data linked to incentives poses a low risk of data corruption. To counter low validity and usefulness, we propose the following for policy makers and administrative management when developing and implementing waiting time monitoring: communicate guidelines with instructions for operationalization, address barriers to implementation, ensure quality through monitoring of implementation and adherence to guidelines, develop IT ontology together with professionals, avoid parallel measurement infrastructures, ensure waiting times are presented to suit management needs, provide timely waiting time data, enable the study of single cases, minimize manual data entry, and perform spot-checks or external validity checks. Several of these strategies should be transferable to waiting time monitoring in other contexts.

Assessing the Determinants of Food Security Status in Bangladesh: A Micro-Econometric Analysis

Food security is an intricate issue which includes diverse aspects as well as many linkages. In Bangladesh, food security is tried to be achieved by increasing the production of rice both by employing modern agricultural technology as well as by increasing the area under rice production. Despite the impressive gains in increasing domestic food grain production, problems of food and nutrition security still remain. Bangladesh is yet to achieve comprehensive food security that resolves the problems of inadequate food intake and chronic malnutrition among those who are poor and vulnerable. The main objective of this paper is to the contribution of different factors behind household food security status of 180 households in three Northern districts of Bangladesh. The study area was chosen because relatively little energy consumption data are available concerning this geographical area. The study used both primary and secondary data. Food security status of each household was assessed on the basis of the food security line using the daily calorie intake recommended by FAO. This method has proven to be efficient in measuring food security at household level. Additionally, the use of a logistic regression model identified the factors that plays crucial role in determining the food security status of the households. Results from the food security index revealed that more than 60 percent of households were with food insecurity. In addition, we found that total monthly household income, age of household head, education level of household head, household size, farm size, gender of household head, livestock ownership and quantity of cereal production had significant influence on food security status at the household level.

Power to the people? Implications of the Clean Energy Package for the role of community ownership in Europe's energy transition

AbstractSince the 1970s, citizens have organized through community energy initiatives to take ownership of renewable energy production. The European Union’s (EU) new Clean Energy for All Europeans Legislative Package (CEP) now formally recognizes this set of actors as ‘renewable’ and ‘citizen’ energy communities. This article aims to assess whether the CEP – namely the recast Renewable Energy Directive and the energy market design legislation – guarantees the role of energy communities in Europe’s energy transition. The article demonstrates how, due to their lack of recognition at EU level, internal energy market and competition rules, including the 2014 Guidelines on State Aid for Environmental Protection and Energy (EEAG), have overlooked the unique characteristics and challenges of energy communities, raising legal issues around equality and non‐discrimination. Ultimately, the article concludes that the CEP establishes an unprecedented framework with potential to support community ownership in the energy sector. However, transposition and implementation will test the legal strength of the new rules, as will the revision of the EEAG. The results of these processes will reinforce or impede the growth of energy communities throughout Europe.

The clergy, economic democracy, and the co-operative movement in Ireland, 1880–1932

ABSTRACT The publication of Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum in 1891 established a tradition of Catholic social teaching concerned with the moral obligations that should exist between capital and labour. In Ireland the encyclical instigated enthusiasm among some clergy for their congregation's welfare. An urgency given to social and economic questions coincided with the co-operative movement's introduction to the Irish countryside. Rural co-operative societies were established as part of a wider programme of economic democracy that placed ownership of production in the hands of farmers. The growth of the co-operative movement benefitted from the participation of members of the clergy at both a national and local level. Co-operative organisers and socially minded priests shared an interest in addressing the iniquities of capitalist modernisation. Co-operators championed a communal form of business organisation that emphasised the moral importance of economic activity as much as its productive importance. The involvement of Catholic priests in the co-operative movement naturalised priest-led social action in the sphere of rural development. This article analyses intersections between the economic objectives of co-operation and Catholic social teaching to understand how attempts to promote a more democratic economy had a profound influence over the country's economic development.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE FINANCIAL STATUS OF AGRARIAN ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE

The mechanisms of ensuring stable financial status of agricultural entities in the context of enterprises of different ownership are considered. The results of the activity of domestic agricultural enterprises by the parameters of liquidity, solvency, financial stability, profitability and factors that cause the change in the level of these indicators are analyzed. Because it will help to identify the vulnerabilities of financial activities of economic entities and justify the need to improve certain elements of the mechanism for ensuring their financial security. The financial condition of agrarian producers of various organizational and legal forms has been evaluated and directions for its improvement have been determined. The analysis confirmed the practicality of the proposed method of comparing the financial status of organizations that have significant differences in the form of ownership and methods of production and marketing activities. Agrarian enterprises of different organizational and legal forms are differently adapted to the current economic conditions, which is reflected in their financial condition. Thus, different structure of sources of property formation, unequal opportunities of access to credit resources, distribution channels, logistical resources, cause differences in volumes and results of activity. The main measures for improving the financial condition of all business entities are: - search for the optimal balance between equity and debt, which would provide minimal financial risk with maximum return on capital; - optimization of liquidity, which is implemented through the mechanism of financial stabilization - a system of measures aimed, on the one hand, to reduce financial liabilities, and on the other, to increase the monetary assets that provide these obligations; - improving cash flow management efficiency; - improving marketing policies and expanding markets; - reduction of the share of fixed costs in the cost of production, which will positively affect the profitability of sales.

Intermediate good sourcing, wages and inequality: From theory to evidence

AbstractThis paper examines the consequences of offshoring and outsourcing on domestic wages and wage inequality. I highlight the role of labor market frictions in impacting firms’ outsourcing and offshoring decisions; specifically, how differential costs of matching with workers affect the location of production (onshore or offshore) and how differential costs of assessing worker quality affect the ownership of intermediate production (intra‐firm or inter‐firm). I demonstrate how firm sourcing decisions can depend crucially on the industry skill intensity, which reflects the importance of worker–firm match quality, and as a result, the effect of offshoring on domestic labor depends on occupation and industry characteristics, as well as the ownership regime of trade. Bringing the theory to the data I rely on plausibly exogenous variation in the cost of inter‐ and intra‐firm offshoring to identify the effects of a change in each type of offshoring on domestic wages. I find strong evidence that the effect of offshoring on domestic wages—both on the average and on the wage distribution—is governed by the type of offshoring (inter‐ vs. intra‐firm), the skill intensity of the industry, and the offshorability of the occupation.

Doing good by drinking wine? Ethical value networks and upscaling of wine production in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

ABSTRACTThere has been a rise in recent decades of consumer campaigns to promote more ethically responsible food and consumer goods production. These campaigns have spanned movements such as fair trade, food miles and organics. They have evoked significant if uneven response from producers and some government agencies. These responses, seen in changes to production methods, ownership structures, distribution systems and marketing have involved new ways of thinking and operating and can be regarded as interesting forms of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). Adopting combined sectoral and locality case study perspectives, this paper examines the example of the wine industry in a number of production locations (South Africa, Australia and New Zealand) and analyses how ethically responsible values of justice (fair trade), sustainability (organic production) and provenance (Geographical Indications) have been translated into forms of industrial innovation embodied and perpetuated through and in ‘ethical value networks’.

Who Owns Creative Production in the Age of the Biomedical Complex? Stanford v. Roche and the Controversy Over the Ownership of Government-funded Inventions

Ownership of creative production in biomedical science and technology has emerged not merely as a legal and technical question but also as a matter of key public policy and ethical issues in the recent historical nexus of commercial biotechnology and academic capitalism. This article analyzes a controversy between Stanford University and the Roche Molecular Systems over the ownership of PCR-based HIV diagnostic patents. It pays a particular attention on the amicus curiae briefs submitted before the U.S. Supreme Court case, Stanford v. Roche, in order to shed light on the changing landscape of the controversy over the ownership of government-funded Inventions. The private industry, academic community, and government officials put forward their own interpretations of the Bayh-Dole Act as a way to find an optimal balance between economic innovation and the public interest in the age of the biomedical complex. The 2011 Supreme Court decision, 563 U.S. 776 (2011), which held that the Bayh-Dole Act did not affect an inventor's ownership right, reflects the need to reaffirm and clarify an inventor's ownership right in the highly risky, unpredictable, and collaborative biomedical enterprise.

Access to insulin: applying the concept of security of supply to medicines.

Security of supply of medicines is fundamental to ensure health for all. Furthermore, improving access to medicines is included in sustainable development goal 3. However, the concept of security of supply has mostly been applied to food, water and energy. Diversity of supply, vulnerability to disruption, expenditure, infrastructure, stability of exporting countries, ownership of production, price stability, access and equity, affordability, intellectual property, safety and reliability of supply, and countries’ capacity to adapt to market changes are all elements of security of supply. Based on these elements, we assessed security of supply for insulin, since access to insulin is a global problem. We found that three multinational companies, in Denmark, France and Germany, control 99% of the value of the global insulin market. Prices and affordability of insulin and access to it vary considerably between countries. Some countries are vulnerable to insulin shortage because they import insulin from only one source. Many countries spend large amounts of money on insulin and costs are increasing. Some countries lack an adequate infrastructure for procurement, supply chain management and distribution of insulin. Applying the security of supply concept to insulin showed that diversification of suppliers needs to be fostered. Global health actors should adopt a security of supply approach to identify medicines that are susceptible to supply issues and address this concern by strategic promotion of local production, strengthening regulatory harmonization, and adding local products to the World Health Organization’s programme on prequalification of medicines.

Land Ownership and Profitability of Greenhouse Production: Antalya Case

Agricultural production and income are important for Mediterranean region of Turkey. The region and especially Antalya province is well-known with greenhouse production. For greenhouse production achieving sustainability is important for meeting domestic and foreign demand and security of production lands. In order to measure the potential for improving greenhouse operators 281 farmers were surveyed in 2015 in Antalya and profit inefficiency and factors affecting inefficiencies of operators were estimated using stochastic frontier approach. Accordingly, the average inefficiency level of operators was found as 57 %, signifying the potential for improvement. The main objective was to undermine the impact of landownership on this inefficiency level. Yet, the impact of other relevant factors referring to greenhouse structures and famers‘ characteristics were estimated as well. While level of education seemed to reduce inefficiency, household size had appeared as an inefficiency rising factor referring to professional labour endowment of greenhouse production in Antalya. Being renter of land appeared as an inefficiency rising factor as well as holding plastic house or having located in the western parts of Antalya. These findings indicated importance of supporting improved production technologies and use of strengthened structures. In addition, it appeared as essential to provide incentives to renters to cope with their costs.

‘Window on the West Indies’: the photographic imagination of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

In the mid-1950s, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) sponsored two substantial photographic exhibitions in Britain, on South Africa and the British West Indies, promoting its mission activities and forming the centrepieces for fundraising campaigns. This article takes the latter exhibition – ‘Window on the West Indies’ – as an opportunity to examine the Society’s evolving approach to the medium, and its photographic archival legacy. Departing from an earlier practice of relying primarily on missionaries to supply photographs from the field, and unlike the somewhat serendipitous circumstances of the South Africa exhibition, ‘Window on the West Indies’ resulted from a professional commission. In addition to raising issues of ownership and control of photographic production and the photographic image, the commission signalled an increasingly ambitious use of the medium to promote the Society’s Christian missionary world view. Yet, I suggest, this very photographic ambition opens the door to alternative readings that escape the limits of the Society’s intentions. Beyond its role as mission propaganda, including some highly controlled uses of the photographs within its publicity material, the project can be located in the context of a post-war convergence of international humanist and humanitarian narratives expressed in visual form, and a belief in the capacity of photography as a medium for mutual understanding. Although a Christian future, secured in the act of donation, underpinned the narrative the Society sought to promote through its selective deployment of the photographs, taking a wider view of the collection it is evident that the photographs also speak to a more open, uncertain and imaginative relation to the world depicted. This latter not only draws attention to the specific presence of the photographer but also provides an opening to enable the collection to be refigured for future audiences.