Overweight In Early Adulthood Research Articles

Lifetime Body Weight Trajectories and Risk of Kidney Cancer: A Large US Prospective Cohort Study

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate kidney cancer risk in relation to the body mass index (BMI) trajectory and cumulative exposure to excess weight. Methods: We identified several anthropometric metrics to capture the lifetime BMI patterns from the prospective Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. These measures included BMI at specific ages (age 20 years, 50 years, and age at completing the baseline questionnaire), BMI trajectory from age 20 to baseline, cumulative exposure to overweight/obesity from age 20 to baseline, and weight change during each age span. The BMI trajectory was identified using the latent class trajectory model. The cumulative exposure, which was quantified by weighted years of living with overweight/obesity (WYO), was obtained by summing up the excess BMI (BMI-25, set to 0 when BMI < 25) across ages. Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for age, sex, randomization arm, race, education, smoking, aspirin use, history of hypertension and diabetes, was conducted to quantify the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between each anthropometric metric and incident kidney cancer. Results: During a median follow-up of 11.5 years, incident kidney cancers were diagnosed in 391 men and 223 women. A higher BMI at age 20, 50, and baseline was associated with a greater hazard of kidney cancer. Compared to individuals who retained normal BMI throughout adulthood, an increased hazard of kidney cancer was observed for individuals who progressed from normal BMI to overweight (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.15,1.73), from normal BMI to obesity (HR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.57, 2.58), and from overweight to obesity (HR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.88,4.13). Compared to individuals who were never overweight (WYO = 0), elevated HRs were observed among individuals who experienced low (HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.57), medium (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.15,1.87), and high (HR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.51, 2.43) level of WYO (tertiles of WYO above 0). Weight gain of ≥10 kg was positively associated with kidney cancer incidence for each age span. Conclusions: Being overweight in early adulthood, weight gain in later life, and higher cumulative exposure to excess weight over the lifespan were all associated with increased risk of kidney cancer.

Trajectories of body mass index in adulthood and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study

ObjectiveLimited research has assessed the association between patterns of body mass index (BMI) change across adulthood and mortality. We aimed to identify groups of individuals who followed specific group-based BMI...

Trajectories of body mass index, from adolescence to older adulthood, and pancreatic cancer risk; a population-based case\u2013control study in Ontario, Canada

PurposePancreatic cancer has the highest fatality rate of all cancers. Adulthood obesity is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer; however, life-course obesity is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) trajectories throughout the life-course and pancreatic cancer risk.MethodsA population-based case–control study was conducted (2011–2013) in Ontario, Canada. Cases were recruited from the Ontario pancreas cancer study (n = 310) and controls from the Ontario cancer risk factor study (n = 1258). Questionnaires captured self-reported height and weight at four timepoints (adolescence, 20 s, 30–40 s, 50–60 s). BMI trajectories were identified using latent class growth mixture modeling. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from multivariable logistic regression.ResultsFive BMI trajectories were identified: stable-normal weight (38.9%), progressively overweight (42.2%), persistent overweight (12.6%), progressive obesity (4.2%), and persistent obesity (2.1%). The persistent overweight (OR = 1.55; 95% CI 1.02, 2.39) and progressive obesity trajectories (OR = 1.49; 95% CI 0.77, 2.87) compared to stable-normal weight were associated with increased odds of pancreatic cancer. When BMI was evaluated separately the strongest associations with pancreatic cancer emerged in young and mid-adulthood.ConclusionBMI trajectories characterized by overweight in early adulthood were associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk suggesting a life-course approach to disease risk.

How does childhood socioeconomic position affect overweight and obesity in adolescence and early adulthood: a longitudinal study

BackgroundChildhood socioeconomic position (SEP) has previously been associated with increased risk of overweight among children and adolescents. However, it remains uncertain whether the timing of exposure is important in relation to developing overweight in early adulthood. We aimed to examine how SEP during early (0–8 years) and late childhood (9–14 years) relates to overweight at age 15, 18 and 21.MethodsLongitudinal study in Western Denmark of 2879 young people (aged 15 in 2004). Exposure variables from registers were yearly household income, parental highest educational level and parental labour market participation (LMP), supplemented with questionnaire information about “family functioning” (age 15). Outcome variables were overweight and obesity, measured at three-time points.We analyzed the adjusted associations between childhood SEP and overweight and obesity using multinomial logistic regression, stratified on gender.ResultsEarly childhood: Parental lower educational level increased girls’ risk of overweight and obesity at age 18 and 21 between RR = 1.8 (95% CI 1.0;3.4) and RR = 5.2 (95% CI 1.4;19.3). Girls reporting poor “family functioning” had up to twice the risk of overweight and obesity at age 21. Boys, whose fathers had a lower level of education had up to 2.4 times the risk of obesity at age 21. Parental low LMP increased boys’ risk of obesity at age 18 and 21 between RR = 2.2 (95% CI 1.3;3.8) and RR = 2.8 (95% CI 1.3;6.1). Late childhood: Parental lower level of education tripled the risk of overweight and obesity among girls at age 18 and among both genders at age 21.ConclusionThis study confirmed to some extent that economic, social and psychological insecurity and inequality as measured by lower parental educational level, lower household income, low labour market participation and poor family function during childhood was associated with an increased risk of overweight and especially obesity in adolescence and early adulthood in both genders. Despite some imprecise measures, the direction of the associations pointed to several associations, which all were in the hypothesized direction. Timing of lower household income and parental low LMP in childhood seemed to be gender-specific in some way, but this warrants more studies.

Change in weight status from childhood to early adulthood and late adulthood risk of colon cancer in men: a population-based cohort study.

Although weight gain in mid- to late adult life is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, it is unclear if increases or losses in weight from childhood to early adulthood are differentially associated with risks of adult colon cancer. Weight and height were measured at 7 or 13 years and in early adulthood (17-26 years) in 64,675boys in the Copenhagen School Health Records Register and the Danish Conscription Database. Cases of colon cancer (n = 751) were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. Boys and young men were categorized as normal weight or overweight. Associations between changes in weight and colon cancer were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with men with a normal weight at 7 years and in early adulthood, men with overweight at both ages had an increased risk of adult colon cancer (HR: 2.73, 95% CI 1.80-4.15). In contrast, men with overweight at 7 years, but not in early adulthood did not have an increased risk of colon cancer (HR: 0.73, 95% CI 0.35-1.54), nor did men with a normal weight at 7 years and overweight in early adulthood (HR: 1.28, 95% CI 0.96-1.70). Similar results were observed for weight status at age 13 years combined with early adulthood. Childhood overweight that persists into early adulthood is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, whereas overweight that disappears before early adulthood or developed after childhood is not.

Body weight trajectories and risk of oesophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas: a pooled analysis of NIH-AARP and PLCO Studies

Background:Elevated body mass index (BMI, kg m−2) has been consistently associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) incidence. However, effects of adiposity over the life course in relation to EA/GCA have not been thoroughly explored.Methods:We pooled two prospective cohort studies: NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study and Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, with data on 409 796 individuals (633 EA, 415 GCA). At baseline, participants reported their height and weight at ages 20 and 50 years, and current. Body mass index trajectories were determined using latent class analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using proportional hazards regression.Results:Compared with individuals with a BMI<25 kg m−2 at all time points, exceeding a BMI of 25 kg m−2 at age 20 was associated with increased risks of EA (HR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.35–2.29) and GCA (HR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.16–2.25). Similarly, a BMI trajectory of overweight (⩾25–<30 kg m−2) at age 20 progressing to obesity (⩾30 kg m−2) by age 50 was associated with increased risks of EA (HR=2.90, 95% CI: 1.67–5.04) and GCA (HR=4.07, 95% CI: 2.32–7.15), compared with individuals with a normal weight (⩾18.5–<25 kg m−2) trajectory. Weight gain of ⩾20 kg between age 20 and baseline was also associated with a two times increased risk of EA (HR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.43–2.73) and more modestly with GCA (HR=1.40, 95% CI: 0.96–2.05).Conclusions:Being overweight in early adulthood and weight gain later in life were each associated with increased risks of EA and GCA. This underscores the potential of weight control programs for reducing EA and GCA risk.

Overweight in early adulthood, adult weight change, and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers in men: a cohort study.

The relative importance of overweight after childhood and excess weight gain during adulthood remains unclear. In 39,909 male participants of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were 40-75 years of age in 1986 and were followed until 2008, we documented 8,755 incident cases of obesity-related chronic diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and colorectal, renal, pancreatic, and esophageal cancers). We calculated composite and cause-specific hazard ratios using a model that included body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) at 21 years of age, weight change since age 21 years, smoking, alcohol consumption, and family histories of myocardial infarction, colon cancer, and diabetes. Compared with a BMI at 21 years of 18.5-22.9, the composite hazard ratio for a BMI of 23-24.9 was 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.29), that for a BMI of 25.0-27.4 was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.48, 1.67), that for a BMI of 27.5-29.9 was 2.40 (95% CI: 2.17, 2.65), and that for a BMI ≥30.0 was 3.15 (95% CI: 2.76, 3.60). The composite hazard ratios for adult weight gain compared with a stable weight were 1.12 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.22) for a gain of 2.5-4.9 kg, 1.41 (95% CI: 1.31, 1.52) for a gain of 5-9.9 kg, 1.72 (95% CI: 1.59, 1.86) for a gain of 10-14.9 kg, and 2.45 (95% CI: 2.27, 2.63) for a gain ≥15 kg. Adiposity in early adulthood and adult weight gain were both associated with marked increases in the risk of major chronic diseases in middle-aged and older men, and these associations were already apparent at modest levels of overweight and weight gain.

Association between Younger Age When First Overweight and Increased Risk for CKD

There is little information on how the duration of overweight or obesity during life affects the risk for CKD. To investigate whether prolonged exposure to overweight during adult life increases the risk of later CKD in a cumulative manner, we analyzed data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a socially stratified sample of 5362 singleton children born in 1 week in March 1946 in England, Scotland, and Wales. Multiple imputation expanded the analysis sample from the initial 1794 participants with complete data to 4584. This study collected self-reported body mass index (BMI) at ages 20 and 26 years and measured BMI at ages 36, 43, 53, and 60-64 years. The outcome of interest was CKD at age 60-64 years, suggested by estimated GFR (eGFR) <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) and/or urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 3.5 mg/mmol. In analyses adjusted for childhood and adulthood social class, first becoming overweight at younger ages was associated with higher odds of developing CKD by age 60-64 years. Compared with those who first became overweight at age 60-64 years or never became overweight, those first overweight at age 26 or 36 years had approximately double the odds of developing CKD. The strength of this association decreased with increasing age when first overweight (P for trend <0.001). These associations were consistent for creatinine-based eGFR, cystatin C-based eGFR, and UACR. Taken together, these results suggest that preventing overweight in early adulthood may have a considerable effect on the prevalence of CKD in the population.

Familial factors confound the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and young adult offspring overweight

Smoking during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risks of several adverse birth outcomes. Associations with overweight and/or obesity in the offspring have also been suggested. We aim to investigate whether familial factors confound the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and overweight in early adulthood in young Swedish males born 1983-88. In a population-based Swedish cohort comprising 124 203 singleton males born to Nordic mothers between 1983 and 1988, we examined the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of overweight in the offspring at age ∼18 years. We also investigated the association within siblings, controlling for common genes and shared environment. In the cohort analyses, the risk of overweight was increased in sons of smoking mothers compared with sons of non-smokers: adjusted odds ratios 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-1.49, and 1.56, 95% CI 1.46-1.66, for one to nine cigarettes per day, and >10 cigarettes per day, respectively. Stratifying for maternal smoking habits across two subsequent male pregnancies, there was an increased risk of overweight for the second son only if the mother was smoking in both male pregnancies. The effect of smoking during pregnancy on the offspring's body mass index was not present when the association was evaluated within full and half sibling pairs. The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring's risk of overweight appears to be confounded by familial factors.

Trajectories of overweight and body mass index in adulthood and blood pressure at age 53: the 1946 British birth cohort study

To assess the relationship between patterns of overweight during adulthood and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (BP) at age 53. Data are from 3035 male and female participants of the 1946 British birth cohort study. Body mass index (BMI) was obtained at ages 20, 26, 36, 43 and 53 years. Censored regression models accounting for medication were used to investigate associations of BP at 53 years with overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m) at each age, age at first overweight and conditional weight gain. Sex interactions were also examined. Overweight at all ages except for 20 years in men was positively associated with BP at 53 years. After adjusting for current BMI, only overweight at age 43 contained additional information on BP in men. Men who were overweight at age 26 had a SBP 8.7 mmHg higher [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4-13.0] than those first overweight at 53 years. Similar patterns but smaller associations were seen in women [P(interaction) < 0.001). All periods of adult weight gain (26-36, 36-43, 43-53 years) were associated with a higher BP. BMI tracked strongly through adulthood, the BMI at 53 years in men first overweight at 26 was 30.9 kg/m (95% CI 30.5-31.4) compared to 26.4 (95% CI 26.3-26.6) in those first overweight at age 53. Early adult overweight and all periods of adult weight gain irrespective of earlier BMI were associated with higher BPs. This highlights the importance for later health of preventing overweight in early adulthood.

Trajectories of body mass index and overweight in early adulthood and blood pressure at 53 years

Body mass index (BMI) is positively associated with blood pressure (BP) throughout adulthood. However, it is not known whether being overweight (BMI>25 kg.m2) earlier in adult life is associated with...

Association of Smoking in Adolescence With Abdominal Obesity in Adulthood: A Follow-Up Study of 5 Birth Cohorts of Finnish Twins

We studied the association of adolescent smoking with overweight and abdominal obesity in adulthood. We used the FinnTwin16, a prospective, population-based questionnaire study of 5 consecutive and complete birth cohorts of Finnish twins born between 1975 and 1979 (N = 4296) and studied at four points between the ages of 16 and 27 years to analyze the effect of adolescent smoking on abdominal obesity and overweight in early adulthood. Smoking at least 10 cigarettes daily when aged 16 to 18 years increased the risk of adult abdominal obesity (odds ratio [OR]=1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.39, 2.26). After we adjusted for confounders, the OR was 1.44 (95% CI = 1.11, 1.88), and after further adjustment for current body mass index (BMI), the OR was 1.34 (95% CI = 0.95, 1.88). Adolescent smoking significantly increased the risk of becoming overweight among women even after adjustment for possible confounders, including baseline BMI (OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.06, 2.88). Smoking is a risk factor for abdominal obesity among both genders and for overweight in women. The prevention of smoking during adolescence may play an important role in promoting healthy weight and in decreasing the morbidity related to abdominal obesity.

Predicting obesity in early adulthood from childhood and parental obesity.

To determine the degree of tracking of adiposity from childhood to early adulthood, and the risk of overweight in early adulthood associated with overweight in childhood and parental weight status in a cohort of children born in the mid-1970s. Longitudinal observational study. Approximately 155 healthy boys and girls born in Adelaide, South Australia, 1975-1976 and their parents. Height and weight of subjects at 2 y, annually from 4 to 8 y, biennially from 11 to 15 y and at 20 y, and of parents when subjects were aged 8 y. Body mass index (BMI) of subjects converted to standard deviation scores and prevalence of overweight and obesity determined using worldwide definitions. Parents classified as overweight if BMI> or =25 kg/m(2). Tracking estimated as Pearson's correlation coefficient. Risk ratio used to describe the association between weight status at each age and parental weight status and weight status at 20 y and weight status at each earlier age, both unadjusted and adjusted for parental weight status. The prevalence of overweight/obesity increased with age and was higher than that reported in international reference populations. Tracking of BMI was established from 6 y onwards to 20 y at r-values >0.6, suggesting that BMI from 6 y is a good indicator of later BMI. Tracking was stronger for shorter intervals and for those subjects with both parents overweight compared with those with only one or neither parent overweight. Weight status at an earlier age was a more important predictor of weight status at 20 y than parental weight status, and risk of overweight at 20 y increased further with increasing weight status of parents. Strategies for prevention of overweight and targeted interventions for prevention of the progression of overweight to obesity are urgently required in school-aged children in order to stem the epidemic of overweight in the adult population.