Overlap Interval Research Articles

Estimated transmitral E- and A-wave overlapping predicted prognosis in patient with heart failure with preserved ejection

Abstract Background The impact of heart rate (HR) variability on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is not fully understood. Variations in HR may affect transmitral blood flow and consequently left ventricular filling and left atrial pressure. Changes in HR can cause the transmitral E-wave and A-wave to merge at higher HRs, while their interval lengthens at slower HRs (Figure: left). A recent study (Izumida. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7:3231) demonstrated that the degree of overlap or interval between E- and A-waves can be estimated using resting HR and the deceleration time of the E-wave (DcT) on Doppler echocardiography. Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between the estimated overlap length between E- and A-waves and prognosis in patients with HFpEF. Methods Echocardiography was performed before hospital discharge in 398 patients (80±9 years, 59.0% female) hospitalized for decompensated HFpEF who were registered in the PURSUIT-HFpEF (Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study of Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction) registry. The overlap length between E- and A waves was estimated using the formula [6.2 × HR (bpm) + 0.81 × DcT (ms) -589 (ms)] as previously described (a negative value means distance between two waves). Patients were divided into four groups based on quartiles of overlap length (Q1 to Q4, with Q4 representing the highest overlap length) and followed for a median duration of 759 days (interquartile range: 370, 1107 days) to observe all-cause mortality. Results The estimated overlap length in the study patients was -167±85 ms, and 105 deaths occurred during follow-up. The overlap length was selected as an independent predictor for all-cause mortality by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (p=0.04), whereas HR or DcT was not. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated the difference in all-cause mortality among 4 groups (Figure: Right, p=0.02 by log-rank test), and the Q4 group (335 to -123ms) showed significantly higher mortality than the Q2 (-124 to -173 ms, p=0.03). Conclusion The overlap length of E and A predicted mortality in HFpEF patients, and the presence of overlap or shorter interval were associated with higher mortality. Optimal HR based on overlap length may be a new target for HFpEF therapy.Figure 1

The Identification of Drought Tolerance Candidate Genes in Oryza sativa L. ssp. Japonica Seedlings through Genome-Wide Association Study and Linkage Mapping

Drought stress poses a significant threat to rice production, necessitating the identification of genes associated with drought tolerance. This study employed a combination of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and linkage mapping to pinpoint seedling drought tolerance genes in Japonica rice. Using the leaf rolling scale (LRS) as the phenotypic index, we assessed rice drought tolerance under polyethylene glycol-induced drought during the seedling stage. A lead SNP C8_28933410 by GWAS was identified, which was located within qLRS-8-1 identified by linkage mapping on chromosome 8. Combing the LD block analyses and QTL interval, a 138.6 kb overlap interval was considered as the candidate region. Haplotype analysis, qRT-PCR, sequence analysis, and mutant phenotype verification led to the speculation that LOC_Os08g05520 is a candidate gene associated with drought tolerance. Our findings provide a valuable reference for breeders aiming to enhance rice drought tolerance.

The QTL and Candidate Genes Regulating the Early Tillering Vigor Traits of Late-Season Rice in Double-Cropping Systems.

Rice effective panicle is a major trait for grain yield and is affected by both the genetic tiller numbers and the early tillering vigor (ETV) traits to survive environmental adversities. The mechanism behind tiller bud formation has been well described, while the genes and the molecular mechanism underlying rice-regulating ETV traits are unclear. In this study, the candidate genes in regulating ETV traits have been sought by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and bulk-segregation analysis by resequencing method (BSA-seq) conjoint analysis using rice backcross inbred line (BIL) populations, which were cultivated as late-season rice of double-cropping rice systems. By QTL mapping, seven QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, and 9, with the logarithm of the odds (LOD) values ranging from 3.52 to 7.57 and explained 3.23% to 12.98% of the observed phenotypic variance. By BSA-seq analysis, seven QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 9 were identified using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertions/deletions (InDel) index algorithm and Euclidean distance (ED) algorithm. The overlapping QTL resulting from QTL mapping and BSA-seq analysis was shown in a 1.39 Mb interval on chromosome 4. In the overlap interval, six genes, including the functional unknown genes Os04g0455650, Os04g0470901, Os04g0500600, and ethylene-insensitive 3 (Os04g0456900), sialyltransferase family domain containing protein (Os04g0506800), and ATOZI1 (Os04g0497300), showed the differential expression between ETV rice lines and late tillering vigor (LTV) rice lines and have a missense base mutation in the genomic DNA sequences of the parents. We speculate that the six genes are the candidate genes regulating the ETV trait in rice, which provides a research basis for revealing the molecular mechanism behind the ETV traits in rice.

Spatial-multiplexing of nonlinear states in a few-mode-fiber-based Kerr resonantor

The spatial-multiplexing of nonlinear states of different fiber modes are investigated in a few-mode-fiber-based Kerr resonant cavity. We first design a few-mode fiber (FMF) and optimize the chromatic dispersion for both the fundamental mode (LP01) and the higher-order mode (LP11). A spatial-multiplexing resonant cavity is then constructed by the designed fiber for investigating the coexisted nonlinear states in the spatial dimension. It is founded that the overlap interval of nonlinear states varies with different detuning differences. The coexistence of various nonlinear states is demonstrated within the spatially-multiplexing resonant cavity and eight coexistences are found, including stable soliton state and breather, stable soliton state and Turing pattern, breather and Turing pattern, stable soliton state and chaotic state, two Turing patterns, two chaotic states, two breathers and two stable soliton states. Our study not only enhances the understanding of the fundamental physics of the spatial-multiplexing resonator, but also presents a promising avenue for generating dual frequency combs corresponding to distinct transverse modes.

Joint QTL Mapping and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveal Candidate Genes for Salinity Tolerance in Oryza sativa L. ssp. Japonica Seedlings.

Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting crop growth and production. Rice is an important food crop in the world, but also a salt-sensitive crop, and the rice seedling stage is the most sensitive to salt stress, which directly affects the final yield formation. In this study, two RIL populations derived from the crosses of CD (salt-sensitive)/WD (salt-tolerant) and KY131 (salt-sensitive)/XBJZ (salt-tolerant) were used as experimental materials, and the score of salinity toxicity (SST), the relative shoot length (RSL), the relative shoot fresh weight (RSFW), and the relative shoot dry weight (RSDW) were used for evaluating the degree of tolerance under salt stress in different lines. The genetic linkage map containing 978 and 527 bin markers were constructed in two RIL populations. A total of 14 QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12. Among them, qSST12-1, qSST12-2, and qRSL12 were co-localized in a 140-kb overlap interval on chromosome 12, which containing 16 candidate genes. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR were analyzed in CD and WD under normal and 120 mM NaCl stress. LOC_Os12g29330, LOC_Os12g29350, LOC_Os12g29390, and LOC_Os12g29400 were significantly induced by salt stress in both CD and WD. Sequence analysis showed that LOC_Os12g29400 in the salt-sensitive parents CD and KY131 was consistent with the reference sequence (Nipponbare), whereas the salt-tolerant parents WD and XBJZ differed significantly from the reference sequence both in the promoter and exon regions. The salt-tolerant phenotype was identified by using two T3 homozygous mutant plants of LOC_Os12g29400; the results showed that the score of salinity toxicity (SST) of the mutant plants (CR-3 and CR-5) was significantly lower than that of the wild type, and the seedling survival rate (SSR) was significantly higher than that of the wild type, which indicated that LOC_Os12g29400 could negatively regulate the salinity tolerance of rice at the seedling stage. The results lay a foundation for the analysis of the molecular mechanism of rice salinity tolerance and the cultivation of new rice varieties.

Radiographic Evaluation of Syndesmosis Stabilisation Using the TightRope System Versus Syndesmotic Screw Fixation for the Management of Ankle Fractures With a Syndesmotic Injury.

Background Ankle syndesmotic injuries represent complex orthopaedic injuries, commonly requiring open reduction and fixation. Several techniques have been described for fixation, with syndesmotic screwfixation being traditionally considered as the 'gold standard'. Among the relatively new techniques developed, the TightRope system stabilisation provides 'dynamic' stabilisation with promising results. We aimed to evaluate the radiographic performance of these two different surgical techniques in the management ofankle fractures with an underlying syndesmotic injury. Methods A total of 85 cases were included in the studyand were divided into two groups: syndesmotic screw fixation (48 cases) and TightRope system (37 cases). Patient demographics, type of ankle fracture and type of implant used were recorded for all the cases, andevaluation of the postoperative radiographs was performed for all. For all patients, the radiographic parameters assessed included the medial clear joint space (MCS), tibiofibular overlap (TFO), and anterior and posterior tibiofibular interval in order to calculate the anterior tibiofibular ratio (ATFR). Results Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in the radiographic parameters of the postoperative radiographs between the twogroups. However, in the syndesmotic screw group, a higher incidence of radiographic malreduction was seen, as indicated by the MCS and ATFR parameters, in comparison to the TightRope fixation group. An equal distribution of radiographic abnormal parameters was noted among the different types of ankle fractures included in the study (trimalleolar, bimalleolar and isolated fibula fractures with syndesmotic injury) with no obvious positive correlation noted (Pearson correlation test). Conclusion Both surgical techniques seem to provide adequate reduction of the syndesmosis, with no statistical significant differences detected from the radiographic evaluation of both groups. In our study though, the syndesmotic screw group was associated with a higher incidence of radiographic malreduction as indicated by the MCS and ATFR parameters. The TightRope system seems to have a lower rate of radiographic malreduction and provides an equally effective way of syndesmosis fixation based on a dynamic mode of stabilisation.

Stable isotope ratio analysis combined with likelihood ratio as a new tool for establishing ethanol origin

Blood alcohol concentration is an important objective basis in traffic accidents and accounts for the majority of forensic toxicology worldwide each year. The origin of ethanol detected in bio-samples has three possible origins: consumption, contamination or decomposition, which are frequently at the center of legal disputes. The stable carbon isotope is a value that can characterize the origin of a substance and has received increasing attention from forensic chemistry researchers in recent years. In a previous study, the stable carbon isotope of ethanol showed its potential for traceability; however, the overlap between the δ13C values of different ethanol origins gradually appeared as the sample size increased. In this study, 324 alcohol consumption samples (group A), 97 contamination samples (group B), and 26 decomposition samples (group C) were analyzed by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The δ13C values of the three groups ranged from –33.05 ‰ to −2.85 ‰ with different densities. The overlap interval of the groups ranged from 48.64 % to 56.69 % of the total. Based on the corresponding probability density curve, the likelihood ratio was used to describe the indication of ethanol origin. This study analyzed ten samples in real cases. Innovative pathway (stable carbon isotope -likelihood system) and traditional pathway (ethyl glucuronide-n-propanol system) were used to indicate the ethanol origin in the blood. This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of combining stable isotope analysis with chemometrics to discriminate ethanol origin in alcohol-related cases and also provides new ideas to discriminate ethanol origin.

Saccadic initiation biased by fixational activity

Both the gap and overlap paradigm may reveal the interaction between fixating and moving the eyes, but the effects of the overlap paradigm have not been fully characterized yet. Here we present a series of experiments probing how an overlap paradigm, combined with the manipulation of stimuli durations, saliency and transient changes might modulate saccadic reaction time distributions.We recorded saccadic reaction time in four participants in six experiments in which a saccade-target appeared at a pseudo-random amplitude after a fixation period. First, we parametrically manipulated the duration of the overlap using a range of intervals (from 0 to 200 ms). In a second experiment we probed the interaction of various foreperiod intervals (i.e. the duration of the fixation period prior to saccade-target onset) and overlap using two overlap intervals (20 or 140 ms). In two additional experiments we manipulated either the stimuli sizes or their contrast ratio in overlap paradigms (20 or 140 ms). Lastly, we introduced a visual transient during the overlap interval via two manipulations (both with a range of SOA): either a distractor ring appeared around the fixation-target, or a dynamic random noise patch replaced the fixation-target.Results show reliable modifications in the latency distributions depending on the overlap interval as well as idiosyncratic differences. Additional experimental manipulations also affected the latency distributions revealing strong interacting inhibitory processes. We conclude that the effects of overlap intervals may combine with the influence of other stimuli properties affecting decision process.

Coracoid Impingement and Morphology Is Associated with Fatty Infiltration and Rotator Cuff Tears.

This study describes measurements between the coracoid, glenoid, and humerus; characterizes coracoid shape, rotator cuff fatty infiltration, and quantitatively evaluates coracoid impingement and its association with anterosuperior rotator cuff tears (ASCT). 193 shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans demonstrating: rotator cuff tear; isolated tear of the supraspinatus; tear of supraspinatus and subscapularis, were included. MRI measurements included coracohumeral interval (CHI), coracoid overlap (CO), coracoid recess (CR), coracoglenoid angle (CGA), and coracoglenoid interval (CGI) on axial slices; acromiohumeral interval (AHI) on coronal slices; and coracohumeral interval (CHI) and coracoacromial ligament (CAL) thickness on sagittal slices. The coracoid shape was classified as flat, curved, or hooked. An Independent T-test was used to compare the MRI measurements and the different rotator cuff tear groups. In 79% of the patients with ASCT tears, the coracoid was curved. Axial CHI, CGA, sagittal CHI, and AHI were decreased in ASCT when compared to no tears and isolated supraspinatus tears (p < 0.05). CO was increased in ASCT compared to no tears and isolated supraspinatus tears (p < 0.05). Patients with an ASCT had a significantly increased subscapularis and supraspinatus Goutallier fatty infiltration score when compared to no tear and isolated supraspinatus tears (p < 0.05). These quantitative measurements may be useful in identifying patients at risk for ASCT. Level of Evidence III.

SLDMS: A Tool for Calculating the Overlapping Regions of Sequences.

In the field of genome assembly, contig assembly is one of the most important parts. Contig assembly requires the processing of overlapping regions of a large number of DNA sequences and this calculation usually takes a lot of time. The time consumption of contig assembly algorithms is an important indicator to evaluate the degree of algorithm superiority. Existing methods for processing overlapping regions of sequences consume too much in terms of running time. Therefore, we propose a method SLDMS for processing sequence overlapping regions based on suffix array and monotonic stack, which can effectively improve the efficiency of sequence overlapping regions processing. The running time of the SLDMS is much less than that of Canu and Flye in dealing with the sequence overlap interval and in some data with most sequencing errors occur at both the ends of the sequencing data, the running time of the SLDMS is only about one-tenth of the other two methods.

Analysis of Residual Current in Low-Voltage Bipolar DC System and Improved Residual Current Protection Scheme

Residual current analysis and measurement of low voltage direct current (LVDC) is the key technology for its applications in civil architectures. The residual current expressions of positive and negative electric shock of LVDC under constant impedance load (CIL) and constant power load (CPL) are derived, respectively. On this basis, the effects of electric shock position and human equivalent impedance on residual current are analyzed. Subsequently, the residual current when the neutral line has unknown grounding is studied, and the difference between it and the neutral line of electric shock is analyzed. Meanwhile, the overlap interval of these two residual currents is investigated. For the meshed bipolar LVDC grid, the circulating currents caused by the asymmetry of line parameters as well as its influences on residual current measurement are analyzed. Moreover, these expressions are simplified for engineering applications. Finally, an improved residual current protection (RCP) scheme with a communication system is proposed. A simulation platform of MATLAB/Simulink and a low-voltage experimental platform are built to verify the deduced residual current expression and protection scheme.

Experimental Investigation of Direct Fuel Injection Into Low-Oxygen Recompression Interval in a Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Engine

Abstract This work analyzed measured data from a single-cylinder engine operated under the gasoline direction injection homogenous charge compression ignition (GDI-HCCI) mode. The experiments were conducted at a 0.95 equivalence ratio (ϕ) under indicated mean effective pressure of 0.5 MPa and 1500 rpm. A side-mounted injector delivered primary reference fuel (octane number 90) into the combustion chamber during negative valve overlap (NVO) interval. Advanced combustion phase CA50 were observed as a function of the start of injection (SOI) timings. Under ϕ = 0.95, peak NVO in-cylinder pressures were lower than motoring for single and split injections, emphasizing that NVO reactions were endothermic. Zero-dimensional kinetics calculations showed classical reformate species (C3H6, C2H4, CH4) from the NVO rich mixture increased almost linearly due to SOI timings, while H2 and CO were typically low. These kinetically reformed species also shortened predicted ignition delays. This work also analyzed the effects of intake boosting pressure and single versus double pulses injections on CA50, burn duration CA10-90, peak cylinder pressure, combustion noise metrics, thermal efficiency, and emissions. Advanced SOI (single-injection) generated excessive combustion noise metrics over constraint limits, but the double-pulse injection could significantly reduce the metrics (ringing intensity (RI) ≤ 5 MW/m2, maximum pressure rise rate ≤ 0.6 MPa/CA) and NOx emission. The engine's net indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) reached 41% under GDI-HCCI mode against 36% of SI mode for the same operating conditions. Under GDI-HCCI mode and without spark ignition, late fuel injection in the intake stroke could reduce NOx to a single digit.

Phase Current Reconstruction With Dual-Sensor for Switched Reluctance Motor Drive System

Due to the rugged construction, high starting torque, wide speed range, inherent fault-tolerance and high operating efficiency, switched reluctance motors (SRMs) have been used in many fields such as household appliances, electric vehicles and industrial drives. At low and medium speeds, the current chopping control (CCC) are usually used for SRMs. The current sensors must be connected in series with each phase winding for detecting the phase current, and the number of sensors is usually equal to the number of motor phases. In order to reduce the number of current sensors and the cost of the drive system, this paper propose a general phase current reconstruction method for SRM drive system with two current sensors. Firstly, the excitation, freewheeling and demagnetization circuits of the asymmetric half-bridge power converter are separated into two different paths. The sensors placement method, winding connection method and calculation formula of each phase current are introduced in detail. Then the influence of the turn-off angles on the overlap interval of each phase current is analyzed, and the proposed reconstruction method is further extended to multi-phase SRM. This method can simplify the current decoupling process and is easy to implement without changing the asymmetric half-bridge topology and operating states. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed phase current reconstruction algorithm is verified by simulation and experiment.

Cycle resolved control for HCCI engine load range expansion by combining ion current and pressure sensor

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) offers a high potential in engine efficiency enhancement and ultra-low NOx raw emissions. However, the main difficulty in HCCI combustion is its controllability of the ignition, especially at boundary conditions. At these conditions, stochastic abnormal combustion may happen, such as incomplete combustion or knock. Traditional engine map-based control is not enough to overcome these problems. Real-time in-cylinder combustion diagnosis and cycle resolved combustion control are required. In this study, the ionization process during negative valve overlap (NVO) interval in HCCI engines is numerically studied. It is identified that the ion current can reflect the quality of fuel reforming, which has been validated in the experiments. Compared to other studies that only use a single sensor (pressure sensor or ion current sensor), here for the first time, two sensors are combined to enhance the diagnostic accuracy. Besides, for the first time, ion current during NVO is employed for control. The experiments were conducted both at light load and high load boundary conditions. For light load boundary condition, by combining two sensors, the diagnostic accuracy rate of stochastic incomplete combustion is about 91.3%, and the misjudgment rate is reduced by 30% compared to only use one of them. After the controller is activated, the standard deviations of CA50 (σCA50) and IMEP (σIMEP) are reduced by 14.6% and 11.3%, respectively. For high load boundary condition, σCA50 and σIMEP are reduced by 12.3% and 15.4% respectively. Besides, the knock intensity is reduced by 9%. Ultimately, IMEP of the minimal load is reduced from 0.23 MPa to 0.18 MPa with an extension of 22%, and IMEP of the maximum load is expanded from 0.33 MPa to 0.4 MPa with an expansion of 21%.

The transition between turning and sitting in patients with Parkinson's disease: A wearable device detects an unexpected sequence of events

BackgroundWhen older adults turn to sit, about 80% of the subjects complete the turn before starting to sit i.e., a distinct-strategy, while in about 20%, part of the turning and sitting take place concurrently, i.e., an overlapping-strategy. A prolonged duration of the separation between tasks in the distinct-strategy (D-interval) and a prolonged duration of the overlap interval in overlapping-strategy (O-interval) are related to worse motor symptoms and poorer cognition. In the present study, we evaluated what strategy is employed by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) when they transition from turning to sitting. Methods96 participants with PD performed turn to sit as part of the Timed Up and Go test, both with and without medications, while wearing a body-fixed sensor. We quantified the turn-to-sit transition and determined which strategy (distinct or overlapping) was employed. We then stratified the cases and used regression models adjusted for age, gender, height, and weight to examine the associations of the D-interval or O-interval with parkinsonian features and cognition. ResultsMost patients (66%) employed the overlapping-strategy, both off and on anti-parkinsonian medications. Longer O-intervals were associated with longer duration of PD, more severe PD motor symptoms, a higher postural-instability-gait-disturbance (PIGD) score, and worse freezing of gait. Longer D-intervals were not associated with disease duration or PD motor symptoms. Neither the D- nor O-intervals were related to cognitive function. Individuals who employed the overlapping-strategy had more severe postural instability (i.e., higher PIGD scores), as compared to those who used the distinct-strategy. SignificanceIn contrast to older adults without PD, most patients with PD utilize the overlapping strategy. Poorer postural and gait control are associated with the strategy choice and with the duration of concurrent performance of turning and sitting. Additional work is needed to further explicate the mechanisms underlying these strategies and their clinical implications.

O2iJoin: An Efficient Index-Based Algorithm for Overlap Interval Join

Time intervals are often associated with tuples to represent their valid time in temporal relations, where overlap join is crucial for various kinds of queries. Many existing overlap join algorithms use indices based on tree structures such as quad-tree, B+-tree and interval tree. These algorithms usually have high CPU cost since deep path traversals are unavoidable, which makes them not so competitive as data-partition or plane-sweep based algorithms. This paper proposes an efficient overlap join algorithm based on a new two-layer flat index named as Overlap Interval Inverted Index (i.e., O2i Index). It uses an array to record the end points of intervals and approximates the nesting structures of intervals via two functions in the first layer, and the second layer uses inverted lists to trace all intervals satisfying the approximated nesting structures. With the help of the new index, the join algorithm only visits the must-be-scanned lists and skips all others. Analyses and experiments on both real and synthetic datasets show that the proposed algorithm is as competitive as the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Thermal cracking resistance of stacking concrete blocks

In massive concrete structures there is a danger of temperature cracks. One of the measures to get rid of these type of cracks is the breakdown of an array into concreting blocks. In this paper, we consider the provision of thermal crack resistance of a massive concrete structure during the construction period. A comparative analysis of the thermally stressed state of the structure erected by one and two blocks in height is carried out. The influence of the overlap intervals of the concrete block in the calculations of thermal crack resistance was evaluated. Thermal crack resistance is evaluated by the deformation criterion. The authors found that the breakdown of the concrete structure into concreting blocks reduces the elongation deformations by 37%. The results show that increasing the overlap interval of a concrete block more effectively ensures thermal crack resistance of the structure.

Saccade latencies in an overlap paradigm when manipulating the stimuli timing, energy and transient changes.

Previous studies showed that a temporal overlapping of the fixation-target with the saccade-target onset induces a shift of saccade reaction time distributions towards longer values. Here we present a series of experiments probing how an overlap paradigm, combined with the manipulation of stimuli durations, energy and transient changes might modulate saccadic reaction time distributions. We recorded saccadic reaction time in four participants in six experiments in which a saccade-target appeared at a random amplitude after a fixation period. First we parametrically manipulated the duration of the overlap using a range of intervals (from 0 to 200 ms). In a second experiment we probed the interaction of various foreperiod intervals (i.e. the duration of the fixation period prior to saccade-target onset) and overlap using two overlap intervals (20 or 140 ms). In two additional experiments we manipulated either the stimuli sizes or their contrasts in overlap paradigms (20 or 140 ms). Lastly, we introduced a visual transient during the overlap interval via two manipulations (both with a range of SOA): either a distractor ring appeared around the fixation-target, or dynamic random noise replaced the fixation-target. Results show reliable modifications in the latency distributions depending on the overlap interval as well as idiosyncratic differences. Furthermore, all our additional experimental manipulations also affected the latency distributions revealing strong interacting inhibitory processes. We conclude that the effects of overlap intervals may combine with the influence of other stimuli properties to produce strong effects on decision process.

On interval additive generators of interval overlap functions and interval grouping functions

Overlap and grouping functions have been proposed by Bustince et al. for applications in image processing, classification problems and decision making based on fuzzy preference relations. In this paper, firstly, we generalize the concepts of overlap and grouping functions to the notions of interval overlap functions and interval grouping functions and investigate some vital related properties. In particular, we give the construction methods to obtain interval overlap functions and interval grouping functions, which are the best interval representation of the overlap and grouping functions, respectively. And then, we introduce the concepts of interval additive generators of interval overlap functions and interval grouping functions, which offer convenience for the selection of proper interval overlap functions or interval grouping functions in concrete problems. We also prove that the best interval representation of the additive generator pair of an additively generated overlap function is an interval additive generator pair of the best interval representation of this overlap function and the case for grouping function is analogous.

최대 중첩구간을 이용한 새로운 GPS 궤적 클러스터링

내비게이션 시스템에서 지도 데이터를 최신 정보로 유지하는 것은 중요한 일이다. 그러나 수작업을 통한 갱신은 비용이 많이 소요될 뿐만 아니라 갱신되는 정보를 즉각적으로 반영하기 힘들다. 본 논문에서는 GPS 데이터를 이용하여 자동으로 도로를 생성해주는 시스템에서 가장 중요한 문제 중 하나인 중심 도로를 추출하는 기법에 관하여 살펴보고자 한다. 중심도로를 추출하기 위해서는 클러스터링 시킨 궤적이 필요하지만, 실제 궤적은 클러스터링 되어있지 않다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 최대중첩구간 탐색과 궤적 클러스터링 과정을 통하여 효과적으로 궤적에 대해 클러스터링 하는 기법을 제안한다. 마지막으로 클러스터링 시킨 궤적에 대하여 가상달리기 기법을 적용하여 중심도로를 추출하였다. 실험데이터로는 실제 대용량의 강남구, 성남시, 서울시 전체를 지나다니는 택시 GPS 데이터를 수집하여 실험을 하였고, 실험 결과 제안기법이 실제 중심 도로를 추출하는데 안정적이고 효율적인 것을 보였다.