Racial Discrimination Research Articles

Brave or brash? Exploring metastereotypes of voicers and nonvoicers in the workplace

Purpose While sex discrimination and race discrimination are prevalent in the workplace, a relatively low proportion of those who experience it choose to voice. This paper aims to investigate why individuals choose to voice or not voice discrimination by exploring the role of metastereotypes – beliefs about what others think about a group one belongs to – with respect to voicing or not voicing discrimination at work. Design/methodology/approach Of the 475 participants surveyed, 34% (164 respondents) had experienced either race or sex discrimination. The metastereotypes of these 164 respondents who either voiced (31%) or did not voice (69%) sex or race discrimination were gathered and examined with respect to the themes and valence of the descriptors. Differences in the content and valence of metastereotypes were examined from different samples taken at two different time periods to explore the possible influence of social movements (#MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter). Findings These qualitative analyses provide new insights into how people making different choices regarding the voicing of their mistreatment believe they are viewed. Metastereotypes differed to some extent in content and valence depending on perceiver, source, type of discrimination and timing. Social implications This can assist in the development of strategies to encourage voicing with the ultimate goal of reducing workplace mistreatment. Originality/value This paper provides the critical first step for including metastereotypes in the model to predict voice in the workplace.

Determinants of COVID-19 related traumatic stress among black individuals in Canada: the role of health literacy, racial discrimination, and history of COVID-19 infection

Determinants of COVID-19 related traumatic stress among black individuals in Canada: the role of health literacy, racial discrimination, and history of COVID-19 infection

Customers’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination at Southern Waffle Houses

Customers’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination at Southern Waffle Houses

Critical phenomenology, Mabogo More, and paracorporeal embodiment

This article pays tribute to Mabogo Percy More by exploring his salience to recent calls for “critical phenomenology”. The notion of critical phenomenology is explored through Lisa Guenther’s influential advocacy and Elisa Magrì and Paddy McQueen’s effort to offer an overview and definition of the field. I contend that the most laudable aspects of critical phenomenology are achieved in More’s phenomenological work on antiblack racism and black consciousness, but that More’s work nonetheless points to limitations in what its advocates have articulated critical phenomenology to be. I argue against Guenther’s case that critical phenomenology must abandon the transcendental for the “quasi-transcendental”, showing that More’s focus on contingency and its significance in the phenomenology of Jean-Paul Sartre means that his work is ultimately transcendental existential phenomenology. I then extend the issue of contingency in relation to Magrì and Paddy McQueen’s suggestion of critical phenomenology as centring corporeality. Taking seriously More’s emphasis on the contingency of embodiment points to the matter of what I term “paracorporeal embodiment”, which suggests phenomenological questions that go beyond many of the articulations of critical phenomenology in the contemporary literature.

The Role of Digital Innovation in Shaping Cultural Narratives: Analysing the Ethical Implications of Algorithm-Driven Media Platforms for Online Communities

This study critically analyzes the dual impact of digital innovation on cultural and creative industries, emphasizing both opportunities and challenges. It investigates how digital media platforms, such as TikTok and the Palace Museum, drive market expansion, enhance cultural sustainability, and democratize information sharing. These innovations foster public engagement and cultural tourism, thereby contributing to economic growth and cultural development. Nevertheless, the study highlights ethical challenges such as misinformation, algorithmic bias, gender inequality, and racial discrimination, which hinder the potential benefits of digital platforms. Using a qualitative methodology that integrates case studies and secondary data analysis, this research identifies mechanisms driving these dual effects and evaluates strategies to mitigate negative consequences. The findings underscore the need for ethical frameworks and governance mechanisms to guide digital innovation toward sustainable development, ensuring alignment with inclusivity and social responsibility.

Role of Inclusive Entrepreneurship Educators: An Actor Network Theory Perspective

This paper integrates our autoethnographic narratives as entrepreneurship educators affiliated with higher education institutions located in different parts of the world with the theoretical concepts of Actor-Network Theory (ANT). We provide insights on how educators’ identities are constructed and how these identities can inspire curriculum and pedagogical interventions that transform marginalized entrepreneurship students into inclusive entrepreneurs, capable of handling political oppression, racial and ethnic discrimination, stress, and the inequities existing within society. Empirical analysis utilizing Callon’s model of translation comprising of four phases: problematization; interessement, enrollment, and mobilization, reveals that educators enact four roles encompassing: (1) Critical Educators; (2) Devil’s Advocates; ( 3) Critical Investigators; and ( 4) Pedagogy Shapers while engaging with their respective academic networks. The identities of educators are not distinct nor isolated outcomes. Instead, their epistemological, ontological, pedagogical, and axiological underpinnings are shaped by the networks with which they engage with over the duration of their career spans. The educators enact roles which possess the power to remedy existing inadequacies within the existing entrepreneurship curriculum making it more pluralistic, pragmatic, and comprehensive.

Slowing the Churn: What’s Really Behind Superintendent Turnover in Ellington City School District?

This case describes the atypically high churn rate of superintendents in Ellington City School District from 2011 to 2022. The case explores the tenures and controversies of four superintendents: Norris, Larkin, Martinez, and Hall (all pseudonyms). Detailing allegations of employee mistreatment, racism, sexism, and school board secrecy, this case raises several questions: How does a superintendent or school board address racial tension in a school district? What factors hinder superintendents from leading effectively? What is the role of the school board, and how are board members held accountable for their actions?

Factorial invariance of the Everyday Discrimination Scale among African, Caribbean, Black, and other racialized women living with and without HIV in British Columbia, Canada.

The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) assesses the mistreatment racialized people experience daily. It is widely used in Canadian HIV research to measure racial discrimination among African, Caribbean, and/or Black (ACB), and other racialized women. However, no studies have examined whether the EDS provides valid estimates of racial discrimination that are objectively comparable across racial/ethnic groups or by HIV status in Canada. We aimed to address this gap. We analyzed EDS data from the British Columbia CARMA-CHIWOS Collaboration study of self-identifying women ≥ 16years of age living with and without HIV. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) by race/ethnicity (ACB; Indigenous; other racialized; white) and also by HIV status to assess validity and reliability of the EDS within these groups. Next, we ran multigroup-CFA (mCFA) to determine whether the EDS measures the same construct to the same extent across race/ethnicity- and HIV status-based groups. Of 504 participants (202 with HIV), 62 were ACB, 152 Indigenous, 90 other racialized, and 200 white. CFA revealed adequate fit within race/ethnicity- and HIV status-based groups-all Cronbach's alpha > 0.9, factor loadings > 0.6, and acceptable fit indices, except for root mean square error of approximation. Residual correlations > 0.4 suggested redundancy between some item pairs. In the mCFA, the EDS was invariant across groups. The EDS provides racial discrimination estimates that are meaningfully comparable across race/ethnicity- and HIV status-based groups. Despite potential redundancy between item pairs that may warrant refinement, the EDS can be included in survey instruments that aim to examine and compare the prevalence and health impacts of racial discrimination among ACB and other racialized women in Canada.

Decolonizing urban Indigenous healthcare: The potential of urban reserves.

The urbanization of Indigenous peoples in Canada has increased substantially during recent decades, with over 44% of Indigenous peoples now residing in urban centres. Despite the urban concentration of healthcare services, Indigenous health outcomes remain significantly worse than non-Indigenous health outcomes for people living in urban centres. The historical and subsisting impacts of colonialism have had a profound negative influence on social determinants of health for Indigenous peoples, resulting in higher rates of chronic disease and mortality. Mistrust of the healthcare system, racial discrimination, and medical paternalism remain barriers to accessing care and diminish the quality of care received. This commentary explores how Indigenous-led health services can improve Indigenous health outcomes and how urban reserves could be used to improve the health of urban Indigenous residents.

Prospective Survey of Discrimination in Pregnant Persons and Correlation with Unplanned Healthcare Utilization.

To determine the association between lifetime exposure to discrimination and unplanned healthcare utilization in pregnant persons. This was a prospective cohort study of pregnant persons receiving care from 2021 to 2022. Primary data was collected from participants on sociodemographic factors and on Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PED-Q), a validated 17-item scale measuring perceived lifetime interpersonal racial and ethnic discrimination in four domains: work/school, social exclusion, stigmatization, and threat. The primary outcome was unplanned healthcare utilization, defined as unplanned labor and delivery admissions, triage, Emergency Department, or urgent care visits. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done to examine the association between lifetime exposure to discrimination and unplanned healthcare utilization. A total of 289 completed the PED-Q and were included in the analysis. Of these, 123 (42.6%) had unplanned healthcare utilization. Mean (SD) of lifetime racial and ethnic discrimination was significantly higher in people with unplanned healthcare utilization compared to those with planned healthcare utilization [1.67 (0.63) vs 1.48 (0.45), p = 0.003]. Univariate analysis showed that lifetime racial and ethnic discrimination was significantly associated with unplanned healthcare utilization (OR1.96, 95% CI 0.23-3.11). Significant associations were found between unplanned healthcare utilization and maternal age (p = 0.04), insurance type (p = 0.01), married status (p < 0.001), education (p = 0.013), household income (p = 0.001), and chronic hypertension (p = 0.004). After controlling for potential confounding factors, self-reported lifetime racial and ethnic discrimination remained significantly associated with higher odds of unplanned healthcare utilization (aOR 1.78, CI 95% 1.01-3.11). We found that a higher level of self-reported lifetime racial and ethnic discrimination was associated with increased unplanned healthcare utilization during pregnancy.

Navigating the Unseen Strain: The Hidden Challenges of Black Nursing Faculty in the Fight Against Anti-Black Racism.

As Black faculty members of a majority-White nursing school, we reflected on our unique experiences as part of a Black community engagement project, aimed at addressing anti-Black racism in nursing education. Our positionality created a complex scenario as we navigated emotionally heavy discussions, grappled with our ability to manage competing interests and care for our own well-being. The invisibility of the undue burden of anti-racism work is discussed. Recommendations for alleviating the burden are proposed based on this lived experience. Nursing schools must recognize the uniqueness of Black faculty members' experiences. Proposed strategies include creating mechanisms and resources for emotional support and incorporating anti-racism initiatives into the nursing school's values and strategic plan.

Association of racism experience with gun purchase during COVID-19: Evidence from a national survey in the United States

ObjectiveConcurrent with a substantial surge in gun purchases among Americans during COVID-19, there was an escalation of racism and hate crimes in the United States. Despite this disturbing trend, little is known about whether and the extent to which racism experience is linked to gun purchase during the pandemic. This study aims to examine the association between experience of racial discrimination and gun purchase among Americans during COVID-19. MethodsBased on data from the Health, Ethnicity, and Pandemic Survey (n = 2,584), a national survey conducted in the U.S. in October 2020, chi-square tests and logistic regressions were estimated to examine the association between racism experience and gun purchase during COVID-19 with and without controlling for selected covariates. ResultsAbout 6.9 % of the sample reported gun purchases during COVID-19. Among respondents who reported experience of racism, 18.3 % purchased a gun as compared to 5.8 % among those who did not report experience of racism. Relative to respondents with no experience of racism, the odds of gun purchase for those who reported racism experience became 257 % as much (AOR = 2.57, 95 % CI: 1.63, 4.04) after controlling for other covariates in the analysis. Non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely to report gun purchases than non-Hispanic Whites (AOR = 1.80, 95 % CI: 1.04, 3.10). ConclusionsAmericans who reported experience of racism during COVID-19 were far more likely to purchase a gun than those otherwise. These findings elevate the need for addressing racism as an important risk factor of firearm violence.

Social Determinants of Health Associated with Intimate Partner Violence in an Urban Obstetric Population.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is pervasive and can lead to severe health consequences. In the US, 25% of women have experienced sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner. However, less is known about the frequency and risk factors for IPV in the obstetric population. Nested case-control study from a prospective cohort study of 606 parturients at a single academic medical center from 2011-2022. Structured questionnaires were administered randomly chosen, consented patients during their postpartum hospital stay to gather information on social determinants of health (SDoH) and birth outcomes. The case group included participants who reported forced sex causing pregnancy, verbal abuse before or during pregnancy, or physical abuse during pregnancy. The control group reported none of these. Odds ratios were used to quantify the relationship between IPV and maternal sociodemographic characteristics, pregnancy factors, and levels of perceived support and discrimination. Of 606 study participants, 568 (94%) provided data on IPV. Of those, 20.4% reported IPV (case) and 80.6% reported no IPV (control). 74.6% of the study population was enrolled pre-pandemic. Unmarried status, low income, food insecurity, housing insecurity, substance use during pregnancy, higher gravidity, unintended pregnancy, low social support, and racial and gender discrimination were all significantly associated with IPV; maternal race and pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic were not. IPV is common, reported by 1 in 5 parturients in our population. Although maternal race was not associated with IPV in this perinatal cohort, experiencing racism was. Initiatives aimed to address SDoH such as substance use, family planning, and access to food and housing remain key opportunities to support pregnant patients experiencing IPV. The connection between perceived discrimination and IPV found here highlight the importance of addressing the influence of racism and gender-based discrimination on adverse birth outcomes in the US.

Subjective Well-Being Among African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life

ABSTRACT Life satisfaction and happiness are related but distinct assessments of life quality with established links to sociodemographic and health factors. Despite a rich literature on quality of life, there remains a paucity of research on this topic among African Americans. This investigation explored (1) the sociodemographic correlates of life satisfaction and happiness and (2) how life satisfaction and happiness are related to health factors and adversity-relevant life circumstances. Ordinary least squares regression was used to identify correlates of life satisfaction and happiness among a nationally representative sample of African American adults (National Survey of American Life). Findings confirmed several sociodemographic and health correlates, as well as unique differences. Regional differences indicated that residents in the Northeast had lower life satisfaction ratings, while those in the West had higher happiness ratings. Education was negatively related to both life satisfaction and happiness. Self-rated physical health and oral health and adversity-relevant life circumstances were associated with both life satisfaction and happiness. In contrast, self-rated childhood health and experiences of everyday racial discrimination were only associated with happiness, while being a parent was only associated with lower life satisfaction. Noted differences suggest that, while related, satisfaction and happiness represent distinct assessments of life quality.

Putin’s Russia Before the International Court of Justice

In the past 15 years, Georgia and Ukraine have both brought cases against Russia before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Georgia’s 2008 application ad¬dressed the separatist movements in South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Ukraine’s 2017 case (Ukraine v. Russian Federation I) accuses Russia of discriminating against Crimean Tatars, supporting terrorism in Eastern Ukraine and downing Malaysia Airlines flight MH-17. The 2022 case (Allegations of Genocide) claims that Russia’s war against Ukraine violates the Genocide Convention. This article examines Russia’s role in these disputes, comparing outcomes in Georgia v. Russian Federation and Ukraine v. Russian Federation I, both alleging breaches of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Only the latter reached the merits phase. The article also analyses the controversial judgment on preliminary objections in Allegations of Genocide. It argues that the ICJ’s consensual jurisdiction limits its effectiveness, restricting its ability to rule on Russia’s actions against Ukraine. Additionally, it assesses Russia’s strategies in these proceedings, focussing on the “rhetorical adaptation” of international norms.

Racial Trauma Unfolds: The Spectacle of Witnessing George Floyd`s Murder

Abstract In this article, we chart some of the detrimental emotional impacts of what we consider a human disaster: denying Black people’s humanity. We focus on the highly publicized and violent killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officers in 2020: 9 minutes and 29 seconds of state-sanctioned, anti-Black violence that was filmed and circulated globally and has sparked the largest racial justice protest and beyond since the civil rights movements of the 1960s. We consider the impacts of viewing this footage, this spectacle, on Black people, seeing this human disaster playing out in front of their eyes through the lens of anti-Black racism (ABR), which serves as an analytic lens to theorize this trauma within the context of visceral and ubiquitous anti-Black racism. We further contextualize these links between racism and trauma by drawing from our firsthand experience, as well as the stories, worries, and feelings shared with us by Black professionals, families, and members of the community. We focus specifically on that shared by Black youth, which has primarily been the focus of our professional work. We conclude by highlighting strategies of resistance to counteract these impacts, as well as shifts to clinical practice that might better address them and structural shifts towards social justice. Keywords: Human-made disasters, mental health, trauma, anti-Black racism, resistance, resilience.

A case for recognition of caste as a sui generis category in international law

AbstractCaste, a system of social division based on inherited status, has a long history in South Asia. At present, Caste is no longer specific to any religion or region, having been exported to various countries by the South-Asian diaspora, often lacking the equality framework required to address Caste-based discrimination. Caste and race are closely interconnected as comparable systems of oppression and discrimination. However, Caste-based discrimination has been accepted as a form of racial discrimination by the UN Committee since 1996 as a sub-element of discrimination under Article 1(1) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and as a form of discrimination based on work and descent prohibited by international human rights law since 2000. India has consistently held that caste can neither be equated with race nor covered under descent. The conceptualization of Caste in the wide category of work and descent to cover analogous systems worldwide has proven insufficient to address rampant abuses. Caste is not acknowledged as a distinct ground of discrimination due to its complexities, which require a targeted response internationally. Hence, recognising Caste as a sui generis category of discrimination would provide adequate guidance for national approaches to prevent such discrimination and achieve the equality guaranteed in the international legal framework.

Inequities in neurological care: Access to services, care gaps, and other barriers-A systematic review.

Health disparities and inequities are an important and too long overlooked public health concern worldwide. These differences in health and health care can affect people with any disease, including neurological disorders. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an updated overview of the main health inequities faced by neurological patients worldwide, to plan valuable interventions. Main databases were searched systematically. Quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. This review followed the standard guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A total of 1797 studies were obtained, of which 49 studies were included in the final round and subjected to quality appraisal. Quality assessment yielded scores ranging from 20% to 100%. The results were divided based on the nature of inequities: (i) socioeconomic disadvantage (n = 25); and (ii) access to care, treatment, and services inequities (n = 24). Most studies were conducted in high income counties (n = 46, 93.8%) and reported health inequities in persons with cerebrovascular diseases, especially stroke (n = 20, 40.8%), followed by multiple sclerosis (n = 8, 16.3%) and neurodegenerative disorders (n = 6, 12.2%). Racial and ethnic discrimination, economic issues, differences in disease management, educational level, and place of residence are the main inequities reported by neurological patients. The USA dominates the research panorama (n = 36, 73.4%), highlighting the need for more studies that cover other geopolitical contexts. Improving population health means improving health for everyone; however, historically disadvantaged groups continue to trail dramatically behind, and actions are needed to reduce the inequities.

Elusive privilege: class, race and gender in Ukrainian war migrants’ (un)employment in France

AbstractWhat happens when the state removes the usual obstacles preventing refugees to ‘integrate’? Our article analyses the case of Ukrainians who fled the war to settle in France. Their legal status is different from that of ‘classic’ refugees: the EU directive on temporary protection gives them the freedom to move and the right to work. Moreover, they benefit from a rather positive attitude of the general public. The absence of racist stereotypes and institutional barriers, however, does not translate into easy integration into the labour market: 2 years after the beginning of the Ukrainian exile, two thirds of the refugees in Western Europe remain unemployed. Based on our fieldwork made in three French regions from February to August 2023, we analyse the predicament of Ukrainian war migrants. We conclude that granting formal access to jobs and putting racist discrimination on pause is not enough to overcome other handicaps: lack of language and other ‘soft’ skills; lack of social capital that would allow insertion into formal and informal labour markets; the burden of social reproduction magnified by forced single motherhood; and the temporary nature of one’s supposedly generous legal status. The latter turns the perceived privilege into a handicap: Ukrainians are tolerated temporarily and being increasingly differentiated into ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’, ‘productive’ and ‘unproductive’ migrants. While those deemed ‘productive’ may be encouraged to remain in the EU, those who fail to integrate into the labour market are likely to gradually be cut off from social support and forced to return to Ukraine.

Racial Discrimination and Trauma Symptoms Among Black Adolescent-Caregiver Dyads

ABSTRACT Objective Research to date has produced compelling evidence of the potentially traumatic consequences of racial discrimination among Black adolescents and adults. Seldom explored, however, is how the potentially traumatic effects of racial discrimination may be shared across the family context. To clarify the relevance of racial trauma across the family system, the current study examined the relationship between racial discrimination and trauma symptoms among a sample of Black adolescent-caregiver dyads. Method Data were drawn from a larger self-report survey study examining Black family life experiences. For this study, data from 202 Black adolescents (Mage = 14.50, 52% female) and their caregiver (Mage = 41.63, 83% female) were used to test actor-partner interdependence models examining the associations of racial discrimination and trauma symptoms. Results Significant actor effects revealed that racial discrimination was positively associated with self-reported trauma symptoms among adolescents and caregivers. Additionally, partner effects were found, such that adolescent and caregiver experiences of discrimination were positively associated with the trauma symptoms of their family member. Analyses also revealed that the association between racial discrimination and trauma symptoms among caregivers was dependent upon youth experiences of racial discrimination. Conclusion The current study lends credence to theories linking racism and trauma-related symptomatology across the life course and family system. Collectively, study findings highlight the importance of understanding the effects of racism beyond the individual and underscores the value and need for family tailored interventions that can repudiate the shared impact and potential intergenerational effects of racial discrimination across Black families.