Overweight Duration Research Articles

Trajectories of body mass index in adulthood and risk of subtypes of postmenopausal breast cancer

BackgroundBody fatness is a dynamic exposure throughout life. To provide more insight into the association between body mass index (BMI) and postmenopausal breast cancer, we aimed to examine the age at onset, duration, intensity, and trajectories of body fatness in adulthood in relation to risk of breast cancer subtypes.MethodsBased on self-reported anthropometry in the prospective Norwegian Women and Cancer Study, we calculated the age at onset, duration, and intensity of overweight and obesity using linear mixed-effects models. BMI trajectories in adulthood were modeled using group-based trajectory modeling. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between BMI exposures and breast cancer subtypes in 148,866 postmenopausal women.ResultsA total of 7223 incident invasive postmenopausal breast cancer cases occurred during follow-up. Increased overweight duration and age at the onset of overweight or obesity were associated with luminal A-like breast cancer. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the association between age at overweight and overweight duration and the intrinsic-like subtypes (pheterogeneity 0.03). Compared with women who remained at normal weight throughout adulthood, women with a descending BMI trajectory had a reduced risk of luminal A-like breast cancer (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.33–0.90), whereas women with ascending BMI trajectories were at increased risk (HR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01–1.17 for “Normal-overweight”; HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.07–1.33 for “Normal-obesity”). Overweight duration and weighted cumulative years of overweight and obesity were inversely associated with luminal B-like breast cancer.ConclusionsIn this exploratory analysis, decreasing body fatness from obesity in adulthood was inversely associated with overall, hormone receptor-positive and luminal A-like breast cancer in postmenopausal women. This study highlights the potential health benefits of reducing weight in adulthood and the health risks associated with increasing weight throughout adult life. Moreover, our data provide evidence of intrinsic-like tumor heterogeneity with regard to age at onset and duration of overweight.

Vigorous physical activity: A potential ally in adolescent obesity management

ABSTRACT Individual variability may contribute to the modest and inconsistent results reported in obesity-management interventions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of non-modifiable as well as modifiable factors on body mass index (BMI) and body fat variance in adolescents with obesity followed in a clinical obesity-management programme, in order to better understand individual variability. Non-modifiable factors (i.e. socio-economic status, pregnancy BMI, weight progression across pregnancy, BMI at time of delivery, way of delivery, birth weight, breastfeeding duration, age at overweight onset, overweight duration, and FTO rs9939609 polymorphism) and modifiable factors data (i.e. self-determination level, self-efficacy and perception of importance to lose weight, energy intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours) from 63 adolescents (93.7% Caucasian, 55.6% girls), with a median age of 15.0 (2.5) years, and a median BMI z-score of 2.88 (0.70), followed for 6 months were analyzed. BMI z-score variance was predicted by vigorous physical activity (VPA) (F(1,57) = 4.55, p = .039), overweight duration (F(1,59) = 5.61, p = .022), way of delivery (F(2,58) = 6.55, p = .003) and self-determination level (F(1,59) = 4.75, p = .034). VPA further predicted body fat mass (%) (F(1,57) = 9.99, p = .003) as well as trunk fat mass variance (F(1,57) = 8.94, p = .006). This study suggests that although both non-modifiable and modifiable factors influence BMI and body fat variance to some extent, in adolescents with obesity, VPA (modifiable factor) stands out as the factor with the best association with both outcomes. VPA may be a potential ally in the success of clinical obesity management in adolescents, and so should be emphasised in this population. Highlights There is a huge individual variability within studies in response to adolescent obesity-management interventions. Both non-modifiable and modifiable factors may influence body mass index (BMI) and body fat variance, influencing interventions’ outcomes. The predictive value of both non-modifiable and modifiable factors largely overlaps, making lighter the burden of the former and highlighting the value of lifestyle changes. Among modifiable factors, vigorous physical activity standouts as the factor with the best (negative) association with BMI and body fat variance.

Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty: a case-control study

BackgroundObesity is an important underlying cause of central precocious puberty (CPP), but previous large studies are flawed by using just age and breast examination to diagnose CPP. We aimed to determine whether overweight and obesity in childhood increases hormonally diagnosed CPP.MethodsOur retrospective, case-control study recruited 846 children diagnosed as having CPP and randomly sampled 1650 healthy control subjects in Xingtai Third Hospital in China between November 2018 and March 2021. Information was obtained from an electronic medical record and questionnaire investigated in the outpatient visit. Observations were made before the a priori hypothesis. Unconditional logistic regression for analysis was used to determine whether overweight and obesity status and duration of overweight/obesity were associated with CPP.ResultsOverweight and obesity were significantly associated with increased odds of CPP among girls, even after adjusting for birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 month, household income, maternal overweight, paternal overweight, and maternal menarche age (overweight: the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95%CI): 1.92 (1.16, 3.24), p = 0.02; obesity: aOR (95%CI): 1.78 (1.13, 3.48), p = 0.03). Furthermore, the effects of overweight and obesity were significant when ongoing for 1 to 2 years, 2 to 3 years, and greater than 3 years, but not at less than 1 year. For boys, association between obesity and increased odds of CPP was observed (aOR (95%CI): 1.68 (1.09, 3.75), p = 0.03). The effects of overweight and/or obesity were only significant when ongoing for greater than 2 years.ConclusionsProlonged overweight and obesity in early childhood may be risk factors for CPP, especially in girls. Weight loss might be an important approach for the prevention of precocious puberty in children.

Life-stage factors associated with overweight severity in adolescents.

Investigating life-stage factors associated with overweight may be useful in the prevention of excessive BMI increase. The main aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the route of delivery, birth weight and overweight onset on overweight severity in a sample of overweight adolescents followed at a Pediatric Obesity Clinic. Clinical data from 412 adolescents with overweight (BMI ≥ p85), aged 10-18 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Adolescents born by cesarean section (CS) showed a lower age of overweight onset, compared to other methods of delivery (d= 0.33, p= .009). Birth weight was positively associated with BMI z-score (r=.164, p= 002) and waist circumference (WC) (r=.191, p=.001). The overweight onset was negatively associated with BMI z-score (r= -.277, p < .001), WC (r= -.270, p < .001) and body fat mass (r= -.199, p=.001). Overweight duration was the best predictor of BMI z-score, explaining in 75% its variation (F=1,317)=26.94, p < .001), which increased to 99% when birth weight was included in the model (F(2,316)=18.47, p < .001). This study suggests that lifestyle may interrupt the burden of CS on BMI z-score throughout growth. Moreover, increased birth weight may anticipate overweight onset, and consequently overweight duration in the presence of inadequate lifestyle behaviors.

Adult Overweight and Survival from Breast and Colorectal Cancer in Swedish Women.

The impact of overweight duration and intensity during adulthood on the prognosis after a cancer diagnosis remains largely unknown. We investigated this association in Swedish women with breast and colorectal cancer. A cohort of 47,051 women from the Swedish Lifestyle and Health Study was included, of whom 1,241 developed postmenopausal breast (mean age at diagnosis, 57.5 years) and 259 colorectal (mean age at diagnosis, 59.1 years) cancer. Trajectories of body mass index (BMI) between ages 20 and 50 years were estimated for the full cohort using a quadratic growth model and studied in relation to risk of death from any cause using multivariate Cox regression models among cancer survivors. Compared with patients with cancer who were never overweight (BMI < 25) during early adulthood (ages 20-50 years), the risk of early death from breast cancer increased by 3% [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.05] and from colorectal cancer by 4% (HR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06) for every year lived with overweight. A higher intensity of overweight (i.e., a combination of duration and degree of overweight-a concept comparable to pack-years of cigarette smoking) further increased the risk of dying in this population. Although risks were slightly more pronounced for women diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer, no clear association was found for colorectal cancer. Our results suggest that adulthood overweight duration and intensity have a long-lasting influence on breast and colorectal cancer survival. Our study highlights the need for effective prevention of overweight and obesity starting at an early age.

Abstract P269: Combined Associations of Objective Sleep Efficiency and Overweight With the Prevalence of Hypertension in Japanese Adults

Introduction: Poor sleep efficiency is a risk for prevalent hypertension, and also overweight is one of the major risk factors for hypertension. Generally, overweight participants have poor sleep efficiency, and thus, overweight may modify the association between poor sleep efficiency and hypertension. However, there are no previous reports to examine the impact of overweight on the association between poor sleep efficiency and hypertension. Hypothesis: Poor sleep efficiency is associated with increased with prevalent hypertension, particularly in individuals with non-overweight. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 779 participants aged 20 years or older who lived in Miyagi prefecture, Japan. All the participants were recruited from June 2017 to March 2018. Sleep efficiency was measured by HSL-101 sleep sensor, and then we classified all the participants into four groups according to their sleep efficiency (good; ≥90%/poor; &lt;90%) and the presence or absence of overweight which was defined as BMI of 23 kg/m 2 or higher based on the Western Pacific Region of WHO criteria for Japanese. Hypertension was defined as morning home blood pressure ≥135/85 mmHg or receiving treatment for hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the combined associations of poor sleep efficiency and overweight with prevalent hypertension. Models were adjusted for sex, age, alcohol drinking status, smoking status, average daily steps, urinary sodium/potassium ratio, and sleep duration. Results: Of the 779 participants (68.3% women, mean age 61.0 years), 252 (32.3%) had poor sleep efficiency, 331 (42.5%) had overweight, and 303 (38.9%) had hypertension. The prevalence of poor sleep efficiency was higher in men (41.7% in men vs. 28.0% in women), and the individuals with poor sleep efficiency had a higher proportion of overweight (52.8 % in participants with poor sleep efficiency vs. 37.6 % in those with good sleep efficiency) and shorter sleep duration. In a multivariable analysis, compared with individuals with good sleep efficiency and non-overweight for hypertension, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of those with poor sleep efficiency and non-overweight, good sleep efficiency and overweight, and poor sleep efficiency and overweight for hypertension were 1.79 (1.08 to 2.98), 2.99 (1.99 to 4.49), and 4.15 (2.56 to 6.71), respectively. Conclusions: Poor sleep efficiency was associated with increased prevalence of hypertension even in individuals with non-overweight, and additionally the risk of poor sleep efficiency for prevalent hypertension in individuals with overweight was relatively higher than that in individuals with non-overweight.

The impact of lifetime overweight and obesity on cancer incidence–A population-based study in Icelandic women

Introduction The impact of risk factors on cancer development largely depends on time. In addition to the level of exposure, the time spent exposed or the cumulative exposure might provide a better measure of the cancer risk given a risk factor. In a large cohort of women, we assess the relationship between different patterns of overweight and obesity during adulthood and the incidence of three types of cancer that previously have been found to be associated with BMI; postmenopausal breast, colorectal and endometrial cancer. Methods The study population consisted of 90,299 women who attended organized nationwide screening for cancer of the cervix and breast in Iceland from between 1979 and 1989, corresponding to about 70% of the national adult female population. Data on reproductive factors and anthropometry were available at more than 300,000 occasions and information on cancer incidence was obtained through record linkage with the population-based Icelandic Cancer Registry. Repeated measurements of height and weight during follow-up were used in a growth curve model to predict individual-specific trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and to compute cumulative measures of overweight and obesity. The cumulative time spent above a given BMI value (e.g., 25 for the time spent with overweight and 30 for obesity) and cumulative overweight/obesity-years, taking into account the time spent as well as the degree of overweight/obesity, between ages 20–50 (between early adulthood and menopause), were calculated. To investigate the impact of these time-mediated and cumulative measures of overweight and obesity on the occurrence of postmenopausal breast, endometrial and colorectal cancer, Cox regression models were fitted, adjusting for important confounders. Results The mean BMI at 20 years was 21.9 and BMI was found to increase on average by 0.15 kg/m2 by year. Out of all women included, 64,015 reached age 50 during follow-up and among those, 2886 developed postmenopausal breast cancer. In addition, 891 colorectal and 404 endometrial cancers were observed in this subset of women. Taking into account the effects of relevant confounding factors, overweight and obesity before age 50 were associated with an increased risk of developing postmenopausal endometrial cancer (HR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.04–1.94 and HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.13–3.10, respectively), with a 3% increase in risk for every additional year spent with obesity. The risk of colorectal cancer associated with obesity was HR = 1.34 and increased by 1% for every additional year spent with obesity. In contrast, there was no evidence for any statistically significant effect of mean BMI, overweight duration and cumulative exposure to overweight and obesity during adulthood on the risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer. Conclusions The role of overweight duration in the aetiology of cancer differed between the three types of cancers. The results indicate that weight control is relevant at all ages. Furthermore, exploring time-dependent and cumulative effects of overweight and obesity increases our understanding of time-varying exposures and their association with disease occurrence. This knowledge is vital for the development of effective and targeted cancer prevention strategies in different stages of the life course.

Arterial blood pressure in schoolchildren, who were born after caesarian section

The aim of the study was to determine the blood pressure characteristics of school-age children, who were born by caesarean section. Materials and Methods . 75 school-age children ages from 12 till 16 years were investigated. They were hospitalized in the pediatric department with a diagnosis of vegetative dysfunction and with complaints of periodic increase in blood pressure. Patients were divided into two groups. The first group included 47 children, who were born by the usual way – vaginal delivery. The second group included 28 children, who were born by caesarean section. All children were investigated by 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. The daily, day and night mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were studied. The normal limit values for 50, 90 and 95 percentiles relative to height, age, gender were calculated for every child individually. The indices of physical development – weight, height, BMI were assessed. Results. The mean indices of daily (p = 0.03) and day (p = 0.013) systolic blood pressure exceeding 90 centiles has been observed more frequently in the group of children born by caesarean section. The value of night systolic blood pressure exceeded 50 centiles more often among children from the 2 group (p = 0.016). The level of night systolic (6.06 ± 1.27 %) and diastolic (7.89 ± 1.58 %) pressure decreasing in children who were born by cesarean section was significantly lower than in children who were born by usual way. Odds ratio of 4.28 (p = 0.01) showed the influence of the birth by cesarean section on overweight, and on daily systolic blood pressure increasing (4.27; p = 0.02). Effect of breastfeeding duration of less than 6 months on daily systolic blood pressure exceeding 50 centiles (4.59; p = 0.01) has been found. Conclusions. Birth by caesarean section led to a greater frequency of exceeding the systolic blood pressure according to its daily monitoring in adolescents with symptoms of vegetative dysfunction, as well as a lower level of night blood pressure decreasing. Overweight and short duration of breastfeeding may have been the factors that caused blood pressure changes in examined children.

Duration of Adulthood Overweight, Obesity, and Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative: A Longitudinal Study from the United States.

BackgroundHigh body mass index (BMI) has become the leading risk factor of disease burden in high-income countries. While recent studies have suggested that the risk of cancer related to obesity is mediated by time, insights into the dose-response relationship and the cumulative impact of overweight and obesity during the life course on cancer risk remain scarce. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess the impact of adulthood overweight and obesity duration on the risk of cancer in a large cohort of postmenopausal women.Methods and FindingsParticipants from the observational study of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) with BMI information from at least three occasions during follow-up, free of cancer at baseline, and with complete covariate information were included (n = 73,913). Trajectories of BMI across ages were estimated using a quadratic growth model; overweight duration (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), obesity duration (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), and weighted cumulative overweight and obese years, which take into account the degree of overweight and obesity over time (a measure similar to pack-years of cigarette smoking), were calculated using predicted BMIs. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to determine the cancer risk associated with overweight and obesity duration. In secondary analyses, the influence of important effect modifiers and confounders, such as smoking status, postmenopausal hormone use, and ethnicity, was assessed. A longer duration of overweight was significantly associated with the incidence of all obesity-related cancers (hazard ratio [HR] per 10-y increment: 1.07, 95% CI 1.06–1.09). For postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancer, every 10-y increase in adulthood overweight duration was associated with a 5% and 17% increase in risk, respectively. On adjusting for intensity of overweight, these figures rose to 8% and 37%, respectively. Risks of postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancer related to overweight duration were much more pronounced in women who never used postmenopausal hormones. This study has limitations because some of the anthropometric information was obtained from retrospective self-reports. Furthermore, data from longitudinal studies with long-term follow-up and repeated anthropometric measures are typically subject to missing data at various time points, which was also the case in this study. Yet, this limitation was partially overcome by using growth curve models, which enabled us to impute data at missing time points for each participant.ConclusionsIn summary, this study showed that a longer duration of overweight and obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing several forms of cancer. Furthermore, the degree of overweight experienced during adulthood seemed to play an important role in the risk of developing cancer, especially for endometrial cancer. Although the observational nature of our study precludes inferring causality or making clinical recommendations, our findings suggest that reducing overweight duration in adulthood could reduce cancer risk and that obesity prevention is important from early onset. If this is true, health care teams should recognize the potential of obesity management in cancer prevention and that excess body weight in women is important to manage regardless of the age of the patient.

The Presence and Duration of Overweight Are Associated with Low-Grade Inflammation in Prepubertal Chilean Children.

Overweight is associated with low-grade inflammation, but it is under debate whether the effect of fat mass accumulation is acute or chronic. We aimed to study the association of overweight duration with low-grade inflammation in children in whom overweight initiation can be established. Observational longitudinal study, including a subsample of 250 Chilean children from the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study followed-up yearly since preschool age (n = 1195). At 4 years, 324 children provided blood. From those, 272 participants were evaluated at 7 years. The current analysis includes 250 children with a blood sample at 4 and 7 years of age and C-reactive protein (CRP) <5 mg/L. Anthropometric data (0-4 years) were obtained from health records and measured thereafter; sex- and age-specific body mass index Z-scores (BAZ) were computed. Among overweight (BAZ ≥ 1) participants at 7 years, the duration of overweight (time since diagnosis) was computed and categorized according to tertiles: <36, 36-<72, or ≥72 months. The independent association between overweight (diagnosis and duration) and low-grade inflammation (CRP ≥ 1 mg/L) was studied (logistic regression models). Overweight was associated with CRP ≥ 1 mg/L at 7 years [odds ratio (OR) = 2.93 confidence interval (95% CI = 1.60-5.38)], but not at 4 years [OR = 1.26 (95% CI = 0.71-2.26)]. An overweight duration <36 m was independently associated with CRP ≥ 1 mg/L [OR = 3.53 (95% CI = 1.21-10.28)] (reference = normal weight), whereas longer overweight durations (36-<72 or ≥72 m) were not associated with CRP ≥ 1 mg/L [OR = 1.35 (95% CI = 0.41-4.40) and OR = 1.21 (95% CI = 0.35-4.18), respectively]. Overweight at 7 years of age was associated with low-grade inflammation only in the case of recent onset. Inflammatory disturbances may be associated with the early phases of excess weight.

Overweight duration in older adults and cancer risk: a study of cohorts in Europe and the United States.

Recent studies have shown that cancer risk related to overweight and obesity is mediated by time and might be better approximated by using life years lived with excess weight. In this study we aimed to assess the impact of overweight duration and intensity in older adults on the risk of developing different forms of cancer. Study participants from seven European and one US cohort study with two or more weight assessments during follow-up were included (n=329,576). Trajectories of body mass index (BMI) across ages were estimated using a quadratic growth model; overweight duration (BMI≥25) and cumulative weighted overweight years were calculated. In multivariate Cox models and random effects analyses, a longer duration of overweight was significantly associated with the incidence of obesity-related cancer [overall hazard ratio (HR) per 10-year increment: 1.36; 95% CI 1.12-1.60], but also increased the risk of postmenopausal breast and colorectal cancer. Additionally accounting for the degree of overweight further increased the risk of obesity-related cancer. Risks associated with a longer overweight duration were higher in men than in women and were attenuated by smoking. For postmenopausal breast cancer, increased risks were confined to women who never used hormone therapy. Overall, 8.4% of all obesity-related cancers could be attributed to overweight at any age. These findings provide further insights into the role of overweight duration in the etiology of cancer and indicate that weight control is relevant at all ages. This knowledge is vital for the development of effective and targeted cancer prevention strategies.

Duration of obesity and overweight and risk of type 2 diabetes among US women.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between duration of adiposity and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in US women.MethodsWe prospectively followed 61,821 participants from the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2008) and 63,653 participants from Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2011). Participants were considered overweight (BMI 25-30 kg/m2) or obese (BMI >= 30 kg/m2) if their BMI was above the cutoffs for two successive assessments. We used time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models to assess associations between excess weight duration and T2D risk.ResultsIn pooled multivariable analyses of the two cohorts, each two extra years of being overweight was associated with 9% (RR=1.09, 95% CI 1.08 - 1.09) increased risk of developing T2D. For each 2-year increment in obesity duration, the risk of T2D was increased by 14% (RR=1.14, 95% CI 1.14 - 1.15). Adjustment for current BMI greatly attenuated the association for obesity duration (RR =1.02, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.03), although the attenuation was less for overweight duration (RR =1.04, 95% CI 1.04 - 1.05).ConclusionsBoth overweight and obesity duration were associated with a significantly higher risk of T2D, and these associations were mainly explained by current BMI, especially for obesity duration.

Low meats and sweets diet attenuates the effect of overweight duration on glucose levels among Filipino women

Overweight (OW) duration and diet affect glucose levels. We examined whether diet modified the effect of OW duration on fasting glucose and having impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes (IFG/DM: FG&gt;;=110mg/dL) in 1,887 women (ages 35–68y) in the 2005 Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. OW (BMI&gt;;=25kg/m2) duration was categorized as &gt;;=10 y (25%), &lt; 10 y (17%), had a history but not currently OW (10%) and never OW (48%). Using factor analysis, we identified 3 diet patterns: meats/sweets, vegetables/grains, and processed seafoods. Mean FG was 99.6 mg/dL; 14% had IFG/DM. For FG, linear regression results showed significant interaction between OW duration and the meats/sweets pattern (LR test p&lt;0.04). OW duration was not significantly associated with FG among women who consumed low meats/sweets (lowest quartile): 1.6 (−10.1, 13.2) [COEFF (95% CI)] for women OW &lt;10 yrs and 2.6 (−10.8,15.9) for women OW &gt;;10yrs. For women who consumed higher amounts of meats/sweets, compared to never OW women, FG was 4.5 (− 2.0,11.4) and 18.8 (11.0, 26.5) mg/dL higher for women OW &lt; 10y and OW &gt;;=10y, respectively. Similarly, we found increased effect of OW duration on having IFG/DM among women who consumed greater meats/sweets. Results underscore the benefit of controlling meats and sweets consumption, especially among those who have been chronically OW. R01TW008288

Impact of obesity severity and duration on pancreatic β- and α-cell dynamics in normoglycemic non-human primates.

ObjectiveObesity is associated to high insulin and glucagon plasma levels. Enhanced β–cell function and β–cell expansion are responsible for insulin hypersecretion. It is unknown whether hyperglucagonemia is due to α-cell hypersecretion or to an increase in α-cell mass. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the β-cell and α-cell function and mass in pancreas of obese normoglycemic baboons.MethodsPancreatic β- and α-cell volumes were measured in 51 normoglycemic baboons divided into 6 groups according to overweight severity or duration. Islets morphometric parameters were correlated to overweight and to diverse metabolic and laboratory parameters.ResultsRelative α-cell volume (RαV) and relative islet α-cell volume (RIαV) increased significantly with both overweight duration and severity. Conversely, in spite of the induction of insulin resistance, overweight produced only modest effects on relative β-cell volume (RβV) and relative islet β-cell volume (RIβV). Of note, RIβV did not increase neither with overweight duration nor with overweight severity, supposedly because of the concomitant, greater, increase in RIαV. Baboons' body weights correlated with serum levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α soluble Receptors (IL-6sR and sTNF-R1), demonstrating that overweight induces abnormal activation of the signaling of two cytokines known to impact differently β- and α-cell viability and replication.ConclusionIn conclusion, overweight and insulin resistance induce in baboons a significant increase in α-cell volumes (RαV, RIαV) while have minimal effects on the β-cells. This study suggests that an increase in the α-cell mass may precede the loss of β-cells and the transition to overt hyperglycemia and diabetes.

Overweight duration and diabetes risk among Filipino women

Few studies have examined the influence of the duration, rather than the degree, of overweight on diabetes (DM) risk, especially among Asians. We examined the association of OW (OW=BMI&gt;=25kg/m2) duration with having impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes (IFG/DM = fasting glucose &gt;110mg/dL) and insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), independent of current BMI, using data from 1,871 women (ages 35–68 y) from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in 2005. Mean HOMAIR was 2.7 and about 9% had IFG/DM. Overweight duration was categorized as &gt;=14 y (19%), 11–13 y (6%), 7–10 y (5%), &lt;7 y (12%), had a history of OW but not currently OW (10%) and never OW (48%). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for current BMI, age and other confounders showed that the odds of having IFG/DM increased with OW duration. Compared to never OW women, odds (95% CI) of having IFG/DM was highest among women with longest OW duration: 5.1 (2.4,10.6) for OW&gt;=14 y, and 3.0 (1.3, 6.97) for OW 11–13 y. We observed a similar pattern for log HOMA‐IR where linear regression coefficients (95% CI) for OW&gt;=14 y and OW 11–13 y were 0.23 (0.10, 0.36) and 0.21 (0.06, 0.36), respectively. With DM as an increasing major cause of mortality and morbidity in low‐ and middle‐income countries like the Philippines, these results underscore the need to pursue programs that prevent chronic OW. R01TW008288

Overweight duration and metabolic syndrome among Filipino women

Excess body fat has adverse metabolic effects, but it is less clear whether the duration of being overweight (OW=BMI&gt;=25 kg/m2)) is associated with metabolic risk factors, especially among Asians. We aimed to examine the association of OW duration with metabolic syndrome (MetS), independent of current BMI, using data from 1867 women (ages 35–68 yr) from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in 2005. MetS was defined as having 3 of 5 components: waist circumference &gt;=88 cm, triglyceride &gt;=150 mg/dL, HDL‐C &lt;50 mg/dL, blood pressure &gt;= 130/85 mmHg, and fasting glucose &gt;=100 mg/dL). About 48% of women had MetS, 25% were OW &gt;10 yrs, 11% were OW 3–10 yrs, 6% were OW &lt;3 yrs, 10% had a history of OW but not currently OW and 48% were never OW (48%). Logistic regression analyses adjusted for current BMI, age, menopausal status and other confounders showed that the odds of MetS increased with OW duration. Odds (95% CI) of MetS were highest among women with longest OW duration: 2.1 (1.3, 3.3) for OW&gt;10 yrs, 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) for OW 3–10 yrs, and 0.7 (0.5, 1.2) for OW&lt;3 yrs compared to never OW women. Linear regression analyses showed that increasing OW duration was associated with the total number of MetS components. With cardiovascular diseases as the main cause of mortality and morbidity in the country, results of this study underscore the need to pursue programs that prevent chronic OW. NIH 5 R01 HL085144‐03 and 1R01TW008288‐01.

High sodium intake interacts with ADD1 Gly460Trp polymorphism in increasing hypertension odds among Filipino women

Hypertension (HTN) is a multifactorial disease influenced by environmental and genetic factors. We examined the association between high sodium (Na) intake and HTN among 1747 unrelated Filipino women (ages 35‐69 yr) and assessed whether the association is modified by a gene polymorphism (Gly460Trp of alpha adducin (ADD1)) shown to increase Na re‐absorption in the kidney. We used data gathered by the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in 2005 and defined high Na intake as: at least 4600 mg/day (200% of recommended upper limit). Mean Na consumption was 2900 mg/day, 15% were categorized as high intake, and 29% were hypertensive. Adjusting for age, BMI, overweight duration and other confounders, logistic regression analyses showed that high Na intake increased HTN odds, especially among women homozygous for the 460Trp allele (19%). Women with lower Na intake carrying one or more copies of the 460Gly allele (reference) had the lowest odds of HTN: odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) for women with high Na intake carrying the 460Gly allele was 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) while that for women with high Na intake and homozygous for 460Trp was 2.9 (1.4, 6.0). The association among Na intake, ADD1 Gly460Trp, and hypertension was further modified by overweight duration. With relatively high frequency of the 460Trp allele compared to Caucasians, efforts to reduce Na intake should be strengthened.1R03TW008133‐01, 1 R01 HL085144‐01, R01 DK078150

Overweight duration interacts with added salt intake in increasing odds of hypertension among adult women in Cebu, Philippines

Being overweight (OW) and high salt intake are known to increase hypertension (HTN) risk. Less is known about the effect of OW duration on HTN risk and whether it interacts with salt intake. Using a sample of 2,003 Filipino women (ages 35–69 yrs) followed for 22 years (1983–2005), this study examined the independent and joint effects of duration of OW (BMI&gt;=25 kg/m2) and high added salt intake on HTN risk. We used data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey and identified 5 patterns of OW history and duration: OW &gt;15 yrs (19%), OW 7–15 yrs (12%), OW &lt;7 yrs (11%), history of OW but not currently OW (10%) and never OW (48%). Added salt intake was deemed high if above mean values. Adjusting for current BMI, age and other confounders, the odds of being hypertensive increases with longer duration of OW. Odds (95% CI) of HTN were highest among women with longest OW duration: 2.0 (1.2, 3.4) for OW &gt;15 yrs, 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) for OW 7–15 yrs, and 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) for OW &lt;7 yrs compared to never OW women. HTN odds among women with high added salt intake were 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) times that of women with low added salt intake. There is significant interaction between OW duration and added salt intake. The odds of HTN among women OW &gt;15 yrs with high added salt intake were 4.4 (2.4, 8.1) times compared to never OW women with low added salt intake. To reduce HTN prevalence, efforts to prevent earlier weight gain and decrease added salt intake should be strengthened.Funding: NIH 5 R01 TW05596‐04 and 5 D43 TW00633‐06‐09

Overweight duration increases odds of hypertension among adult women in Cebu, Philippines

Overweight duration increases odds of hypertension among adult women in Cebu, Philippines

Duration of overweight and metabolic health risk in American men and women.

To investigate the association between overweight duration and metabolic health risk. Subjects consisted of 4,874 participants, aged 30 to 64 years, from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Duration of overweight was determined from recalled weights from 10 years prior to the survey. Metabolic health risk was determined from a fasting blood sample and blood pressure measurements. After adjusting for current body mass index, the relative odds for obesity-related comorbidities were not higher in men who had been overweight for < 10 years compared with men with a normal weight. However, the likelihood [odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)] of hypertriglyceridemia [2.39 (1.34-4.27)] and the metabolic syndrome [2.15 (1.01-4.57)] were increased in men who had been overweight for > or = 10 years compared with normal weight men. In women there was a graded increase (p < 0.001) in the likelihood of numerous metabolic disorders when moving from the normal weight to overweight < 10 year to overweight > or = 10 year categories. The duration of overweight has a significant effect on obesity-related comorbidities in men and women.