Overseas Migration Research Articles

Bridging the gulf: How migration fosters tolerance, cosmopolitanism, and support for globalization

AbstractImmigration has been shown to drive ethnocentrism and anti‐globalization attitudes in native‐born populations. Yet understanding how global integration shapes intercultural relations also necessitates clear evidence on how migration affects the attitudes of migrants. We argue that migration can foster tolerance, cosmopolitan identities, and support for international cooperation among migrants who experience sustained contact with other cultural groups. We evaluate this theory with the first randomized controlled trial resulting in overseas migration, which connected individuals in India with job opportunities in the Persian Gulf region's hospitality sector. Two years after the program began, individuals in the treatment group were significantly more accepting of ethnic, cultural, and national out‐groups. Migration also bolstered support for international cooperation and cultivated cosmopolitan identities. Qualitative and quantitative evidence links these changes to intercultural contact overseas. By focusing on migrants rather than native‐born individuals, our study illustrates how cross‐border mobility can facilitate rather than undermine global integration.

Tuberculosis Disease Among Nonimmigrant Visa Holders Reported to US Quarantine Stations, January 2011–June 2016

US-bound immigrants and refugees undergo a mandatory overseas medical examination that includes tuberculosis screening; this exam is not routinely required for temporary visitors applying for non-immigrant visas (NIV) to visit, work, or study in the United States. US health departments and foreign ministries of health report tuberculosis cases in travelers to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Quarantine Stations. We reviewed cases reported to this passive surveillance system from January 2011 to June 2016. Of 1252 cases of tuberculosis in travelers reported to CDC, 114 occurred in travelers with a long-term NIV. Of these, 83 (73%) were infectious; 18 (16%) with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) and one with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB). We found evidence that NIV holders are diagnosed with tuberculosis disease in the United States. Given that long-term NIV holders were over-represented in this data set, despite the small proportion (4%) of overall non-immigrant admissions they represent, expanding the US overseas migration health screening program to this population might be an efficient intervention to further reduce tuberculosis in the United States.

Brain Drain Or Brain Gain -Understanding Overseas Migration of Students from Kerala

It is generally a disinguished fact that Kerala is renowned as one of India's most literate states, abundant with efficient and hardworking young generation. In accordance with NIRF 2020 evaluation, Twenty Kerala institutions are considered among the top 100 universities in India. However, in general perception students in Kerala have the strong aspiration to pursue higher education abroad and to obtain appropriate jobs / career advancement consistent to their inclinations. In the present scenario, Student migration becomes was an unfathomed aspects of global migration flows and trends in Kerala. This drive accelerated further in the last five years generating a fast peak in the swarm of Kerala students seeking higher education in various professions among various foreign countries especially in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and China. It is a common tendency of the majority of students pursuing higher education overseas aiming for securing permanent residency in the respective country and settle life there appropriately congenial to their desire and attitude. This study is an elaborate attempt to elucidate the reason for the migration of students in Kerala and cherishing the ambition in obtaining permanent residence after graduation/further studyabroad. The present study is both narrative and analytical in nature by exploring this scenario vehemently

Bangladesh's Climate Vulnerability and Overseas Migration: Navigating Challenges and Paving the Way Forward

Bangladesh ranks seventh on the Global Climate Risk Index 2021, which identifies the nations most susceptible to natural catastrophes, demonstrating how sensitive the country is to both climate change and natural disasters. Millions of people are forced to migrate to neighboring cities and urban areas in search of work and a living each year as a result of climate change and natural disasters such as river bank erosion, salinity intrusion, floods, cyclones, and landslides in Bhola, Khulna, Bagerhat, Patuakhali, and Gaibandha. Urban life is strained by this influx, especially in terms of housing, water supply, and sanitation. Many of these individuals also seek overseas employment as a means of survival. While numerous organizations, including government institutions, are working to promote safe and regular international migration and overseas employment, a portion of these individuals fall prey to labor trafficking due to a lack of information, monitoring, and services from the administration. Additionally, communities in climate-risk areas are ultimately forced to choose between internal and international migration due to the sluggish adoption of climate-resilient agricultural methods and technologies, as well as the dearth of technical and vocational education options. For these regions of significant natural disasters and climate change, the government has to provide more secure migration policies and encourage productive remittance investment.

The Wrong Side of the River: a Cantonese Emigrant Community in the Nineteenth-Century Mobility Transition

Abstract This focused study of one emigrant community in southern China explores linkages between internal and overseas migration during the nineteenth century, emphasizing both the diversity of lived experience and the contingent nature of categories that have informed the historiography of overseas Chinese migrants. Building on comparative studies that present an aggregate picture of changing migration patterns during the “mobility transition,” this microhistory shows how both preexisting and novel patterns of internal migration (urbanization, frontier migration, and military migration) shaped new strategies of overseas migration. For this particular emigrant community, new dynamics of migration in the mid-nineteenth century influenced the reputation of its emigrants, bringing about a transition from respectability to notoriety. Whereas earlier patterns of internal migration had linked this community to its neighbor on the opposite bank of the West River, new dynamics of migration in the nineteenth century bolstered the river’s role as a boundary. This community’s liminal place highlights the contingent nature of nineteenth-century tropes and current categories of overseas Chinese migrants.

Overseas Labour Migration of Nepal: Trends and Patterns

This research paper examines the trends, patterns, and diversifications of overseas labour migration from Nepal to different countries worldwide. This study analyzes the changing trends of human resource migration from Nepal around the world. In the same way, it elucidates the causes of migration from Nepal. The study uses quantitative methods to analyze the data. Different census reports show a continuous flow of Nepalese workers, and military personnel abroad over the past 250 years. Due to relatively higher income levels in the Gulf States and Malaysia, the proportion of migrants going to India has drastically declined lately. A rapid migration of Nepalese to Gulf countries and other developed countries took place after 1990. The recent census data exhibit that the trend of migrating overseas to new destinations is increasing and it also reveals that the migrating tendency of males is about four times higher than that of females. Nepal, one of the world's major remittance-receiving developing countries, has gained recognition in recent years for gaining foreign currency from its migrant workers. As a result, Nepal has undergone transformations in the fields of its culture, political ideology, and technology. Therefore, overseas migration has contributed to the socio-economic development of the nation.

Manpower Recruitment Agencies in Nepal

The daily exodus of an increasing number of Nepali to many foreign nations has a significant economic influence on the country. It is not a new phenomenon in Nepal for people to migrate outside to seek work. Still, it is a relatively new practice in Nepal to facilitate overseas migration through employment agencies. Nepal's liberal democratic atmosphere, openness, and the nationwide spread of the Maoist insurgency contributed to a dramatic rise in transnational movements in the country midway through the 2000s. Over this period, there was a notable increase in the number of Nepalis using brokering agencies and their agents to help them migrate out of Nepal, mostly to non-traditional locations in India. Moving further from mere focusing on impact of international migration on migrants and their family members, this article discusses the distinguishing features and nature of recruitment agencies that facilitate the worldwide migration of foreign workers from Nepal. This article is based on research that looked at companies that help workers migrate outside of Nepal through migrant recruiting. Since these groups are a part of global networks that assist individuals travelling across borders, their actions have made it simpler to turn Nepalis into commodities on the global market stage. To gain an understanding of the nuances of the topic and to derive meaning from the raw data, the study relied mainly on primary and ethnographic data that were subsequently processed thematically.

Altruistic Socio-Economic Spin for Overseas Migration

illagers of Chhina, Rawalpindi have been migrating overseas since the 1950s.Their households persist much intensity for development once because of multiple socio-economic factors i.e., limited natural resources and less productivity in agriculture. Unemployment, remittances, and, pleasing social status have played a part in the decision for overseas migration. 47.4 % of villagers as skilled and unskilled workers have been serving in eight differentcountries for a couple of decades. Overseas migration has been influenced by the interrelation of socio-economic, cultural, and kin ties. An altruistic spin opted by villagers to choose a strange region to meet hopeful socio-economic sustainability for their families in the native countries. They have strived for the well-being of their native dependents through remittance. The bulk of money in the form of remittances established a sustainable resource for the uplift of the deprived condition of migrant households.

Partisipasi Politik Pekerja Migran Indonesia di Hongkong pada Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia Tahun 2019

The flow of overseas migration that has occurred in Indonesia has existed for a long time, since the Dutch colonial era. After Indonesia's independence, the same thing still happened, but the destination country was different. During the New Order era, Malaysia and the Middle East became favorite destination countries for Indonesian migrant workers. Currently the destination country for Indonesian migrant workers is East Asia, namely Hong Kong, where Hong Kong is far more advanced than Indonesia. 2019 is a political year for Indonesia, the Indonesian people choose a candidate for President and candidate for Vice President for the next five years. The political atmosphere in Indonesia is also felt by Indonesian migrant workers in Hong Kong. Even though the distance between Indonesia and Hong Kong is quite far, the political processes that go through are not much different. In Hong Kong, polling stations were also set up in strategic places to make it easy for Indonesian migrant workers to exercise their political rights. The political participation of Indonesian migrant workers in Hong Kong in 2019 has increased compared to 2014. Even though, when viewed from the voters list, it is still very small. The increase in political participation is also in line with research in the field. Of the 100 respondents studied, there were 82 respondents exercising their right to vote. In the future, if overseas election committees are more massive and use various methods for outreach, it is possible that the political participation of Indonesian migrant workers in Hong Kong will increase.

The facts of return migration in the wake of COVID-19: a policy framework for reintegration of Pakistani workers

ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the adverse impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on overseas migration of Pakistani workers - both outflows and return flows. The key objective is to propose a policy framework for successful reintegration of return migrants in their origin communities. The findings reveal that around 2 million overseas Pakistanis have been affected due to COVID pandemic; 1.6 million could not go abroad and another 0.3 to 0.4 million had to return back only from the Middle East. The reintegration measures by the Government of Pakistan were mainly made on a smaller scale and most of the returnees lack information on governmental support and follow-up mechanisms. Our proposed reintegration policy framework suggests that intending or potential migrants and their families need to be educated about their reintegration or resettlement in home communities when they plan for overseas employment. The prudent use of remittances by directing them to productive investment will not only ensure successful reintegration of returning workers but will also promote entrepreneurship in the country, creating more job opportunities. The support by the government and enabling factors (district-level opportunities) will ensure various aspects of reintegration, including economic self-sufficiency, social stability, and psychosocial well-being of return migrations.

Prediction of the Overseas Migration of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to Japan.

(1) Background: The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive migratory insect pest that first arrived in Japan in early July 2019. Since then, the species has immigrated to Japan mainly in the summer monsoon season and inflicted damage mainly on the maize used as animal feed in the western region, where major immigrations occur. In this study, to know the precise arrival timing and area of S. frugiperda for purposes of pest management, a prediction method for its overseas migration from neighboring source areas was developed. (2) Methods: The method uses the Weather Research and Forecast model to give numerical weather predictions and the GEARN-insect model to predict migration. Emigration source areas on the Chinese mainland and the island of Taiwan and the insect's take-off and flight behaviors were input to the GEARN-insect model to calculate the daily migration prediction figures. (3) Results: In a prediction evaluation using 2-year six-point trapping data in Japan, the prediction method achieved an average hitting ratio of 78%. (4) Conclusions: The method has sufficient prediction quality for operational use. The technique may be applicable to other migratory moths immigrating to Japan, such as the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata.

‘I chose to stay for a while’: Aspirations and capabilities in the nonmigration decision making of nurses in the Philippines

AbstractFocusing on Filipino nurses, who are situated in a culture of migration where nursing is seen to pave way for overseas migration, this article explores the (non)migration decision‐making process and the temporal and agentic dimensions of the decision to stay. While regimes of mobility may restrict or enable cross‐border movements through immigration regulations, this article focuses on ongoing processes within the Philippines such as labour market development, family relations and individual considerations. The analysis shows how important events, as well as anticipated events, in aspiring migrants' life cycles impact on their decisions and aspirations. Changes in the local labour market, such as the proliferation of call centres, have provided new opportunities for socioeconomic mobility within the Philippines. This article demonstrates how nonmigration of skilled workers is a complex and multilayered phenomenon. While staying has long been seen as a passive and natural situation, this article, in line with an emerging literature, acknowledges that staying requires agency. Further, nonmigration has an inherent temporal dimension as migration aspirations may change over time.

Peran Perempuan dalam Meningkatkan Penghasilan Keluarga Melalui Pengelolaan Jagung Titi di Desa Kolipadan Kecamatan Ile Ape Kabupaten Lembata Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

In Kolipadan Village, Ile Ape District, Lembata Regency, the emphasis on family economic capability has created chances for women to maximize the varied family welfare potentials. Several factors include husbands who have passed away, husbands who don't have a stable career, and husbands who earn a livelihood overseas (migration). To help raise family income, a variety of initiatives and opportunities are used, including the regional specialty, namely titi corn, also known locally as Wata Kena'e in Kolipa Village and Ileape District, Lembata District. This study seeks to understand the role of female heads of home in boosting family income to satisfy family requirements through selling titi corn. In this study, the sale of titi corn in particular, is examined, along with the selling price and technique of processing. Both primary and secondary data were used in this investigation. Interviews with 25 female head-of-household respondents in Kolipadan Village provided the primary data. Secondary data comes from data-related offices, namely population density and the number of female workers. A qualitative technique and descriptive analysis were both used in the data analysis for this investigation. The findings demonstrated that women significantly contribute to raising family income by processing corn titi. For one kilogram of corn, titi corn processing costs IDR 10,000 in raw materials and takes a half-day to complete. Titi corn is sold for between IDR 50,000 and IDR 100,000 per kilogram. Monthly revenue from corn sales ranges between IDR 500,000 and IDR 1,500,000. In order for the family to be able to meet its fundamental needs, social and psychological needs, and developmental needs and be considered affluent, women must be the head of the household and must work to improve the family's economics.

A Study on Understanding Placeness and Immigrant-related Social Issues in Rural Areas and Determining the Overarching Characteristics

Background and objective: The influx of foreign workers has also increased in South Korea over the past 20 years due to the global labour movement between countries and the labour shortage caused by the aging of South Korea. In the case of rural areas, the youth age group was insufficient, and the aging population was more serious, so the dependence on foreign manpower was inevitably higher. In rural areas through the influx of foreign workers, spaces reflecting their culture are emerging. The purpose of this study is to provide implications for resolving issues of overseas migrants by analysing recent Korean and foreign research trends and characteristics of overseas migrants in rural areas, with a focus on placeness.Methods: To address the aim this study utilised bibliometric analysis employing visualization of similarities (VOS) viewer program for overseas research collected from Scopus document search and Netminer program for South Korea research drawn from Korean Citation Index (KCI) database.Results: This study determined that first, since the 2000s, there has been an increase in related overseas research. However, there were only 382 studies covering all of ‘place,’ ‘immigrant,’ and ‘rural,’ and the number was even lower in South Korea. Second, in research on overseas immigrants in rural areas based on place, community and health were identified as major issues. Third, the difference in research issues between overseas and South Korea was analysed by the degree of community and the approach to health issues. As a result, this study concluded that social inclusion should be addressed first through community and health issues.Conclusion: Through research characteristics related to ‘place’, ‘immigrant’ and ‘rural’ at home and abroad, the placeness of overseas immigrants in rural areas has brought up issues of community and health. However, more importantly, concluding remark is that social consensus on social inclusion should be prioritised to contextualise these issues.

Dynamics of Emigration: Bangladesh Case

Overseas migration has attracted a lot of attention from policymakers and academics in Bangladesh. The writings and debates on migration in Bangladesh have centred around the economic benefits of migration as well as its social implications. This paper is a contribution to this literature. The detailed analysis of emigration patterns using the data provided by the BMET, but not aggregated and complied before, adds to the ongoing debates on overseas migration in Bangladesh. Disaggregate analysis is provided in this paper, from the 2004 till date, on the overseas migration of men and women over the years, along with their occupation, age, and skill profile. In addition, this paper brings a regional dimension into the discussion of the migration literature in Bangladesh. The sharp variation in the intensity of overseas migrations across the different districts of Bangladesh gives us new insights for policy that links overseas migration as a panacea for some of the development challenges that the country faces. The reach of overseas migration to give gains to households that are in highly underdeveloped regions remains limited and, in some ways, continues to keep them trapped in a vicious circle of underdevelopment.
 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum.), Vol. 68(1), 2023, pp. 69-97

튀니지와 이집트의 국제노동이주 비교연구

The North African region has served as a destination, transit point, and departure point for migration for a long time. And the overseas migration of nationals and foreigners continues steadily from this region. Within the region, Tunisia and Egypt are the places where mass protests broke out due to the economic crisis and political issues in early 2011. However, there has been no significant change in emigration flow since then. Accordingly, this study presents the migration flows in Tunisia and Egypt. Then it conducts a comparative analysis to examine the characteristics of the migration flows of the two countries. The two countries show differences in various aspects, such as destination countries, patterns of migration, features of migrant populations, and current national migration policies. However, at the same time, there are similarities in implementing government policies to encourage the overseas migration of its people and the variety of migration destinations, especially of highly skilled and highly educated workers heading to North America among the younger generation. In addition to the economic causes considered in this study, it can be inferred that migration patterns may appear differently depending on colonial, cultural, and social characteristics in that migration patterns are different between Tunisia, which belongs to the Maghreb region, and Egypt, which does not belong to the Maghreb region.

Sweet Return and Bitter Memories: Rethinking Coffee Culture and Overseas Return Migration from Europe to Rural Fujian, China

Abstract This ethnography examines coffee habits among return migrants in their place of origin in a rural county in Fujian. Many migrants occupy low-skill jobs in the catering and textile industry in Italy, Austria, and Hungary. I argue that coffee does not represent an identification with cosmopolitanism, but rather evokes memories of hardships these migrants are subject to during their overseas stay. The deeper implication of this study lies in the rethinking of overseas return migration. Through rethinking the practice and embedded memories of coffee culture, I assess the meaning of overseas migration for rural return migrants. Their return is happening at a time when overseas emigration is not the only road to economic advancement, as it was two decades ago when the localized phenomenon of overseas emigration was at its peak.

Health of Left behind Families of Overseas Migrants

Health education is least prioritized, in economically sustained households. To measure the influence of migration on the wellbeing of the rural community District Rawalpindi. In qualitative study, purposive sampling was used. Key informant, in-depth interviews, participant observation carried out. Disease prevalence, found observable. International remittance reflected impact on nutritious diet in sickness but people seemed careless about health despite of sustained financial resource. They seemed to become decisively conscious about healthy life and its value unless any family member went through severe disease consequences and sickness. Remittances broadened choices to seek health care preferences among modern medicines and traditional healing methods. Lack of awareness to manage sickness and diseases, people found deprived of health education. Remittances accelerated the reduction in disease financial burden but least productive behaviors towards health. The study revealed health education and disease awareness is mandatory for rural dwellings to achieve Sustained Development Goals (SDGs- 2030).

Policy of The Government of Aceh in The Placement of Migrant Workers Abroad

The policy of the Government of Aceh in the Placement of Overseas Migrant Workers needs to be carried out in an integrated system involving the Regency/City Regional Government and the community, according to the mandate of Article 18B of the 1945 Constitution, Article 174 paragraph (5), and Article 175 paragraph (4) of the Law No. 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh, Qanun Number 7 of 2014 concerning Manpower, and the issuance of Governor of Aceh Regulation Number 112 of 2016 concerning Position, Organizational Structure, Duties, Functions and Work Procedures of the Aceh Manpower and Mobility Office. This research uses a qualitative approach, which is research that stems from an inductive mindset, based on objective observation, participation in a social phenomenon, which is related to objects of social science, economics, culture, law, and other social sciences, and observations in directed at certain individuals or social groups based on certain goals. With the consideration of wanting to study the Aceh Government's Policy on the Placement of Overseas Migrant Workers. Conclusions and Suggestions, Aceh Government Policy in Placement of Overseas Migrant Workers implemented through the Acehnese Manpower and Population Mobility Service has made several policies but good management policies need to be implemented so that they are more dynamic and implementable, and can open access and motivate candidates Migrant workers in regency/municipality areas, need evaluation, improvement in administration and service quality to support a better overseas placement program for migrant workers, because based on existing rules and policies, all prospective migrant workers cannot be accommodated. facilitating the placement of foreign workers.

Asylum Seekers in Small Villages: Spatial Proximity and Integration in Italian and French Villages

What happens when asylum seekers from African or Middle Eastern countries are resettled by authorities in small European villages? When they arrive, are they welcomed, or on the contrary, rejected by villagers? Generally speaking, overseas migrants usually wish to be resettled in large European cities. As for European villagers, they tend to form communities closed on themselves, so one might expect a rather cold reception. However, fieldwork in Italian and French villages where asylum-seeking migrants were resettled shows that this is not necessarily the case. Having observed resettlement experiences in the Italian region of Molise and the French region of Alsace, we discovered that, wherever migrants are hosted within the confines of a village, villagers get frequent opportunities to meet them, learn to communicate with them, and spontaneously offer help, especially to children, women, and whole families. The lack of a common language does not prevent day-to-day iwnteractions or development of interpersonal relations. Children go to school and are keen to learn the host society’s language; adult migrants receiving help want to reciprocate by working for free, thus allowing them to quickly learn European ways and skills. If most asylum seekers eventually leave for larger cities, the months spent in a village prove to be a useful step preparing them for further resettlement.