Behavior Of Owners Research Articles

Exploring disparities and similarities in daily travel mode choices between electric vehicle owners and internal combustion engine vehicle owners

ABSTRACT This study proposes a novel instrument for measuring private car owners’ travel-related lifestyle (PCTRL) based on a survey (N = 2045) conducted in China’s four first-tier cities and ten quasi first-tier cities. By employing principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, the study classifies electric vhehicle (EV) owners and internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) owners into five distinct PCTRL segments, respectively. The findings reveal that only 66% of EV owners have similar PCTRLs to 67% of ICEV owners, with the most notable disparity being the higher likelihood of EV owners choosing private cars for their daily commutes. Furthermore, a random forest model was developed to predict the daily activity-based travel mode choices behavior of both EV and ICEV owners. The findings offer valuable insights into understanding the behavior of EV and ICEV owners in their daily travel mode choices and help formulating more effective traffic management strategies.

Optimizing healthcare employee performance: a serial mediation model.

The study investigates the serial mediation of psychological ownership and workplace innovation in the nexus between organizational leadership and employee performance among healthcare workers in Ghana. Six hundred and thirty-seven samples were selected using convenience sampling technique. The data gathered using self-reported questionnaire were analyzed using SEM-PLS. The findings reveal that organizational leadership directly improves healthcare employee's psychological ownership, workplace innovation and employee performance. Psychological ownership and workplace innovation separately and serially mediate the relationship between organizational leadership and healthcare employees' performance. The study highlights the significant influence of organizational leadership, psychological ownership and workplace innovation on the performance of healthcare employees. Healthcare organizations ought to allocate resources toward leadership development strategies to foster a favorable work atmosphere that promotes innovation and enables employees to assume ownership of their tasks and contribute to continuing enhancement, ultimately leading to enhanced performance. This research is a pioneering study on serial mediation of psychological ownership and workplace behavior in the association between organizational leadership and performance in healthcare settings in Ghana.

Cat Caring Behaviors and Ownership Status of Residents Enrolling a Cat in a Free Sterilization Program.

Most cats entering animal shelters in Australia are less than 12 months old and emanate from low socioeconomic areas. Many are unidentified and may be either owned or semi-owned cats (cats cared for by someone who does not consider themselves the owner). In Australia, approximately 33% of cats entering shelters and pounds are euthanized annually, adversely affecting the mental health of staff involved. Our study investigated cat ownership and caregiving behaviors of cats enrolled in the Australian Pet Welfare Foundation's Community Cat Program, which included free sterilization, microchipping, and preventive healthcare. The suburbs targeted in Ipswich, Australia had a high per capita cat intake into animal shelters. We surveyed 1094 cat owners and semi-owners. Most cats were under 12 months old (79%), primarily domestic short-haired (69%), and acquired through informal channels such as friends, family, or as strays. Veterinary care was limited, with only 15% of cats having visited a veterinarian and 28% being vaccinated. Prior to hearing about the free sterilization program, 88.5% of participants identified as owners, while 11.5% were semi-owners. Before completing the survey, these semi-owners transitioned from an informal caregiving relationship to becoming owner of the cat/s. Of the semi-owners, 93% indicated that their transition to ownership was driven by feelings of responsibility, emotional attachment, and access to free sterilization services. These findings suggest that targeted interventions, such as accessible veterinary care and sterilization programs, are crucial in encouraging semi-owners to take full ownership of cats, improving cat welfare, and reducing unplanned breeding. Supporting this transition helps curb overpopulation and fosters improved caregiving, benefiting both cats and communities.

Determinants of energy conservation behaviour in small hospitality firms: application of the extended value belief norm theory

The study aims to investigate the energy conservation behaviour of owners and managers of small hospitality firms by incorporating social norms into an extended Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) model. In addition, the study examines the mediating effects of causal chain of the VBN model in the context of energy conservation behaviour. The world faces serious environmental challenges such as loss of biodiversity, pollution, depletion of natural resources and global warming. One of the causes of these environmental challenges is the production and consumption of energy by households and firms. The hospitality sector uses a significant amount of energy in its operation leading to negative environmental impacts. Reducing energy use will improve environmental and financial sustainability of hospitality firms. Energy conservation behaviour is one of the significant ways to reduce energy consumption. The study adopts the survey method for data collection and the respondents are conveniently sampled. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling is used for data analysis. Based on a dataset of 360 respondents, the study finds that the extended VBM model that includes social norms is applicable in explaining the energy conservation behaviour of owners/managers of small hospitality firms. The mediating effects of the causal chain of the VBN model are significant. The theoretical implication is the applicability of an extended VBN model that includes social norms to predict energy conservation behaviour. Recommendations on how to improve energy conservation behaviour include improving the level of awareness of ecological problems caused by energy consumption. The study aims to investigate the energy conservation behaviour of owners and managers of small hospitality firms by incorporating social norms into an extended Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) model. In addition, the study examines the mediating effects of causal chain of the VBN model in the context of energy conservation behaviour. The world faces serious environmental challenges such as loss of biodiversity, pollution, depletion of natural resources and global warming. One of the causes of these environmental challenges is the production and consumption of energy by households and firms. The hospitality sector uses a significant amount of energy in its operation leading to negative environmental impacts. Reducing energy use will improve environmental and financial sustainability of hospitality firms. Energy conservation behaviour is one of the significant ways to reduce energy consumption. The study adopts the survey method for data collection and the respondents are conveniently sampled. The Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling is used for data analysis. Based on a dataset of 360 respondents, the study finds that the extended VBM model that includes social norms is applicable in explaining the energy conservation behaviour of owners/managers of small hospitality firms. The mediating effects of the causal chain of the VBN model are significant. The theoretical implication is the applicability of an extended VBN model that includes social norms to predict energy conservation behaviour. Recommendations on how to improve energy conservation behaviour include improving the level of awareness of ecological problems caused by energy consumption.

Common Institutional Ownership and Auditor Risk Response

Based on the data of China's Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2021, this paper investigates the relationship between a company's common institutional ownership and auditors' risk response behavior. The study shows that common institutional ownership drives auditors to increase audit investment and audit fees, which supports the collusive fraud effect. Further analysis reveals that the effect of common institutional ownership on auditor risk response behavior is more pronounced in firms with a higher degree of industry competition as well as in state-owned enterprises, and that Big Four auditors will be more sensitive to the collusive fraud effect of common institutional ownership and respond to this risk mainly by increasing audit investment. This paper not only enriches the research literature on the factors influencing auditors' risk response behavior and the economic consequences of common institutional ownership but also sheds light on how to improve corporate governance and regulate the market order in practice.

Situational Analysis of Cat Ownership and Cat Caring Behaviors in a Community with High Shelter Admissions of Cats.

Managing stray cats in urban areas is an ongoing challenge, and in Australia, many are euthanized. Most stray cats are from disadvantaged areas and are under 1 year of age. The Australian Pet Welfare Foundation intended to assess the impact of a free cat sterilization program in an area with high shelter intake of cats in the city of Ipswich, Queensland. The aims of this pre-intervention study were to undertake a situational analysis of cat ownership, semi-ownership and cat caring behaviours, and compare those in the same demographic with dog ownership and caring behaviours relating to sterilization rates, to provide a basis against which to assess the program's effectiveness. In a sample of 343 participants from that area, 35% owned cats and 3% fed stray cats. Cats were predominantly obtained from family or friends (31%) and shelters (20%). More respondents owned dogs (53%), which were most often sourced from breeders (36%) and family acquaintances (24%). More owned cats than owned dogs were sterilized (91% versus 78%). However, only 74% of cats aged 4 to <12 months were sterilized. Cat containment practices varied, with 51% of owners containing their cat(s) at all times, and a further 18% doing so at night. These results suggest the need for community-based programs that focus on sterilizing owned and semi-owned cats, and assisting semi-owners in becoming full owners to reduce stray cat populations and associated negative impacts. This includes assistance with cat containment where vulnerable native species are present. Public understanding of the causes and effective solutions for free-roaming cats, alongside legislative changes, are required to facilitate these efforts. Assistive programs aligned with One Welfare principles are expected to benefit the wellbeing of animals, humans and their environments.

Firework aversion in cats and dogs as reported by Dutch animal owners

Firework (noise) aversion is seen in cats and dogs relatively often and comes with a risk of animal welfare impairment. Affected animals may show behaviours like freezing, hiding, fleeing, but also inappropriate elimination, loss of appetite and (social) withdrawal. In The Netherlands, firework regulation has been a much-debated topic and we aimed to provide insight into how owners in this country report on their cat's or dog's firework aversion. We gathered reports on 3,009 dogs’ and 622 cats’ firework-related behaviours, exposure, animal (early life) characteristics and owner (dis)agreement with statements relating to firework aversion and animal guidance. We hypothesized that 1) suboptimal early life factors come with higher prevalence of firework aversion and 2) owners that report less firework aversion for their animal, agree more to the statement that owner behaviour affects an animal's future reactions to firework. Our findings confirm the first hypothesis for dogs and the second hypothesis for both species. Firework affects Dutch cats, dogs and their owners not just on New Year's Eve, but for multiple months a year: 64% of the owners heard firework noise from September onwards. Suboptimal early life factors, of for instance not being noise habituated as a young animal came with higher prevalence of firework fear for dogs, but not cats and habituating particularly kittens seemed uncommon (4% of kittens). Advice seeking was more common for dogs (54%) than cats (23%) with firework aversion. For both species reporting of lasting effects of therapeutic interventions was uncommon. Less than 30% of the most often applied interventions were reported to have a lasting mitigating effect on firework aversion. This may indicate a high importance of hereditary and early life preventive measures, but our respondents were not in high agreement with statements reflecting such importance. Although our study presents associative evidence only and was based on owner report, not on direct animal observations, we present attention points for future studies. One such attention point is a seemingly low awareness of the lifelong influence of an animal's early life factors. Studying how such awareness affects people that opt for a puppy or kitten as to facilitate acquisition decisions that may or may not come with firework resilient animals, may ultimately benefit animals that were in this study seen to experience firework aversion for multiple months a year, with limited long-term effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

Pelatihan Digital Marketing Guna Meningkatkan Penjualan UMKM Kecap Manis

Sweet soy sauce MSMEs in Bantul Regency have great potential in supporting the local and national economy, but they have not yet optimally utilized digital technology for marketing. This study aims to improve the understanding and skills of sweet soy sauce MSMEs in Bantul in the field of digital marketing through comprehensive training. A qualitative method with a case study approach was used to explore the impact of the training on 15 MSMEs. The results showed an 80% increase in understanding and skills of MSMEs in utilizing digital platforms such as social media and e-commerce, as well as changes in the attitudes and behavior of MSME owners towards digital technology. A 30% increase in sales and market expansion were other positive impacts. However, understanding of online advertising still needs to be improved, with only 20% of MSMEs having a good understanding of it. This study recommends further training that is more specific and in-depth, as well as ongoing mentoring for MSMEs.

Predicting the Conservation Behaviour of Cat Owners: Involvement, Attitudes and Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Predicting the Conservation Behaviour of Cat Owners: Involvement, Attitudes and Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Islamic Values Amplify Entrepreneurial Confidence Through Self-Efficacy

This study examines the impact of Islamic values on the entrepreneurial behavior of Muslim business owners within the Nahdliyyin Entrepreneurs Association (HPN), with self-efficacy serving as an intervening variable. Using a quantitative approach, the research employs structural equation modeling – partial least square (SEM-PLS) and purposive sampling. Data was gathered from 92 Muslim entrepreneurs who met the criteria, through an online questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. The analysis was conducted using SmartPLS4 software. The findings reveal that both Islamic values and self-efficacy significantly and positively influence the entrepreneurial behavior of Muslim entrepreneurs. However, self-efficacy does not mediate the relationship between Islamic values and entrepreneurial behavior. These results suggest that while Islamic values and self-efficacy individually contribute to entrepreneurial behavior, the mediating role of self-efficacy may require further investigation. The study highlights the importance of fostering Islamic values and personal confidence to enhance entrepreneurial success.

Pengaruh Literasi Keuangan dan Self Efficacy Terhadap Perilaku Keuangan yang Dimoderasi Gender pada Owner UMKM di Desa Gintung Kerta

The focus objective this study is to find out The manner in which financial literacy and independence influence the financial behavior of small and medium enterprise (MSME) owners. in Gintung Kerta village which is gender moderated. This research is quantitative. This research involved the owners of 138 MSMEs in Gintung Kerta village, with a sample of 103 of them. Data was collected using a purposive sampling method. Questionnaire via gform and multiple regression analysis were used. The results of the study show that financial literacy significantly influences the financial actions of MSME owners in Gintung Kerta village, while self-efficacy also influences the financial behavior of MSME owners in Gintung Kerta village. Financial literacy and self-efficacy have a significant simultaneous influence on the financial behavior of MSME owners in Gintung Kerta village. Gender is unable to influence The impact of financial conduct on financial literacy among MSME owners in Gintung Kerta village. Gender is unable to influence self-efficacy on financial behavior among MSME owners in Gintung Kerta village

The impact of different PV system grid integration approaches on voltage profile, grid losses and behaviour of PV system owners

Distribution grids in individual countries inside the European Union have different properties, while the grid operators use different approaches to integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems into the grid, which influences the voltage profile, grid losses and grid’s hosting capability. This work deals with a 0.4 kV distribution gird characteristic for the Slovenian countryside. The grid users are relatively sparsely distributed in the space. The distances between them are relatively long, while the load distribution among individual phases is unbalanced. Three different approaches to the integration of PV into the grid are discussed. The one used before 2012 with the concentrated larger PV units placed close to the transformer busbars, the one introduced with a net-metering scheme where larger PV units are randomly distributed in the grid, and the one where smaller PV units are evenly distributed throughout the grid. The case study discusses the impacts of the three approaches on the proper voltage profile provision, network losses and behaviour of the PV system owners.

Everyday Misanthropy: Attitudes towards Owning a Dog as a Pet in Today's Serbia

Although the general thematic framework of this text is the relationship between humans and animals, the comments and testimonies about dogs presented in this text are, in fact, comments and testimonies about humans. Dog behavior represents a framework and an occasion for dealing with human behavior by commentators and respondents. It aims to highlight the inaction of what is being commented on or what is being said, whether it is seen through the perspective of people who own dogs, or that of people who do not and who consider the current practice of keeping them excessive. Not all comments and statements are unambiguously formulated according to the "for" and "against" principle of a given practice, but in spite of that, most of them have a clear value orientation in favor or against it. The commentators and respondents’ tendency to present their point of view as unbiased is the starting point of their discursive confrontation with the opinions and behaviors that they do not like. The final part of the procedure is the evaluation of other people in a way that it equates them with their attitudes: people are assessed based on the evaluation of how well their opinion aligns with the part of the worldview related to the specific topic being commented on by those who are evaluating. The purpose of the evaluation is to establish one's own statement about what the sociocultural normative should look like in terms of what is being commented on. The evaluation is based on personal views and experiences related to the behavior of the actors in the given practice – dogs and their owners – with the notion of what is culturally normal in this regard. The notion of cultural normality is based on what is perceived as common everyday interaction among people, guided by the idea of sociability, as well as on the knowledge of the legal regulations of the given area. The idea of the commentators and respondents is that it is possible to establish an ideal image of the behavior of dog owners, their pets, and the people they interact with in public in sociocultural everyday life. Respecting mutual needs in terms of using shared physical space, as well as maintaining hygiene in it, having a positive affective attitude towards both dogs and people, not disturbing others in any way, including unprovoked judgment, are the basic elements of this ideal image – regardless of the perspective from which it is viewed. Deviation from this in specific actions – whether it is not collecting feces after a dog's defecation, mocking dog owners for any reason, or anything else – is considered non-committal. Misanthropic attitudes, therefore, arise in the expected form of disdain for such behavior, or at least pointing out human mistakes.

A conciliatory and persuasive social campaign changes owner behavior to reduce cats' hunting

AbstractSolutions to the cats‐hunting‐wildlife environmental conflict could benefit from social science approaches. Our Theory of Planned Behavior questionnaire—informed by an elicitation survey of cat owners at veterinary clinics about their attitudes, norms, and beliefs regarding bringing their cats inside at night—surveyed 158 cat owners across 20 veterinarian clinics in four cities. It revealed that wildlife conservation was not influential on cat owner intention but veterinarians, cat safety, peers, and household members were. Thus, we designed a social marketing campaign with two treatments: (1) a veterinarian/cat safety message or (2) social/family norm message. Thirty‐four veterinary clinics received one of the two campaign posters or served as the control group. Customers (n = 510) received a “cat welfare” survey and then a pamphlet with the advocated message, and a follow‐up survey by email or telephone 3–6 weeks later (69% response rate). Campaign messaging significantly increased the number of cat owners who reported bringing their cats inside at night compared to the control group. The social/family norm message was most effective. Although rudimentary, the campaign generated measurable changes in cat owner intention and behavior. Conservation campaigns informed by co‐benefits for cat owners may reduce cats' hunting and be conciliatory ways of transcending environmental conflict.

Coordinated Charging Scheduling Approach for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Multi-Objective Weighting Control in a Large-Scale Future Smart Grid

The growing popularity of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is due to their environmental advantages. But uncoordinated charging of a large number of PHEVs can lead to a significant surge in peak loads and higher charging costs for PHEV owners. To end this, this paper introduces an innovative approach to address the issue by proposing a multi-objective weighting control for coordinated charging of PHEVs in a future smart grid, which aims to find an economically optimal solution while also considering load stabilization with large-scale PHEV penetration. Technical constraints related to the owner’s demand and power limitations are considered. In the proposed approach, the charging behavior of PHEV owners is modeled by a normal distribution. It is observed that owners typically start charging their vehicles when they arrive home and stop charging when they go to their workplace. The charging cost is then calculated based on the tiered electricity price and charging power. By adjusting the cost weighting factor and the load stability weighting factor in the multi-objective function, the grid allows for flexible weight selection between the two objectives. This approach effectively encourages owners to actively participate in coordinated charging scheduling, which sets it apart from existing works. The algorithm offers better robustness and adaptability for large-scale PHEV penetration, making it highly relevant for the future smart grid. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the desirable performance of theory and simulation.

ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR AND MOTIVATIONAL SOURCES OF ORNAMENTAL NURSERY OWNERS

The ornamental nursery owners are small- or large-scale entrepreneurs who raise and market their ornamental plant commodities. The ornamental nursery is an enterprise undertaken by a nursery owner to gain self-employment and earn some profit. The present study was conducted using an ex-post facto research design in four talukas of the Navsari district of South Gujarat namely Khergam, Chikhli, Gandevi and Vansda during the year 2022-23. From each selected taluka 25 respondents were randomly selected. Thus, for the present study total of 100 sample size was obtained. The study was conducted to find out the entrepreneurial behaviour and motivational sources for the ntrepreneurial behaviour of ornamental nursery owners of the study area. The entrepreneurial behaviour of ornamental nursery owners was assessed from risk orientation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness and decision-making ability. The study revealed that the majority of ornamental nurseries had a medium level of entrepreneurial behaviour. The study also revealed that the majority of ornamental nursery owners had a medium level of risk orientation, achievement motivation, scientific orientation, management orientation, innovativeness and decision-making ability. Additionally, the study revealed that among the six components of entrepreneurial behaviour management orientation contributed the highest in calculating entrepreneurial behaviour, followed by scientific orientation, risk orientation, achievement motivation, decision-making ability and innovativeness based on their mean percentage ranking. The study further revealed that less than half of the ornamental nursery owners had progressive nursery owners, followed by self and neighbours/friends/relatives as their motivational sources for entrepreneurial behaviour.

The Influence of Ownership Concentration on Sustainable Merger and Acquisition Performance: Navigating Principal Conflicts in the Korean Market

This study examines the dynamics of owner behavior, agency costs, and M&amp;A outcomes in the Korean market, aiming to explore how ownership concentration influences conflicts among principal groups and impacts M&amp;A performance. Using empirical data from Korean M&amp;A transactions, we analyze the effects of ownership concentration and cash payment preferences on firm value. Our findings indicate that while ownership concentration can reduce owner–manager conflicts, it heightens principal–principal conflicts, especially with moderate ownership, weak governance, or financial distress. Control-focused owners prefer cash payments, which can lower acquiring firm announcement returns under high ownership concentrations. Effective governance is crucial for fostering responsible decision-making and sustainable practices in M&amp;As. This research underscores the importance of balanced ownership structures and robust governance mechanisms in mitigating agency conflicts and promoting sustainable M&amp;A performance.

A case for race and space in auto ownership modeling: A Los Angeles County study

Auto ownership behavior is driven by complex relationships that can vary dramatically across different traveler groups and communities. Differences in auto ownership among racial groups have been of particular interest, given ongoing efforts to advance equity in transportation outcomes. There are a number of studies documenting racial disparities in auto ownership associated with racial and ethnic residential clustering, termed “automobile mismatch.” Yet, these differences in auto ownership behavior by race and residential location are virtually never considered in models of travel behavior, despite calls for the consideration for race in transportation planning and decision making. This study aims to bridge the gap between understandings of the connections between race and space and transportation outcomes, using Los Angeles County as a case study. A series of auto ownership model specifications are used to investigate statistical connections between the racial and ethnic categories of residents, and neighborhoods, revealing systematic variations across racial and spatial dimensions. The composite model, which includes racial and spatial indicators, outperforms the base model, suggesting that the inclusion of race and space explains significantly more information on variations in auto ownership and provides a superior fit to the data. Our findings also suggest that the exclusion of racial and spatial indicators may lead to overestimation of certain effects, and may completely misrepresent the importance of certain household, individual-level, and built environment effects in explaining auto ownership preferences. Given the increasing attention to equity and representation in transportation outcomes, models that exclude considerations for race and space may be poorly positioned to support meaningful transportation equity analyses.

Exploring smartphone ownership, patient behaviour, and potential bias in wearables research for atrial fibrillation

Abstract Background Wearable sensors enable patient-led atrial fibrillation (AF) monitoring after catheter ablation (CA). Investigating smartphone ownership and patient behavior may provide insights into wearables research applicability. Understanding engagement and preferences could inform study design and care pathways. Objective To explore smartphone ownership, socio-economic factors, and behavior among individuals screened for the AFFU-AW study; a randomized controlled trial evaluating Apple Watch (AW)-based follow-up after AF CA. The impact of AW provision on patient behavior was also assessed. Methods Patients with AW-compatible iPhone-Operating System (iOS) devices were invited to participate (case arm), while non-enrolled patients served as controls. Demographics, race, and socio-economic status were surveyed at screening. Engagement and perceived impact were assessed in the case arm. Results Of 197 patients screened, 90 (46%) were ineligible due to smartphone incompatibility, 9 (5%) had no household smartphone. Controls were older (62.4±9.2 vs 57.4±9.8, p&amp;lt;0.01) but exhibited no significant gender or ethnicity differences. (table 1) Among AW users, 7 (17%) required additional assistance for device setup, and all subsequently recorded ECGs independently. 23 (57.5%) participants recorded daily ECGs. 30 (73.2%) reported reduced likelihood of seeking medical attention for AF. However, 2 (4%) reported increased likelihood. Participants in the control arm used blood pressure monitors for AF self-monitoring (33.3%). (fig 1). Conclusion Smartphone ownership is prevalent among AF CA patients. Cross-platform compatibility for wearable interventions is important to address potential biases. A majority of patients felt AW monitoring reduced medical attendances, highlighting the potential for wearables to enhance patient-led care. However, a small proportion reported increased health anxiety, indicating a need for tailored support and education.Figure 1:AF monitoring strategyTable 1:Baseline Characteristics

Disentangling the coping process in White rural men who carry guns.

Affluent White rural men have the highest rates of gun ownership in the United States. However, few studies have specifically examined reasons and motivations for gun ownership and gun behaviors in this population. Therefore, this study sought to examine the relationship between stress variables, namely masculine gender role stress, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and income level, and subsequent pro-gun beliefs and amount of time an individual carried a gun within this population. Results indicated that only two measures of pro-gun beliefs (i.e., believing guns keep one safe, believing guns are present in one's social sphere) were correlated with percentage of time an individual carried. Additionally, ACEs were positively correlated with believing guns influence how others perceive oneself, levels of masculine gender role stress, and income. These results suggest that White rural gun owners who have increased ACEs have decreased income and tend to believe that owning guns impacts their social status with peers. However, increased ACEs do not influence belief about guns keeping one safe, believing guns are present in one's social sphere, or gun carriage. Instead, White rural gun owners without childhood adversity may be more susceptible to believing their safety depends on guns and belongingness within their social sphere. Future research should assess reasons why affluent White rural men find it important to maintain their safety in the context of gun ownership.