Overseas Citizens Research Articles

Measuring the Success of Grandpa Aki’s Short Video Series in Cross-cultural Transmission of Traditional Chinese Culture

With the development of digitization and online platforms, short videos have become one of the ways to spread traditional Chinese culture. The success of Grandpa Aki’s short videos is a model of cross-cultural transmission of traditional Chinese culture, especially craftsmanship, via short videos. However, few scholars have talked about the implications of cross-cultural transmission of Chinese excellent traditional culture brought by Grandpa Aki’s short video series. The paper collected the title of the video, the view of the video and the proportion of positive comments and negative comments from the top 5 popular videos by using Python. The paper aims to identify (1) the characteristics of Grandpa Aki’s short video series; (2) the reasons for the success of Grandpa Aki’s short video series; (3) the implication of cross-cultural transmission of traditional Chinese culture from the success of Grandpa Aki’s short video series. The results show that 1) these videos are characterized by an immersive experience and spread traditional Chinese culture in detail. 2) The reasons for the success of these videos are the strong curiosity about traditional Chinese culture from overseas citizens, the value of traditional Chinese culture, the entertainment value of these videos and the resonance from people. The paper provides a thinking mode for scholars to solve the dilemma of overseas dissemination of traditional Chinese culture.

Turbaned Northern Thai-ness: selective transnationalism, situational ethnicity and local cultural intimacy among Chiang Mai Punjabis

ABSTRACT Chiang Mai is home to approximately 400 diasporic Punjabis, some of whom are sixth-generation residents of Thailand. While their transnational orientation, distinct sartorial choices and cultural practices might present them as outsiders to essential Thainess, Northern Thai Punjabis transgress the national image of Thainess and subjectively consider themselves to be Northern (Lanna) Thais. At the same time, these Thai citizens avail themselves of Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) status for privileged access to economic, cultural and educational resources in India. Based on 51 in-depth interviews and 17 focus group studies among resident Hindu, Sikh and Namdhari Sikh communities in Northern Thailand, this research explores family histories, selective transnationalism, and regional Lanna identities among these overseas Punjabis. As this article will argue, while Punjabi Thais maintain their networks and cultural connections with an historic ancestral homeland, they also cultivate forms of local cultural intimacy in ways which leapfrog the linguistic and cultural hegemony of Thai national identity.

Securitizing the nation beyond the state: diasporas as threats, victims, and assets

Securitization theory has paid extensive attention to transnational issues, actors, and processes. Surprisingly, however, only little attention has been paid to the securitization of diaspora communities, defined as overseas citizens or co-nationals abroad. This article fills this gap by developing an analytical framework to study the securitization of diasporas, focusing on three discursive formations: diasporas as threatening actors, as objects under threat, or as security resources. Building upon the recent literature on state–diaspora engagement and drawing on an analysis of Israeli elite discourse (from 1948 to 2022), this article demonstrates how the securitization of diasporas serves as a discursive mechanism that naturalizes and legitimizes extra-territorial policies towards Jews abroad. Thus, the article complements structural and rational explanations of state–diaspora engagement by examining the intersubjective process that endows diaspora policymaking with meaning. Against the backdrop of extensive securitization scholarship that focuses on attempts to keep “foreigners” out, this article shows how securitization justifies bringing certain people in or governing their national identity abroad.

Indian Diaspora and Issue of Dual Citizenship

This article focuses on certain types of citizenship rights i.e. dual citizenship, provided by home countries to its persons who have migrated to other countries. Granting dual citizenship rights enables the home countries to leverage the potential of financial and human resources of their diaspora, encouraging both remittances and return migration. Citizenship is the fundamental right of the people of a country that provides them with legal and social identity. Countries that experience immigration, whether it be the sender of immigrants or receiver of immigrants have considered the serious concerns and implications of granting dual citizenship. The authors present a theoretical framework in dual citizenship where India, one of the fastest growing economies, is yet to adjudge its effects and impact. Today, national citizenship has been challenged by international citizenship. Therefore, India needs to rethink its decision to grant dual citizenship to its people migrating to different parts of the world. The Citizenship Act of 1955, which was amended in 2005 by the introduction of Overseas Citizenship of India, needs to be revisited and reconsidered in the international context. The paper also attempts to analyze the impacts and effects of granting dual citizenship.

Classification of Stateless People through a Robust Nonparametric Kernel Discriminant Function

Statelessness is the absence of any Nationality. These include the Pemba, Shona, Galjeel, people of Burundi and Rwanda descent, and children born in Kenya to British Overseas Citizens after 1983. Frequently, they are not only undocumented but also often overlooked and not included in National Administrative Registers. Accordingly, find it hard to participate in Social and Economic Affairs. There has been a major push by UNHCR and international partners to “map” the size of stateless populations and their demographic profile, as well as causes, potential solutions and human rights situation. One of the requirements by the UNHCR in their push is for countries to find a potential solution to statelessness which starts with classifying/associating a person from these communities to a particular local community that is recognized in Kenya. This paper addresses this problem by adopting a Robust Nonparametric Kernel Discriminant function to correctly classify the stateless communities in Kenya and compare the performance of this method with the existing techniques through their classification rates. This is because Non-parametric functions have proven to be more robust and useful especially when there exists auxiliary information which can be used to increase precision. The findings from this paper indicate that Nonparametric discriminant classifiers provide a good classification method for classifying the stateless communities in Kenya. This is because they exhibit lower classification rates compared to the parametric methods such as Linear and Quadratic discriminant functions. In addition, the finding shows that based on certain similarities in characteristics that exist in these communities that surround the Pemba Community, the Pemba community can be classified as Giriama or Rabai in which they seem to have a strong link. In this regard, the study recommends the use of the Kernel discriminant classifiers in classifying the stateless persons and that the Government of Kenya consider integrating/recognizing the Pemba community into Giriama or Rabai so that they can be issued with the National Identification Cards and be recognized as Kenyans.

Navigating the Fourth Republic

Through the end of the Third Republic, only tiny numbers of West African students managed to study at France’s universities. Barriers to higher education began to fall after World War II, especially after African populations collectively gained citizenship. Higher education became a high-stakes policy area, as French officials and West African students and politicians vied to influence the parameters and possibilities of the postwar order. Amid escalating concerns about West African student migrations to the metropole, French officials eventually opened an Institute of Higher Studies in Dakar. However, this inchoate institution ended up highlighting the fundamental ambiguities of overseas citizenship. As West African students turned increasingly to anti-colonial activism, French authorities finally committed to establishing a full university in Dakar. Paradoxically, the construction and consolidation of this French university took place during the period of active decolonization.

Consular Protection with Chinese Characteristics: Challenges and Solutions

Summary In today’s globalised world, giving consular protection to an increasing number of overseas citizens has become a common challenge to foreign ministries. China, as the most populous country witnessing fast economic development, is facing more severe challenges in this field. Since the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, China’s consular protection has demonstrated new trends such as involving more actors in service delivery, constructing a co-ordination network, legalizing the management and taking targeted preventive measures. Compared with developed countries, ‘whole government involvement’ is the most prominent feature of China’s consular protection practice.

The unique role of the Chinese government in the protection of overseas citizens

How to optimize China’s protective mechanism for overseas citizens has become the top agenda of China’s public administration. A comparison of the evacuation policies of China and the US in the 2010s reveals that the Chinese government’s operations attach more importance to the actual effects of evacuation and the feelings of citizens, while considering the responsibility of citizens and cost burden less. This generous evacuation policy can be partly rationalized by China’s domestic factors, such as the “Going Global” policy, its contemporary image as a populous rising power, and its traditional family-country narrative, which generates a familial conception of state–citizen relations and encourages the government to take extra responsibility for citizens. While the familial conception of state–citizen relations is conductive to building national identity and cohesion, it blurs the dividing line between civic responsibility and governmental responsibility, undercuts the efficiency of public administration, causes waste of public resources, and overburdens governmental agencies. As China’s industrialization and urbanization progress, how to revise the long-established familial conception of state–citizen relations and establish a responsible civil society based on contractual rule of law has become an urgent issue. Points for practitioners This study highlights the parental role of the Chinese government in the protection of overseas citizens and attributes it partly to the traditional family-country narrative, which generates a family conception of state–citizen relations. While this conception is conductive to building national identity and cohesion, it causes waste of public resources and overburdens governmental agencies. It is necessary to revise the long-established conception and cultivate a responsible civil society to improve the efficiency of public administration in contemporary China.

From Passport to Pennies: Theorizing the Effects of Dual Citizenship on Migrant Remittances

Migrant remittances are critical elements of the economic development agenda in many parts of the world. Extending dual citizenship to emigrants has been suggested as government policy to encourage and stabilize migrants’ financial transfers. This essay theorizes the causal relationship between passports and pennies, or between citizenship policies and transnational economic activities, such as remittances. It reads the conceptualizations from a grounded theory study on the effects of status passages related to citizenship, as well as findings from economic sociology into the micro-economic literature on the determinants of remittances. Based on a study of India’s diasporic membership status, the Overseas Citizenship of India, the essay shows that four principal effects—the rights, identity, naturalization and good-will effect—affect various populations differently. The conceptualizations serve to generate empirically grounded hypotheses about the relationship between economic transfers and citizenship status, as well as to understand the underlying (and sometimes competing) mechanisms.

Atypical citizenship regimes: comparing legal and political conceptualizations

Notions, features, and forms of citizenship, understood as legal membership in a state, are changing the world over. While contestations of the monolithic understanding of citizenship generally focus on the content of individuals’ rights and their belonging and participation in social and political institutions, this essay shows that official membership categories that are labeled ‘citizenship’ by state actors vary. Drawing on the experiences of the Overseas Citizenship of India, the British Overseas Citizenship, and Citizenship of the European Union the essay proposes an analytical framework that aims at advancing the comparative study of state membership policies by introducing six key dimensions that policy actors consider when designing citizenship policies. Apart from systematizing the content of citizenship, the framework sheds light on the importance of citizenship terminology, as states employ the label of citizenship and use the status as a vehicle of communication. The essay highlights differences in the construction of special subjects, moral obligations and the exercise of power, analyzes the aspirations of political actors, the political rhetoric, and explores the interplay between tangible rights and intangible narratives. The discussion of the three atypical membership regimes reveals that states operate in grey areas of membership statuses that partly mimic existing forms of state membership and partly push the boundaries of what state membership means. This has significant repercussions for comparative citizenship and democracy theory and the meaning of membership.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF APPLICATION OF OVERSEAS CITIZENSHIP OF INDIA (OCI) IN THE INDONESIA CONSTITUTIONAL LAW SYSTEM

The idea of implementing a dual citizenship system in Indonesia which was initiated by the Indonesian Diaspora was directed towards imitating the Overseas Citizenship Of India (OCI) concept in India. The concept is considered a middle way between the demands of the Indian Diaspora and the reluctance of the Indian Government to amend the constitution regarding the principle of single citizenship. Indonesia also currently applies a single citizenship principle even though it is not regulated in the constitution. The idea of an Indonesian diaspora to emulate the OCI concept in India looks very rational, except that the problem is the extent to which the concept is applicable in the Indonesian constitutional system. What rules must be changed and which provisions must adjust. Implications of the application of OCI can be the same as dual citizenship, because the theory used is a residual theory where, apart from the prescribed restrictions, OCI card holders must be considered equal to Indonesian citizens. This concept has the potential to create legal complexity if there is a legal difference between Indonesia and other countries.

Contested and Cemented Borders: Understanding the Implications of Overseas Indian Citizenship

Abstract Although the Person of Indian Origin (PIO) and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) schemes have existed for some time, they began to serve a political and economic purpose for the Republic of India with the arrival of the twenty-first century. The OCI status asserts “Indianness” as a legible quality in diasporic memory. It does the work of cementing political Indo-Pakistani and Indo-Bangladeshi borders, while coopting the language of transnationalism to bolster the fundamentally nationalist regime of capitalism at work in the Republic of India. The goal of this regime is to promote a functionally nationalist, and thus, anti-transnational reality. As more generations of South Asians live and grow up abroad, creating a legible “Indianness” functions as a service to the capitalist Indian economy. These individuals abroad are encouraged to identify as diasporic “Indians” who must engage with their “motherland.” Thus, the transnationalist discourse of decreasing territoriality is exploited by the Indian state to serve goals that function in ideological opposition to transnationalism. As this discourse of legible “Indianness” becomes more successful, there will be increasing incentives for the ruling party in India to further privilege OCIs. In the end, the language and capital of the OCIs affirms the powers of capitalism contemporary Indian nation-state.

POLITIK HUKUM PENERAPAN OVERSEAS CITIZENSHIP OF INDIA (OCI) DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA

The idea of implementing a dual citizenship system in Indonesia which was initiated by the Indonesian Diaspora was directed towards imitating the Overseas Citizenship Of India (OCI) concept in India. The concept is considered a middle way between the demands of the Indian Diaspora and the reluctance of the Indian Government to amend the constitution regarding the principle of single citizenship. Indonesia also currently applies a single citizenship principle even though it is not regulated in the constitution. The idea of an Indonesian diaspora to emulate the OCI concept in India looks very rational, except that the problem is the extent to which the concept is applicable in the Indonesian constitutional system. What rules must be changed and which provisions must adjust. Implications of the application of OCI can be the same as dual citizenship, because the theory used is a residual theory where, apart from the prescribed restrictions, OCI card holders must be considered equal to Indonesian citizens. This concept has the potential to create legal complexity if there is a legal difference between Indonesia and other countries.

Revisiting the Tax Treatment of Citizens Abroad: Reconciling Principle and Practice

In an increasingly mobile world, the taxation of citizens living abroad has taken on increased importance. Recent international administrative developments—most notably, the weakening of foreign bank secrecy and expansion of global information sharing norms—have further raised the profile of this issue. While U.S. law traditionally has taxed U.S. citizens living abroad in the same general manner as citizens living in the United States, a number of scholars have proposed abandoning the use of citizenship as a jurisdictional basis to tax. In its place, they would apply residence-based principles (i.e., exercising full taxing rights over U.S. citizens only if the citizens reside in the United States). Citizens residing outside the United States would be taxed in the same limited manner as noncitizens residing outside the United States.This Article examines the impact of the recent international administrative developments on proposals to eliminate citizenship-based taxation and replace it with residence-based taxation. It also discusses a number of substantive concerns with the residence-based taxation proposals. While the Article concludes that the United States should retain its citizenship-based taxation regime, it acknowledges that a number of practical steps could be taken to ameliorate unnecessary burdens faced by overseas citizens.

Las milicias de voluntarios franceses en el Río de la Plata. Tradiciones bélicas, politización y diplomacia informal en tiempos de crisis (1829-1851)

The article analyzes the role played in the Rio de la Plata by the militias of foreign residents between 1829 and 1851, stopping especially in the bodies of French volunteers. I argue that these militia and legions in port cities such as Buenos Aires and Montevideo generated a transnational space, where different legal traditions and political cultures were combined, which allowed resident foreigners to exercise an “overseas citizenship”. This militia experience not only made possible the self-defense of foreigners, but also became a politico-diplomatic channel of representation of their interests, in competition with the official French agents.

Raymond Nim-Wah Chan

Raymond Nim-Wah Chan (“Ray”) was a well known orthopaedic surgeon who practised in Leicestershire from 1976 to 1999. He was one of the first Chinese orthopaedic surgeons in Leicester, if...

Emigration state encounters: The everyday material life of a diaspora technology

Scholars of diaspora studies argue that we need to recognise the emigration state as an ordinary feature of geopolitics rather than conceptualising ‘the emigrant state’ and consequentially ‘the diaspora’ as something peculiar and apart from the state. Yet everyday encounters between emigrants and the emigration state have been relatively under researched. This article responds to that blind spot by bringing together scholarship on diaspora studies, state-society relations and the material and affective dimensions of bureaucracy to examine the everyday life of a diaspora technology. More specifically, it examines how Indian emigrants encounter the emigrant state, through the lens of India's ‘Overseas Citizen of India’ (OCI) card. The OCI was publicly announced as ‘dual citizenship’ and represented a new category of legal subject abroad. Whilst scholars including geographers have critiqued the exclusive construction of OCI and questioned the extent to which it represents a form of citizenship at all, very little research has engaged with the mundane material and emotional dimensions of this policy. The study draws on interviews with Indian emigrants and their descendants in Greater London, as well as an examination of immigration/emigration website forums and blogs, online petitions and the Government of India's (GoI) paper trail relating to this diaspora strategy. Since its inception, the OCI card has been characterised by ambiguities and alterations concerning the meaning of citizenship and eligibility criteria. The article's findings illuminate the ongoing interplay between the production of illegibility and legibility by the emigrant state and emigrants. In so doing it examines the individual and collective strategies deployed by emigrants to interpret the rules and make the state legible, assemble proof of eligibility, and negotiate periods of waiting for their application. It also explores the situated material and affective dimensions of these emigrant state encounters in shaping emigrant subjectivities. The article concludes that the requirements of applying for OCI can, in some cases, serve to undermine the Government of India's diaspora strategy to naturalise the links between people, state and nation.

A Study on the Teaching Methods of University Composition Based on Reading ones Previous Results

이 글의 목적은 재외국민 학습자의 전공 글쓰기 능력 신장을 위한 교육 방안을 제안하는 데 있었다. 이를 위해 대상 학습자가 수강하는 수업의 목적과 과제 목적을 이해하는 과정을 거쳤다. 전공 수업의 목적은 리포트를 작성하는 데 중요한 지침이 되기 때문이다. 전공 교수가 제시한 유인물이나 피드백은 학습자가 전공 글쓰기의 문식성을 인식하는 데 주요 자료가 된다. 교수의 목적을 자신의 글에 제대로 반영하려면 전공의 목적에 입각한 자기 글 읽기와 이를 수정하는 활동이 중요하다. 이를 구체화하기 위해 실제 전공 수업의 학습자 리포트를 분석하여 개선에 필요한 것을 분석하는 활동을 수행하였다. 학문 목적 한국어 교육의 성과로 도출된 ‘연구 목적’의 중요성에 전공 학습자의 자기 견해를 이끌어 내는 활동의 회귀성을 병행하는 활동이 필요함을 확인하였다. 실제로 이러한 회귀성과 반복성은 학습자가 스스로의 글을 읽고 그로부터 유의미한 사고를 진행하였을 때 가능한 것이다. 이에 이러한 활동을 지원하는 튜터링 방식을 예로 들어 보였다. 학습자가 과제 목적을 읽고 자신의 글을 수정하는 일련의 과정은 결국 자기 글 읽기를 통한 작문 활동의 수행과 긴밀히 연관되는 과정이다. 전공 교수의 수업에는 학술적 글쓰기의 문식성이 반영되어 있다. 학습자가 이를 이해하고 자신의 글에 반영될 수 있는 과정을 지원함으로써 학습자의 작문 능력을 신장할 수 있는 것이다.The purpose of this article was to provide educational methods for the capacity extension written by overseas citizen learners major. For this reason, I underwent a process to understand the objectives of the classes that the target learner attends and the purpose of the assignment. The purpose of the major’s lesson is to become an important guideline for preparing the report. Distribution materials and feedback presented by the majors will be important materials for learners to recognize literacy in the majors writing. In order to correctly reflect the purpose of the professor in his/her writing, the activity to correct this is important when reading the one’s previous results that matches the purpose of the major. In order to realize this, we analyzed the learner’s report of the actual major’s lesson and analyzed what is necessary for improvement. Korean for academic purpose We confirmed that activities are necessary in parallel with the recurrence of activities that brings own viewpoints of learners to the importance of research purpose derived as a result of Korean language education. In fact, these regressiveness and reproducibility are possible when learners read their own sentences and then proceed with a meaningful accident. This example shows the tutoring method to support these activities. A series of processes in which a learner reads the purpose of a task and corrects his sentence is a process that is closely related to the performance of writing activities through reading of his sentence. The literacy of academic writing is reflected in the course of the major professor. By understanding this, learners can support the process that can be reflected in their sentences, thereby enabling the learner s writing ability to be extended.

Indian South Africans: (be)-longing and the post-apartheid search for roots and the imagined family

ABSTRACTThe Indian Relief Act of 1914 severely curtailed the right of Indians to settle in South Africa. As the twentieth century unfolded and the South African government passed a succession of discriminatory laws against Indians, Indian nationalists sought the isolation of the white minority regime. This increased the ‘distance’ between Indian South Africans and India. The ending of apartheid and the normalization of relations between India and South Africa opened the doors to travel and reconnections with the ‘motherland’. In this context of changing relations, this article explores the renewed links between Indian South Africans and the ‘motherland’, some because of the increasing popularity of ‘roots tourism’ in which they seek to visit their forbears’ village of origin and meet with relatives after more than a century of separation, others because they are interested in applying for the Overseas Citizen of India card, and yet others because of their renewed pride in ‘shining India’. The article concludes with a reflection on the utility of the idea of diaspora in the light of the experience of Indian South Africans’ search for roots.

Citizenship and the Indonesian Diaspora: Lessons from the South Korean and Indian Experiences

The existence and movement of diasporas across the world significantly challenge the existing legal norms on citizenship and migration. The responses from law-makers from the origin countries vary. Most European, Latin America and African countries adopt dual citizenship laws. However, most countries in Asia-Pacific region, including Indonesia, do not favour dual citizenship. This is mostly because of the ideological perception of citizenship. In this sense, many countries grant special status or schemes to their diaspora (neither citizens nor residents of the country) in the form of an external quasi-citizenship based on ethnic descent, called “ethnizenship” by Bauböck.This article, drawing on on-going research, compares the Indonesian experience with that of two other countries that have adopted quasi-citizenship schemes. India and South Korea have been chosen for comparison since both countries have particular statutes that recognise and regulate diaspora status. India created the Person of Indian Origin (PIO) card scheme in 1998 and Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) card scheme in 2003. These two schemes merged in 2015 into the Overseas Citizens of India Card Holder (OCC) scheme through the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2015. While India adopts a regulatory model of diaspora through a citizenship law regime, the South Korean experience showsa different attitude towards their diaspora. The Korean Government has refused the Korean diaspora’s proposal for dual citizenship and created a semi-citizenship called “Overseas Korean” status through immigration law. This article discusses the Indian and South Korean experiences dealing with their diaspora in order to propose a regulatory model for Indonesia’s diaspora.