Own Limitations In Terms Research Articles

Weathered coal-based carbon dots modified by organic amine for enhanced crystallinity and toughness of poly(lactic acid) film

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has its own limitations in terms of slow crystallization rate and low crystallinity during processing, resulting in poor toughness and thermal stability, which seriously restricts the practical application of PLA. Blending nanoparticles into the PLA matrix is an effective way to improve PLA crystallization. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by green oxidation using weathered coal as carbon source and then surface-modified with dodecylamine (DDA) and octadecylamine (ODA). Modified CDs (MCDs)/PLA composite films were prepared using MCDs as filler to improve the crystallinity and toughness of PLA films. The results showed that the improvement effect of ODA-modified CDs (ODACDs) was better than that of DDA-modified CDs (DDACDs). The crystallinity of PLA composite film (0.05 wt% ODACDs) was increased from 7.20% (pure PLA film) to 35.44%, and its elongation at break was increased by 5.01 times compared with that of the pure PLA film. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the thermal stability of MCDs/PLA films was also improved. The results of simultaneous rheology and in-situ FTIR analysis as well as molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that MCDs had a strong interaction with PLA molecules, which promoted the crystallization of PLA film, thereby improving its toughness and thermal stability.

H2S scavenging performance and rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids comprising ZIF-67

Exposure to the toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas during oilfield operations carries serious health and safety concerns, in addition to significant economic losses resulting from the corrosion and potential failures of the handling equipment. Although there are several H2S scavengers reported in the literature or commercially available, they have their own limitations in terms of efficacy, toxicity, and/or environmental impact, among others. Thus, we report herein, for the first time, the H2S scavenging performance of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) nanoparticles (NPs) and its effect on the rheological and fluid loss properties of water-based drilling mud. The synthesized ZIF-67 material was characterized using different characterization techniques. The incorporation of the ZIF-67 NPs into the drilling fluids was found to significantly enhance the H2S scavenging performance, where the breakthrough and saturation capacities in the presence of 1 wt.% ZIF-67 NPs were more than 2300 and 495%, respectively, higher than those obtained using the base drilling mud. The remarkable H2S scavenging performance of the ZIF-67 NPs in the drilling fluid can be attributed to their unique structural properties, abundant uncoordinated open metal (Co(II)) sites, high surface area, and the presence of active surface nitrogen functional groups. The fluid loss and rheological properties of the base drilling mud were not compromised by the addition of ZIF-67 NPs. Contrarily, the addition of ZIF-67 improved the plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), yield point (YP), carrying capacity, and gel strength (GS) of the based mud. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published studies so far on H2S scavenging using any ZIF material while submerged in a liquid phase or incorporated into a drilling fluid, highlighting the novelty and significance of this work.

Assessing neutral transport mechanisms in aspect ratio dependent etching by means of experiments and multiscale plasma modeling

Since the onset of pattern transfer technologies for chip manufacturing, various strategies have been developed to circumvent or overcome aspect ratio dependent etching (ARDE). These methods have, however, their own limitations in terms of etch non-idealities, throughput or costs. Moreover, they have mainly been optimized for individual in-device features and die-scale patterns, while occasionally ending up with poor patterning of metrology marks, affecting the alignment and overlay in lithography. Obtaining a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ARDE and how to mitigate them therefore remains a relevant challenge to date, for both marks and advanced nodes. In this work, we accordingly assessed the neutral transport mechanisms in ARDE by means of experiments and multiscale modeling for SiO2 etching with CHF3/Ar and CF4/Ar plasmas. The experiments revealed a local maximum in the etch rate for an aspect ratio around unity, i.e. the simultaneous occurrence of regular and inverse reactive ion etching lag for a given etch condition. We were able to reproduce this ARDE trend in the simulations without taking into account charging effects and the polymer layer thickness, suggesting shadowing and diffuse reflection of neutrals as the primary underlying mechanisms. Subsequently, we explored four methods with the simulations to regulate ARDE, by varying the incident plasma species fluxes, the amount of polymer deposition, the ion energy and angular distribution and the initial hardmask sidewall angle, for which the latter was found to be promising in particular. Although our study focusses on feature dimensions characteristic to metrology marks and back-end-of-the-line integration, the obtained insights have a broader relevance, e.g. to the patterning of advanced nodes. Additionally, this work supports the insight that physisorption may be more important in plasma etching at room temperature than originally thought, in line with other recent studies, a topic on which we recommend further research.

A novel high throughput plate-based method for 2-PE quantification in novel multidose vaccines (R21 malaria, Covishield and Covovax) and combination vaccines (Hexavalent).

Multidose presentation of vaccines is the most preferred choice, for mass immunization particularly during pandemics. WHO also recommends multidose containers of fill finished vaccines for programmatic suitability and global immunizations programmes. However, multidose vaccine presentations requires inclusion of preservatives to prevent contaminations. 2-Phenoxy ethanol (2-PE) is one such preservative which is being used in numerous cosmetics and many vaccines recently. Estimation of 2-PE content in multidose vials is a crucial quality control parameter to ensure in use stability of the vaccines. Presently available conventional methods, have their own limitation in terms of being time consuming, requiring sample extraction, large sample volume requirement etc. Therefore, a robust, simple, high-throughput method with a low turnaround time was required, which can quantitate 2-PE content in the conventional combination vaccines as well as new generation complex VLP based vaccines. In order to address this issue, a novel absorbance-based method has been developed. This novel method specifically detects 2-PE content in Matrix M1 adjuvanted R21 malaria vaccine, nano particle and viral vector based covid vaccines and combination vaccines like Hexavalent vaccine. The method has been validated for parameters such as linearity, accuracy and precision. Importantly, this method works even in presence of high amounts of proteins and residual DNA. Considering the advantages associated with method under study, this method can be used as an important in process or release quality parameter to estimate the 2-PE content in various vaccines containing 2-PE in multidose presentations.

Garden cress oil as a vegan source of PUFA: Achieving through optimized supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

With more people shifting to healthier and environment-friendly lifestyles, the vegan diet has recently gained popularity. Nevertheless, this kind of diet comes with its own limitations in terms of adequate availability of nutrients, for example, essential fatty acids. The primary source for these includes fish and other marine animals, hence not accepted by the vegan population. The plant source is limited. The present work focuses on exploring garden cress (GC) seed oil - an easily available seed, with considerable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Conventionally, Soxhlet extraction of vegetable oils is done using solvents like hexane. However, selective extraction of PUFA, phytosterols, and tocopherols could be done by supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction of oil from the GC seeds with proper optimization of extraction parameters. The PUFA content was found to be 38% in the case of oil extracted with n-hexane. This was enriched to nearly 50% PUFA, when extracted at 350 bar pressure, 60 °C temperature, and 30 g/min flow rate in case of SC-CO2 extraction. At similar conditions, even tocopherol contents were improved significantly from 486 to 1138 ppm. Further, oil enriched with unsaponifiable matter (2.3%) containing major phytosterols like campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and isofucosterol was obtained at 20 g/min flow rate itself. Another major advantage of SC-CO2 extraction is the selective extraction of oil from the seed, leaving behind the phospholipids. This in turn eliminates one step of refining, thereby making the process economically viable. The use of co-solvents resulted in nutritionally enriched GC seed oil at a pressure of 250 bar. It is quite evident from the findings of this study that, careful selection of process parameters of SC-CO2 extraction of GC seed oil can result in a nutritionally enriched vegan source of PUFA, using an emerging cleaner and greener technology. Industrial relevanceThere is a huge demand for newer vegan sources of PUFA. GC seed oil can be one of them. This investigation aimed at process development for extracting PUFA and tocopherol, phytosterol enriched GC oil using eco-friendly SC-CO2 extraction. SC-CO2 extraction is becoming more popular and the economic feasibility is proven for the higher scale of operation. As this oil can be encapsulated and sold at a reasonably good price, this work has significant industrial relevance.

Complex Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Sets over AG-Groupoids with Applications in Civil Engineering

Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS), Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFS), and q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFS) are among those concepts which are widely used in real-world applications. However, these theories have their own limitations in terms of membership and non-membership functions, as they cannot be obtained from the whole unit plane. To overcome these restrictions, we developed the concept of a complex linear Diophantine fuzzy set (CLDFS) by generalizing the notion of a linear Diophantine fuzzy set (LDFS). This concept can be applied to real-world decision-making problems involving complex uncertain information. The main motivation behind this paper is to study the applications of CLDFS in a non-associative algebraic structure (AG-groupoid), which has received less attention as compared to associative structures. We characterize a strongly regular AG-groupoid in terms of newly developed CLDF-score left (right) ideals and CLDF-score (0,2)-ideals. Finally, we construct a novel approach to decision-making problems based on the proposed CLDF-score ideals, and some practical examples from civil engineering are considered to demonstrate the flexibility and clarity of the initiated CLDF-score ideals.

Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnose using Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN)

Fast and accurate diagnosis of the diseases consider one of the major challenges in giving proper treatment. Different techniques have their own limitations in terms of accuracy and time. Neural network technique used as a powerful discriminating classifier for tasks in medical diagnosis for early detection of diseases. It had already been applied in diagnose many diseases, like chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is one of the leading causes of death contributed by other illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, lupus, anemia or weak bones that lead to bone fractures. In this paper, a deep learning method to perform a both feature extraction and the classification for CKD detection using Radial Basis Function Network as activation function . This network has great ability of accurate and speed diagnosing, so it is useful to use it in medicine to give the doctors or medical team the right diagnoses. Better performance in terms of accuracy, specificity and sensitivity will be selected as classification model. To test the performance of RBF model, a CDK dataset is employed which contains the clinical manifestations of six diseases as a sample. After applying training method, the network will match these manifestations with the manifestations obtained from sample patients to decide right disease which was entered to the program, the result, shows good performance, low error ratio, high accuracy.

Comparative analysis of background EEG activity based on MRI findings in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a standardized, low-resolution, brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) study

BackgroundIt is important to assess the degree of brain injury and predict long-term outcomes in neonates diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, routine studies, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and conventional encephalography (EEG) or amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG), have their own limitations in terms of availability and accuracy of evaluation. Recently, quantitative EEG (qEEG) has been shown to improve the predictive reliability of neonatal HIE and has been further refined with brain mapping techniques.MethodsWe investigated background EEG activities in 29 neonates with HIE who experienced therapeutic hypothermia, via qEEG using a distributed source model. MRI images were evaluated and classified into two groups (normal-to-mild injury vs moderate-to-severe injury), based on a scoring system. Non-parametric statistical analysis using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography was performed to compare the current density distribution of four frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta) between the two groups.ResultsElectrical neuronal activities were significantly lower in the moderate-to-severe injury group compared with the normal-to-mild injury group. Background EEG activities in moderate-to-severe HIE were most significantly reduced in the temporal and parietal lobes. Quantitative EEG also revealed a decrease in background activity at all frequency bands, with a maximum in decrease in the delta component. The maximum difference in current density was found in the inferior parietal lobule of the right parietal lobe for the delta frequency band.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated quantitative and topographical changes in EEG in moderate-to-severe neonatal HIE. They also suggest possible implementation and evaluation of conventional EEG and aEEG in neonatal HIE. The findings have implications as biomarkers in the assessment of neonatal HIE.

Accurate Location Estimation of Smart Dusts Using Machine Learning

Traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are not suitable for rough terrains that are difficult or impossible to access by humans. Smart dust is a technology that works with the combination of many tiny sensors which is highly useful for obtaining remote sensing information from rough terrains. The tiny sensors are sprinkled in large numbers on rough terrains using airborne distribution through drones or aircraft without manually setting their locations. Although it is clear that a number of remote sensing applications can benefit from this technology, but the small size of smart dust fundamentally restricts the integration of advanced hardware on tiny sensors. This raises many challenges including how to estimate the location of events sensed by the smart dusts. Existing solutions on estimating the location of events sensed by the smart dusts are not suitable for monitoring rough terrains as these solutions depend on relay sensors and laser patterns which have their own limitations in terms of power constraint and uneven surfaces. The study proposes a novel machine learning based localization algorithm for estimating the location of events. The approach utilizes timestamps (time of arrival) of sensed events received at base stations by assembling them into a multi-dimensional vector and input to a machine learning classifier for estimating the location. Due to the unavailability of real smart dusts, we built a simulator for analysing the accuracy of the proposed approach for monitoring forest fire. The experiments on the simulator show reasonable accuracy of the approach.

Estimation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function: implication of low to high suction measurements

Establishment of the relationship between soil suction and water content, commonly termed as soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC), is of prime importance in the field of unsaturated soil mechanics. There are several instruments available that can be used to measure the SWCC of soil, but every suction measuring device has its own limitations in terms of its suction measurement range. Therefore, the preciseness of the estimated unsaturated soil properties largely depends on the range of suction measurements and the type of instruments used. The primary objective of this study is to quantify the error that can occur during the estimation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function (UHCF) from SWCC for low plastic soils. Experiments were performed to investigate the influence of different suction measurement devices on the estimated UHCF for four different soils with varying clay content. A dew point potentiometer (WP4) and a miniature tensiometer (T5) have been used in this study for the suction measurement. The SWCC of the selected soils were predicted mathematically using a commonly used pedo-transfer function (PTF). The experimental results clearly indicated that the sole use of WP4 overestimated the SWCC parameters, as well as UHCF (overestimation in the conductivity value is in order of 104 times). Rather, a combination of T5 and WP4 data, within their accurate range, provides a more precise estimation of UHCF. Further, the accuracy of the PTF was found very effective for low plastic soils with a relatively low percentage of clay (% clay < 10), in the absence of any experimental data.

Major Molecular Signaling Pathways in Oral Cancer Associated With Therapeutic Resistance.

Oral cancer is a sub-category of head and neck cancers that primarily initiates in the oral cavity. The primary treatment option for oral cancer remains surgery but it is associated with massive disfigurement, inability to carry out normal oral functions, psycho-social stress and exhaustive rehabilitation. Other treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have their own limitations in terms of toxicity, intolerance and therapeutic resistance. Immunological treatments to enhance the body's ability to recognize cancer tissue as a foreign entity are also being used but they are new and underdeveloped. Although substantial progress has been made in the treatment of oral cancer, its complex heterogeneous nature still needs to be explored, to elucidate the molecular basis for developing resistance to therapeutic agents and how to overcome it, with the aim of improving the chances of patients' survival and their quality of life. This review provides an overview of up-to-date information on the complex role of the major molecules and associated signaling, epigenetic changes, DNA damage repair systems, cancer stem cells and micro RNAs in the development of therapeutic resistance and treatment failure in oral cancer. We have also summarized the current strategies being developed to overcome these therapeutic challenges. This review will help not only researchers but also oral oncologists in the management of the disease and in developing new therapeutic modalities.

Conventional radiotherapy planning of cervical cancer in resource-constrained set-up: Utilizing soldering lead wire to delineate radiotherapy portal

Simulator for radiotherapy planning may not be available in resource-constrained set-up. Surface anatomy based planning has its own limitation in terms of adequately covering target due to variation of anatomy and tumor growth and spread pattern. Hence, improvisation of radiotherapy planning of cervical cancer, commonest malignancy among women in this set-up, utilizing locally available resource may improve treatment quality.Soldering lead wire, plumber’s measuring tape, diagnostic x-ray and transpore adhesive tape were utilized to delineate radiotherapy portals for management of cervical cancer. Delineation of radiotherapy portals for irradiation of different regions in selected patients of carcinoma cervix is feasible in resource-constrained set-up. Radiotherapy delivery by conventional 2-D technique through the portal designed by utilizing soldering lead wire and diagnostic x-ray was achievable. Radiotherapy portal so delineated need to be validated in future clinical studies.

Multidisciplinary Approach to Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Traumatically Lost Mandibular Anterior Teeth using Onlay Graft, Laser and Dental Implants: A Case Report

Traumatic injuries are a primary cause of anterior tooth loss and associated soft and hard tissues damage. Management of lost teeth necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. While the simplest approach in such cases remains that of a Removable Partial Denture (RPD), problems with support and retention can often lead to functional limitations and patient discomfort. Further, patients generally prefer to have a fixed solution over a removable prosthesis. Conventional bridgework also does not provide with suitable replacement in patients with large edentulous spans, thereby, leaving dental implants as the only predictable rehabilitation option. Dental implants present with their own limitations in terms of need for sufficient bone volume for optimum biomechanical foundation for implant placement, adequate space between present teeth and vestibule depth to avoid impingement of the placed implant. This present report illustrates a case of 24-year-old male patient who experienced Road Traffic Accident (RTA) leading to multiple injuries and loss of permanent mandibular anterior teeth. Being dissatisfied with his current removable prosthesis, implant-based treatment was planned. Various clinical findings indicated towards need for onlay grafting and laser assisted periodontal surgery. Thus, a staged multidisciplinary approach was adopted. Postoperative clinical and radiographic findings showed clinically successful treatment. The patient too was satisfied with prosthesis functionality and achieved aesthetics.

Making a Website to Support Online-Based Promotion Activities at Small and Medium Enterprises on Tasikmalaya [Pembuatan Website Untuk Menunjang Kegiatan Promosi Berbasis Online di UKM Tasikmalaya

Community development is aimed at increasing the sales of Berliner Brotfabrik Konditorei through expanding market access, namely website creation. Berliner Brotfabrik Konditorei in his promotion has already used online media such as Facebook and Instagram. But in promotion using Facebook has its own limitations in terms of layout and aesthetic value and information provided. As with the website, which can easily make product information and catalogs of rows of menus that are packaged in an attractive, effective and detailed manner, making it easy to update product information and even directly transact without having to face to face. The method used in this PKM is Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), namely by providing training, assisting, and providing guidance to the community who are partners in community service. This activity is programmed and structured. This method was used by the Team to develop an action plan and readiness for the industrial community in this case the manager of Berliner Brotfabrik Konditorei. This community service produces a positive value where making a website at Berliner Brotfabrik Konditorei Tasikmalaya can support promotional activities. This can be seen from the results of sales increasing by 35% from before using the website.

The Policy Review Related to Supporting Families of People with Mental Health Problems in Indonesia

Government policies and legislation can in fl uence the mental health of the population, including the families of people with serious mental illnesses. Recently, mental health policies in Indonesia have focused on human right of the individuals with mental illnesses, and this may explain why there has been little emphasis on supporting families in Indonesia. A policy review was conducted to identify the government guidance related to the directives for mental health services to support the families of people with serious mental illnesses in the country. A systematic review approach was undertaken for 16 relevant documents related to policies, standards, and guidelines of mental health services for the families of people with serious mental illnesses in Indonesia. The fi ndings of this policy review suggest that there are signi fi cant challenges for mental health services in Indonesia to support the families on behalf of their needs and wellbeing. The crux of the matter is that there have been policies that should be useful to professional, families and services users, yet problems to access these documents may exist. The information from the policy review can enhance the understanding about current mental health services in Indonesia. It is also a valuable source to direct an investigation about what Indonesian families want from the services. This study expects recommendations to respond to the needs which are practical and realistic based on the country’s own limitations in terms of policy support and information access.

Design and Fabrication of Small Vertical-Take-Off-Landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Modern UAVs available in the market have well-developed to cater to the countless field of application. UAVs have their own limitations in terms of flight range and manoeuvrability. The traditional fixed-wing UAVs can fly for long distance but require runways or wide-open spaces for take-off and landing. On the other hand, the more trending multirotor UAVs are extremely manoeuvrable but cannot be used for long-distance flights because of their slower speeds and relatively higher consumption of energy. This study proposed the implementation of hybrid VTOL UAV which has the manoeuvring advantage of a multirotor UAV while having the ability to travel fast to reach a further distance. The design methodology and fabrication method are discussed extensively which would be followed by a number of flight tests to prove the concept. The proposed UAV would be equipped with quadcopter motors and a horizontal thrust motor for vertical and horizontal flight modes respectively.

A Comprehensive IoT Attacks Survey based on a Building-blocked Reference Model

Internet of Things (IoT) has not yet reached a distinctive definition. A generic understanding of IoT is that it offers numerous services in many domains, utilizing conventional internet infrastructure by enabling different communication patterns such as human-to-object, object-to-objects, and object-to-object. Integrating IoT objects into the standard Internet, however, has unlocked several security challenges, as most internet technologies and connectivity protocols have been specifically designed for unconstrained objects. Moreover, IoT objects have their own limitations in terms of computation power, memory and bandwidth. IoT vision, therefore, has suffered from unprecedented attacks targeting not only individuals but also enterprises, some examples of these attacks are loss of privacy, organized crime, mental suffering, and the probability of jeopardizing human lives. Hence, providing a comprehensive classification of IoT attacks and their available countermeasures is an indispensable requirement. In this paper, we propose a novel four-layered IoT reference model based on building blocks strategy, in which we develop a comprehensive IoT attack model composed of four key phases. First, we have proposed IoT asset-based attack surface, which consists of four main components: 1) physical objects, 2) protocols covering whole IoT stack, 3) data, and 4) software. Second, we describe a set of IoT security goals. Third, we identify IoT attack taxonomy for each asset. Finally, we show the relationship between each attack and its violated security goals, and identify a set of countermeasures to protect each asset as well. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that attempts to provide a comprehensive IoT attacks model based on a building-blocked reference model.

Modeling Stream Bank Erosion: Practical Stream Results and Future Needs

Coupled two-dimensional (2D) morphodynamic and bank erosion models are gaining attentions in recent years. It has been shown that such models have advantages over the one-dimensional (1D) modeling approaches. In this paper, a previous 2D bank erosion model with the moving mesh method is extended to include the fixed mesh approach. Further, two practical streams with differing complexity are simulated to demonstrate the extended model. Both the moving mesh and fixed mesh methods are used in the modeling. The model consists of two components: a 2D flow and mobile-bed model for vertical bed changes and hydraulic forces acting on a bank and a lateral bank retreat model. The 2D vertical model and the lateral bank erosion model are coupled together spatially and temporally through a special procedure and a common mesh. With the experiences gained with practical stream modeling, the modeling procedure and key model input parameters are described. The study shows that the moving and fixed mesh methods together make the extended bank erosion model numerically robust and capable of predicting both the vertical bed changes and the lateral stream bank erosion for complex streams. Each individual method, however, has its own limitations in terms of model accuracy and efficiency. The moving mesh works well if bank retreat is relatively small, e.g., less than one channel width, and produces more accurate results than the fixed mesh method. The fixed mesh may be needed for ensuring numerical stability if a bank may be subject to significant retreat (e.g., more than one channel width). The fixed mesh method, however, is less accurate than the moving mesh method and a much refined mesh may be needed. Both methods need future research and improvements in terms of their model accuracy.

Improvement on the Neo-umbilicoplasty Technique and Review of the Literature.

The umbilicus is an important component of body esthetics, and its absence or dysmorphia may give rise to psychological discomfort, making it a common concern in surgical planning. Many techniques of umbilicus reconstruction have been proposed, each with its own limitations in terms of esthetics, risk of stenosis or final positioning. Reconstruction techniques may involve skin grafting, cartilage, purse-string suture and flaps. One of the most promising approaches is scarless neo-umbilicoplasty. To improve the technique of neo-umbilicoplasty, creating a deeper and more natural-looking umbilicus, and propose a reoperation technique for shallow umbilici. The sample consisted of 108 patients aged 25-67years submitted to abdominoplasty and scarless neo-umbilicoplasty under epidural anesthesia performed by the same surgeon and at the same hospital between July 2013 and October 2015. Follow-up lasted from 6 to 24months. The new umbilici were scarless. Many different techniques may be used to reconstruct the umbilicus. The main purpose is to create an adequately localized structure with a natural, youthful appearance and minimal scarring. To do so, we used ten (rather than six) attachment stitches and mobilized the adipose tissue toward the center of the new umbilicus to achieve greater depth, even in lean patients. Techniques which involve suturing the umbilical stalk onto the incised skin of the abdominal flap tend to produce unesthetic results, such as visible scars and umbilical skin islands of varying size. Scarless neo-umbilicoplasty does not require suture removal and poses no risk of dehiscence, secretion or umbilical stenosis, as observed with other techniques. The localization of the new umbilicus in the space between the rectus abdominis muscles, the use of ten rather than six stitches and the mobilization of the adipose tissue toward the periumbilical area constitute an improvement on the neo-umbilicoplasty technique. The resulting umbilici were scarless and very natural-looking. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Tata Corus Deal - Where Did They Go Wrong?

Since the beginning of the 21st century, acquisitions have become an exclusive trend in the global steel industry. This is clear evident from the increasingly growing number of deal values through mergers&acquisitions resulting with more corporate integration especially with existing undertaking of intense globalization. Indian steel companies have emerged among the largest steel producers in the world by keeping their footprint in global steel map. Some Indian companies like Mittal steel, Tata steel, have made significant overseas acquisitions including Arcelor by Mittal, and Corus by Tata steel as efforts to internationalize their operations, by analysing the competitive dynamics on the global stage. The following study focuses on the key motive drivers and evaluates the impact of Corus acquisition by Tata steel from being perceived as a win-win deal to a deal from hell. This case study is based on secondary data including company reports, financial performances, newspapers articles, magazines, and the web. This case has been analysed from two different perspectives i.e., the strategic approach and the financial approach. Since the study is based on secondary data, it has its own limitations in terms of those aspects which are not revealed by the companies and the other information which though are in the public domain have certain biases attached.