Overweight In Preschool Children Research Articles

Health endangering overweight in preschool children

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is the dominant diagnostic parameter for obesity, but its suitability is controversial. Physical fitness (PF) can be used as an indicator for unhealthy body composition. Objectives: To characterize groups of overweight children via different anthropometric parameters and their respective PF. Sample and Methods: Anthropometric measurements (BMI, waist circumference (WC), skinfold thickness (SF), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were assessed in 147 preschool children (age 4.7 ± 1.8 years) at 12 German Kindergartens. Measurements were related to a field battery for PF, assessing musculoskeletal fitness and motor fitness. Results: All anthropometric measurements characterize different children as overweight, only four children are classified as overweight by all measurements. Children with elevated triceps SF alone or in combination with high subscapular SF or WC but not BMI showed lower PF compared with non-overweight children (long jump (p < 0.001), high jump (p = 0.002), shuttle run (p = 0.032)). Conclusions: Triceps SF measuring peripheral fat mass alone and in combination with parameters of central fat might be an effective method to detect poor PF indicating health impairing overweight in 3- to 6-year-old children while preventive examinations should not be placed exclusively on the BMI.

The role of maternal health beliefs in prevention of preschoolers' obesity.

Childhood obesity is one of the most serious global public health challenges of the 21st century, affecting every country in the world. Mothers' beliefs and perceptions about their children's obesity and overweight are key to obesity prevention. Given the importance of this issue, the present study aimed to determine perceptions and beliefs of mothers' nutritional behaviors related to overweight preschool children. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 mothers of preschool children with health records who were referred to child health assessment centers. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the health belief model. SPSS19 was used for data analysis. P < 0.05 was considered significant. The participants (350) included 52% 25-36 years old, and 57.3% live in rural areas. There was a significant difference in the mean perceived susceptibility between mothers with obese children and normal-weight children (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive relationship between severity and perceived benefits and a significant negative relationship with mothers' knowledge. There was also a significant negative relationship between self-efficacy and perceived barriers (P > 0.05). The results of this study showed that maternal health beliefs were effective in the formation of obesity prevention behaviors in children. In this regard, educational interventions can play an important role in the proper practice of such behaviors.

The Relationship Between Fundamental Movement Skills, Body Composition, and Flat Feet in Children Aged 3-6 Years

Background and Aims Children have a very high ability to learn. With correct planning, we can provide conditions for them to perform various movement patterns to increase their motor skills and thus reduce the risk of skeletal injuries and obesity. This study aims to investigate the relationship between fundamental movement skills, body composition, and flat feet in children. Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study on 50 healthy children (girls and boys) aged 3-6 (mean age: 5.13±0.831 years) who were selected using a convenience sampling method from Novak Kindergarten in Tehran, Iran. To evaluate the fundamental movement skills, Ulrich (2015)’s test of gross motor development was used. The InBody 270 device was used to examine the body composition, and a digital photo scanner was used to evaluate the flat feet deformity. Data analysis was performed by using the Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS software, version 24. P≤.0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The results showed a negative and significant relationship of body weight (P=0.001), body mass index (P=0.001), body fat percentage (P=0.001), and flat feet (P=0.009) with fundamental movement skills. Also, the relationship between musculoskeletal mass and fundamental movement skills was positive and significant (P=0.001), but its relationship with flat feet was negative and significant (P=0.004). The body weight had the highest power to predict fundamental movement skills, and musculoskeletal mass had the highest power to predict flat feet (P=0.001) in preschool children. Conclusion It seems that, by improving fundamental movement skills and musculoskeletal mass index, the development of flat feet and overweight in preschool children can be prevented.

Social patterning of childhood overweight in the French national ELFE cohort

An inverse social gradient in early childhood overweight has been consistently described in high-income countries; however, less is known about the role of migration status. We studied the social patterning of overweight in preschool children according to the mother’s socio-economic and migration background. For 9250 children of the French ELFE birth cohort with body mass index collected at age 3.5 years, we used nested logistic regression to investigate the association of overweight status in children with maternal educational level, occupation, household income and migration status. Overall, 8.3% (95%CI [7.7–9.0]) of children were classified as overweight. The odds of overweight was increased for children from immigrant mothers (OR 2.22 [95% CI 1.75–2.78]) and descendants of immigrant mothers (OR 1.35 [1.04–2.78]) versus non-immigrant mothers. The highest odds of overweight was also observed in children whose mothers had low education, were unemployed or students, or were from households in the lowest income quintile. Our findings confirm that socio-economic disadvantage and migration status are risk factors for childhood overweight. However, the social patterning of overweight did not apply uniformly to all variables. These new and comprehensive insights should inform future public health interventions aimed at tackling social inequalities in childhood overweight.

The Prevalence of Overweight in Preschool Children in Erzincan Province and The Cut-Off Values of Some Growth-Related Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study

Çalışmanın amacı, Erzincan ili okul öncesi çağı çocuklarda (4-6 yaş arası) fazla kilo (FK) ile obezite prevalansının belirlenmesi ile boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı (VA) ve vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ) referans değerlerinin üretilmesidir. İkinci amaç ise cinsiyete ve yaşa göre boy, VA ve VKİ ile ilgili büyüme eğrilerinin oluşturulmasıdır. Rastgele seçilen sekiz anaokulunda toplam 679 çocuk (363 erkek, 316 kız) değerlendirildi. Veriler, Hastalık Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezleri’ ne (CDC) göre yüzdelik dilimlere ayrılarak kesim noktaları belirlendi (5., 85. ve 95. persentiller) ve sınıflandırıldı. Sınıflamaya göre çocuklarda görülen kiloluluk prevalansı erkeklerde %14.32, kızlarda ise %14.87’ dir. Bu değer cinsiyet farkı gözetmeksizin %14.58’ dir. Kiloluluk yaygınlığı yaş grupları içerisinde en fazla 4 yaş grubu kız çocuklarında görüldü. Çocuklarda boy uzunluğu prevalansı %4.27’ si uzun ve %2.95’ i kısa/bodur olarak bulundu. Uzun boy prevalansı en yüksek 5.5 yaş grubu kızlarda, kısa boy prevalansı ise en yüksek 6 yaş grubu kızlarda görüldü. Çocuklarda genel olarak yüksek ve düşük VA prevalansı %4.12 olarak bulundu. VA prevalansı çocuklar içerisinde en yüksek 5.5 yaş grubu erkeklerde görüldü. Referans değerlerimiz genel olarak CDC’ nin değerleriyle farklılık gösterse de Türk çocukları ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) değerleriyle uyumludur. Yaş grubu ve cinsiyete göre oluşturulan referans değerler, okullarda ve aile hekimleri tarafından çocukların büyümelerinin değerlendirilmesi için kullanılabilir.

Differences between Healthy-Weight and Overweight Serbian Preschool Children in Motor and Cognitive Abilities.

The aim of this study was to determine the differences between healthy-weight and overweight 5–6-year-old preschool children in fine and gross motor skills and cognitive abilities. There were 91 subjects, preschool children (41 boys and 50 girls), who participated in this cross-sectional study. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on measures of body height and body mass, and WHO cutoff points were used for the assessment of the children’s nutrition status. Fine motor abilities were determined using two Bruininks–Oseretsky (BOT-2) subtests, and gross motor skills are determined by the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), while cognitive abilities were tested by the School Maturity Test (TZŠ+). Based on an independent-samples t-test, a difference in two out of three variables of gross motor skills was determined: manipulative skills and total gross motor skills between healthy-weight and overweight children, while in fine motor abilities and cognitive abilities there was no difference between these two groups. Although significant differences were found only in gross motor skills between healthy and overweight preschool children but not in fine motor skills and cognitive abilities, further longitudinal studies are required to understand the mechanisms of this, including the possible role of psychological factors.

Risiko gizi lebih pada anak usia prasekolah berdasarkan aspek sosio-ekonomi keluarga di Kota Kediri

Overweight in children under five has increased and will impact at an early age and cause a metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Being overweight is caused by many things, one of which is socioeconomic family. Family socioeconomic is an underlying cause that influences feeding practices. This study aimed to analyze the risk of overweight in preschool children based on family socio-economics. This study used a case-control design conducted from December 2019 to March 2020. The sample used was 66 preschool children divided into two groups with a ratio of 1:1, which was carried out by simple random sampling—data collection techniques by interviewing sample mothers related to the socioeconomic aspects of the family. Data were processed using SPSS software and categorized each variable into two categories. Data analysis using Chi-Square test. The results of this study showed: that maternal nutritional knowledge was significantly correlated with the incidence of overweight in preschool children (p= 0,041). Other socio-economic aspects (maternal age (p= 0,202), paternal age (p= 0,250), maternal education (p= 0,450), paternal education (p= 0,301), family size (p= 0,439), and family economic status (p= 0,395) were not correlated with the overweight. This study concluded that maternal nutritional knowledge was one of the factors associated with overweight in preschool children, while other socioeconomic factors were not related.

Cesarean Delivery and Risk of Excess Weight Among Brazilian Preschool Children

To study the relationship between cesarean Delivery (CD) and overweight in preschool children, considering the presence of birth aspects and demographic characteristics that have been associated with the risk of excess weight. This retrospective cross-sectional analysis used representative data of children from 2 to 6years of age at municipal daycare centers in Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample included 752 preschoolers. Weight and height were collected in daycare centers, and the nutritional status classification was performed using z scores of Body Mass Index (zBMI). Data analysis was performed in the bivariate and multivariate manner, the latter with the inclusion of another possible risk factor. Adjustments were made for daycare centers time, sex, birth length and weight and maternal schooling. The mean age of preschool children was 4.7years, and 53.8% were boys. The prevalence of overweight children was 21.7%. The median zBMI of the children born by CD was higher than that of vaginal Delivery (p = 0.0194). The prevalence of overweight showed association with CD (p = 0.0196; PR = 1.397 with 95% CI of 1065-1831). Logistic binary multivariate regression analysis confirmed the association, even in the presence of other possible risk factors (CR: 1.580, 95% CI: 1.072-2.330). Birth by CD is one of the factors that are associated with the early development of overweight in preschoolers.

Objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity levels in a sample of pre-school children: amounts and obesity risk.

Sedentary behaviours, even at an early age, are associated with potential health risks such as obesity, some cardio metabolic risk factors, poorer mental health, and lower levels physical fitness. The aim of this study was twofold: i) to compare objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity (PA) levels in its different intensity portions between boys and girls; ii) to analyse associations among the risk of overweight and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in pre-school children. The present cross-sectional study comprised a sample of 134 children (70 males) aged 3-5 years. Height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. A tri-axial accelerometer was used to obtain seven consecutive days of MVPA, as well as the weekly time being sedentary. The t-test was used to analyse the effect of the sex on body size, sedentary behaviour, and PA levels; furthermore, logistic regression analysis was used to examine the afore-mentioned relationship among the risk of obesity and MVPA, controlling for sex, age, and sedentary behaviour. About 16.0% of the sample is overweight or obese (boys 12.2%, girls 20.0%). Boys spent significantly more minutes/day in the moderate-to-vigorous portion of PA than their female counterparts on the week days (boys: 90.9±21.8 min/day; girls: 77.6±21.7 min/day) and in the total measured days (boys: 89.5±20.4 min/day; girls: 77.7±21.6 min/day). MVPA was inversely associated with the risk of being overweight in pre-school children after adjustment for potential confounders; children with higher levels of MVPA have less likely to be classified as overweight and/or obese than less active children (95% CI 0.96 to 0.99, p<0.05). Findings of this study revealed males significantly more active than females. Objectively measured MVPA was independent and inversely associated with increased risk of overweight in pre-school children. Future interventions for improving weight health in paediatrics should enhance MVPA at early ages.

Association of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with preschool children's overweight and obesity

Association of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with preschool children's overweight and obesity

Determinants and prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in pre-school children of Duwakot, Bhaktapur

Introduction: Adverse dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyle predispose to overweight-related non-communicable diseases both in children and in adults. In Nepal, childhood overweight is one rapidly growing public health concern in the urban areas. Many studies have focused on the relationship between overweight and its associated risk factors. We aimed to find the prevalence of overweight including obesity and its determinants in pre-school children aged 2 to 4 years in Duwakot community, Bhaktapur..&#x0D; Materials and methods: In a community-based cross-sectional survey, total 122 pre-school children both males and females of age between 2-4 years were studied. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socioeconomic characteristics and life style factors of children. WHO Anthro Software Version 3.2.2 was used for analyzing anthropometric parameters of the children.&#x0D; Results: The prevalence of overweight in pre-school children was 13.9%. The prevalence of overweight including obesity was significantly higher among male children (17.7%) than female children (10%). The study revealed that overweight was significantly associated with sedentary lifestyles of children and higher socio-economic status of the family.&#x0D; Conclusions: The magnitude of overweight is big and increasing rapidly in Nepal due to sedentary lifestyles and improper dietary habits among pre-school children, especially in the cities. Proper interventions should be implemented to minimize the overweight among pre-school children in order to avoid further health ailments in future.

For overweight or obese preschool children (≤ 6 years of age), what are the long-term effects (≥ 6 months post intervention) of multicomponent interventions that include diet, physical activity, and behavioral components?

For overweight or obese preschool children (≤ 6 years of age), what are the long-term effects (≥ 6 months post intervention) of multicomponent interventions that include diet, physical activity, and behavioral components?

POLA ASUH AKTIVITAS FISIK TERHADAP RISIKO KEJADIAN GIZI LEBIH PADA ANAK PRASEKOLAH DI KECAMATAN NGESREP DAN TEMBALANG, SEMARANG

The preschool period is identified as a critical period for the development of childhood overweight . Physical activity and food intake are factors that affect nutritional status. Physical activity of preschool child ren is affected by parents through physical activity parenting. The o bjective of this study was to analyze the impact of physical activity parenting practice among overweight preschool children. This research was a case-control study with preschool children as the subjects. The total subject was 40 and divided into case and control groups. Case group were selected based on z-score and matched with sex in control group. Nutritional status was measured based on weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) . Physical activity level was measured using the Preschool-Age Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ). Physical activity parenting practice was identified using the Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practice Questionnaire (PPAPP-Q). Food intake history was obtained using Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQ). Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Fisher's Exact, and Logistic Regression. Result showed that physical activity parenting practice (p=0,011) and physical activity (p=0,004) were risk factor of overweight among preschool children. Children with inactive physical activity were 7.66 times more likely to become overweight. Children with parents applied parenting practices discourage toward physical activity were 6.16 times more likely to become overweight. Children need to always be active at least 120 minutes a day. Parents recommend to apply physical activity parenting to encourage them to be more active physically.

Developing a communication toolbox for primary care practitioners to raise the issue of weight with parents of preschool children: a qualitative study

BackgroundOne in five British children are overweight or obese when entering primary school but most parents fail to recognise child overweight. Health-care professionals are expected to manage childhood overweight, but initiating conversations with parents is difficult. The aim of this study was to inform the development of a visual and language toolbox to support health-care professionals in initiating sensitive conversations about weight with parents of overweight preschool children. MethodsThree focus group discussions were conducted with health-care professionals (total n=29) recruited from general practices in London and Bristol, UK, and 15 semi-structured interviews were undertaken with parents of preschool children (<5 years). Focus groups and interviews explored: barriers preventing conversations between health-care professionals and parents about children's overweight; the potential for existing visual body image scales to help parents put their child's weight in context; and preferred language for use in conversations about child weight. Interviews and focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis in a deductive top down approach based on predetermined themes explored in the focus groups and interviews. FindingsHealth-care professionals perceived parents as being unconcerned about child overweight; parents were apprehensive about health-care professionals criticising their parenting skills. Some health-care professionals did not consider child overweight to be their responsibility. General practitioners were reluctant to discuss weight with parents because of shortage of time, fear of damaging patient–practitioner relationships, and insufficient training; nurses were more willing. Both health-care professionals and parents were positive about the potential for body image scales to facilitate conversations, generally preferring scales based on three-dimensional body scans over artists' drawings. Parents thought that language used by health-care professionals needed to be clear and impactful, but not stigmatising—eg, overweight, very overweight (but not fat, heavy, or obese). InterpretationThe findings suggest that a visual and language toolbox would be well received by parents and health-care professionals. Anatomically accurate preschool body image scales are needed for use in consultations. Practice nurses may be better placed than general practitioners to initiate conversations with parents. Health-care professionals should consider parents' conceptions of health and blame when conducting consultations, to encourage parental recognition of preschool overweight, with the ultimate aim of facilitating appropriate behaviour change. FundingThis study is funded by a Cancer Research UK/Bupa Foundation Innovation award. The funders had no role in the writing of the abstract or the decision to submit it for publication.

Perilaku makan berlebih dan hubungannya dengan kegemukan pada anak prasekolah

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Backgrounds: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Obese children is a serious health problem. Obesity in childhood if it’s not handled properly will cause obesity up to adolescence and adulthood. Eating behavior in children plays an important role on the prevalence of obesity&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objectives:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; This study aims to determine the correlation of excessive eating behavior (overeating, enjoyment of food, desire to drink) with overweight in preschool children.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Methods: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The study used case control design adjusted for age and sex. The research subjects were taken randomly from 53 early childhood schools in the city of Yogyakarta. Subjects were mothers who has preschool children aged 3-5 years. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: cases who have Z score&amp;gt; 2 SD (n = 101) and control have Z score -2 up to 2 SD (n = 101) were adjusted for age and gender. Behaviors of food approach were assessed using CEBQ (Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire). The nutritional status of parents was determined by using BMI (Body Mass Index). Data of birth weight and socioeconomic was obtained by interviews directly to the mother. Data were Analyzed by Mc Nemar and Conditional Logistic Regression.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; There was correlation enjoyment of food with overweight (p &amp;lt; 0.05, OR 4.33, 95% CI: 1.74-12.87). There was no correlation overeating (emotional overeating / food responsiveness) with overweight (p &amp;gt; 0.05, OR 0, 95% CI : 0.02 to 0.00). There was no correlation desire to drink with overweight (p &amp;gt; 0.05, OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.47 to 5.12). Enjoyment of food behavior is accompanied by nutritional status of obese mothers had significant association with overweight (p &amp;lt; 0.05, OR:3.71, 95% CI: 1.12 to 4.05).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Enjoyment of food behavior was risk factor of overweight in preschool children. Educator in early childhood schools hopefully can give information to parents about prevention and intervention of obesity in preschool children, which associated with food approach and obesity. Future research needs longitudinal studies to better know the causal behavior of food approach to obesity in preschool children.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;KEYWORDS&lt;/strong&gt;: &lt;em&gt;excessive eating behavior, overweight, preschool children&lt;/em&gt;

Associated Risk Factors and Prevalence of Overweight Among Pre-school Children of Bhaktapur, Nepal

Background: Rapidly changing dietary practices and increasing sedentary lifestyle predispose to Obesity-related non-communicable diseases both in children and in adults. In Nepal, childhood obesity is one of the most serious rapidly growing public health concern especially in the cities like Bhaktapur. Many studies have focused on the relationship between overweight and its determinant factors. However, it has not been exhaustively documented in the study area. Aims and Objective: The objective of this study was to find the prevalence of overweight including obesity and its associated risk factors in pre-school children aged 3-4 years in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2016 to February 2017 with systematic random sampling technique. Total 444 pre-pre-school children both males and females of age between 3-4 years were enrolled in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle factors of children. WHO Anthro Software V3.2.2. Was used for analyzing anthropometric parameters of the children and Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Windows version 21 was used to analyze the data. Result: The prevalence of overweight in pre-school children was 4.1%. The prevalence of overweight was significantly higher among male children (5.3%) than female children (2.8%). The study revealed that overweight was significantly associated with sedentary lifestyles of children and higher socio-economic status of the family. Conclusion: The magnitude of overweight although not big as compared to developed countries but increasing rapidly in Nepal due to sedentary lifestyles and improper dietary habits among children especially in the cities. Thus, proper attention should be given for the intervention on causes of overweight among pre-school children in order to avoid further risks in future.

Educational Interventions and Evaluation for Obesity Prevention in Preschool Children in Local Communities.

Educational interventions for obesity prevention from early childhood is one of the important measures in health promotion policies, especially in locations where obesity and overweight in school and preschool children are prevalent, such as in the Aomori Prefecture. The Aomori Prefecture government started a new demonstration project in FY 2014 that targeted children in nursing schools for the prevention of obesity through both population approaches (nutrition/physical activity education and nutrition management in lunch programs) and individual approaches to solving overweight in children. Our study group developed a data management tool to routinely accumulate data on measured body height and weight. We also developed educational materials with growth charts for nutritional education of guardians, and summary sheets showing the distributions of degree of obesity and prevalence of overweight/obesity in age-sex groups for use in assessment in each nursing school. To promote and evaluate the demonstration project, we offered the data management tool to all nursing schools in the prefecture for nutritional education and management in the nursing schools and asked them to anonymously submit data to build a prefecture-based monitoring dataset. Around 70% (310 institutes) of the institutes responded to this request, and we developed a longitudinal dataset with about 4,000 children in each of the 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old cohorts. This first revealed the prevalence of overweight in preschool children in the entire prefecture. The dataset will be further utilized for evaluating the effectiveness of educational interventions in preschool settings in local communities.

Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with preschool children's overweight and obesity

To examine the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with childhood overweight and adiposity, and to explore possible early life risk factors for obesity in preschool children. Basic information of pregnant women and gestation period came from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort Study, a part of the China-Anhui Birth Cohort Study (C-ABCS). Pregnant women in routine health care from four municipal medical and health institutions were enrolled voluntarily during October 2008 and October 2010 in Ma'anshan City. A total of 5 084 pregnant women and 4 669 singleton live births were included in this study. Between April 2014 and April 2015, 3 797 children were followed up. Children whose BMI were >85th percentiles for age and genders of World Health Organization (WHO) reference were considered as overweight, and >95th percentiles for age and genders cut-off values were considered as obesity (pathological and secondary causes of obesity were excluded). Gestational weight gain was defined according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Univariate and binary regression model analysis was used to examine the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG with childhood overweight and adiposity. Of the 3 797 pregnant women, the prevalence of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity were respectively 22.6% (n=858), 70.3% (n=2 671), 6.2% (n=234) and 0.9% (n=34). There were 3 563 pregnant women who were obtained gestational weight gain data, the prevalence of inadequate GWG, appropriate GWG, excessive GWG were respectively 12.4% (n=443), 25.9% (n=922) and 61.7% (n=2 198). The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 11.5% (n=437) and 10.8% (n= 411) in preschool children, respectively. After adjusting confounding factors including age at delivery, genders of children, children age, birth weight, breastfeeding and household economic status, binary logistic regression analysis showed that pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity(OR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.53-2.65), excessive GWG(OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.35-2.03) were risk factors for overweight and obesity, and pre-pregnancy underweight was protective factor for childhood overweight and obesity (OR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.39-0.62). Joint associations of pre-pregnancy BMI and inappropriate GWG were also noticed in the study: compared to only pre-pregnancy higher BMI or excessive GWG or indequate GWG, combination of high pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG or high pre-pregnancy BMI and inadequate GWG, adverse effects on childhood overweight and obesity were much higher,OR (95%CI) values were 2.90(1.97-4.28), 3.17(1.44-6.97) respectively. Both high pre-pregnancy BMI and inappropriate GWG are associated with greater offspring BMI. Pregnant women should achieve appropriate weight gain and help prevent obesity in their children.

Television, sleep, outdoor play and BMI in young children: the GECKO Drenthe cohort.

In this study, we investigated the interplay between screen time, sleep duration, outdoor play, having a television in the bedroom and the number of televisions at home and their association with body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. All participants, 3-4 years of age (n = 759), were part of the Groningen expert center for kids with obesity (GECKO) Drenthe birth cohort. Weight and height were measured. Total screen time, number of televisions at home, a television in the bedroom, sleep duration and time of outdoor play were self-reported by parents in a questionnaire. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression-based path analysis was used to estimate direct and indirect effects on BMI in mediation models. A television in the bedroom or more televisions at home gave a higher screen time, which were associated with decreased sleep duration and resulted in higher BMI (indirect effect = 0.0115, 95% bootstrap interval = 0.0016; 0.0368 and indirect effect = 0.0026, 95% bootstrap interval = 0.0004; 0.0078, respectively). In contrast to the direct effect of screen time, sleep duration and a television in the bedroom on BMI, no direct effect was found for outdoor play and number or televisions at home on BMI. Short sleep duration, long screen time and a television in the bedroom were associated with the presence of overweight in preschool children.

The role of early life factors in the development of ethnic differences in growth and overweight in preschool children: a prospective birth cohort.

BackgroundEthnic differences in childhood and adulthood are known, but ethnic differences in preschool overweight and associated factors are less studied. We assessed ethnic differences in pre-school age overweight, and studied the mediating role of early life factors in this association. Furthermore, we assessed body mass index (BMI) z-score development from birth to age 4 years to study ethnic-specific differences in BMI z-score trajectory.MethodsWe used data on 4581 children participating in a birth cohort who were born between 2002 and 2006 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Child’s ethnicity was defined according to country of birth of the parents. Weight and length/height was repeatedly measured between 1 and 45 months of age. Overweight at age 4 years was defined according to cut-off points for BMI from the international obesity task force. We performed logistic regression to obtain independent estimates of the association between ethnicity and preschool-age overweight, and to assess the mediating role of early life risk factors. Mixed models were used to describe BMI-z development for each ethnic group from birth to preschool age.ResultsRelative to native Dutch children, non-Dutch children were more likely to be overweight at age 4 years, except for Surinamese-Hindustani children. Socio-demographic factors, parental BMI, and infant weight change in the first 6 months after birth reduced associations. After full adjustment, Turkish (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.34-3.04) and Antillean/Surinamese Creole (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.06-3.02) children were still more likely to be overweight at age 4 years.ConclusionEthnic differences on the prevalence of overweight in preschool children can be partially explained by maternal educational level, parental overweight and early infant weight change. These may be possible targets to reduce ethnic inequalities in preschool age overweight.