Overall Prevalence Of Malnutrition Research Articles

Prevalence of Malnutrition using Anthropometric Index among the Sabar Tribal Preschool Children of Purulia District of West Bengal, India

Background It is well-established that tribal preschool children are still suffering from different types of malnutrition. Although data on the prevalence of malnutrition in the form of thinness (low body mass index (BMI) for age) among preschool children, particularly tribal preschool children in India, is limited. Objective The purpose of this study was to look at the anthropometric characteristics as well as the prevalence of malnutrition in the form of thinness using recent age and sex-specific BMI cut-off values. Methods The present cross-sectional study was carried out at seven different villages in the three Sabar concentrated blocks of the Purulia district. A total of 104 (49 boys and 55 girls) Sabar preschool children (aged 2-5-years) were investigated. Preschool children from seven Sabar-dominated villages were investigated. The prevalence of malnutrition in the form of thinness was assessed using an age- and sex-specific international BMI cut-off. Results There were significant age variations in mean weight and height observed in both sexes (p<0.001). The overall prevalence of malnutrition among Sabar preschool children was 80.77%. Boys (85.71%) were more malnourished (low BMI-for-age) than girls (76.4%). Overall, about 37.5% of preschool children were severely malnourished. Conclusion The results revealed that their nutritional status was not satisfactory. Therefore, an appropriate nutritional intervention programme should be taken to reduce the burden of malnutrition among the Sabar preschool children of Purulia district, West Bengal, India.

Complementary Feeding Practice and Nutritional Status of Children Between 6-23 Months Attending Pediatric OPD of Bharatpur Hospital Chitwan

Background: Malnutrition is responsible directly or indirectly for over half of all childhood deaths. Infants and young children are higher risk of malnutrition from six months of age onwards. The aim of the present study was to assess the complementary feeding practice and nutritional status of children between 6-23 months attending pediatric OPD of Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal.
 Methods: A cross sectional, study was conducted among 333 mothers and their children aged 6-23 months from July to November 2022. The data was collected through semi-structured interview schedule from mothers along with infant anthropometric measurement. The data was analyzed in SPSS 26 version.
 Results: Overall prevalence of malnutrition was 46%. Among them the prevalence of wasting, stunting and under-weight were 35.29%, 32.67% and 32.02%, respectively. There were significant association between the education qualification, occupation of mother, type of delivery, number of children, timely introduction of complementary feeding, egg consumption, and on demand breastfeeding with wasting.
 Conclusions: Quiet practice of complementary feeding and noticeable prevalence of malnutrition were found among children 6-23 months of age children. These outcomes focus the need to increase the complementary feeding practices ultimately improve the nutritional status of children.

Prevalence and Determinants of Malnutrition Among Adolescents in Delhi: A Rural-Urban Comparison Study.

Background Adolescence represents the period of transition from puberty to adulthood, encompassing development in the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains. Thus, this is a period of rapid growth, which is only second to that of infancy. Since the dietary patterns in this age group are influenced by many factors, adolescents have a higher tendency to remain malnourished. Aim and objective To find out the prevalence of and the socio-demographic factors associated with malnutrition among adolescents in a rural and an urban community of Delhi. Materials and methods This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural and urban field practice areas under the aegis of the Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, for the duration of one year. All eligible adolescents (10-19 years) residing in both study areas were included as the sampling frame. A total of 420 participants were enrolled in the study using the simple random sampling technique. All interviews were conducted face-to-face by the investigator to collect data on the nutritional status and socio-demographic variables of the study participants. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The mean age of the participants in our study was found to be 15.65 ± 2.10 years. About 63% of males and 37% of females participated in the study.Participants from urban areas had a better socio-economic status, as 67.1% of participants were either in Class II or Class III of the modified BG Prasad Scale, vis-à-vis 36.6% of participants from rural areas. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was found to be 46% with overnutrition being more rampant than undernutrition. Conclusion The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 46% in the present study, out of which 18% were undernourished while 28% were over-nourished. The prevalence of undernutrition was approximately three times more in rural areas as compared to urban areas while the prevalence of obesity/overweight was more rampant in urban areas in comparison torural areas.

PS-C15-11: HYPERTENSION AND ITS CORRELATES AMONG SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN DELHI

Background: Hypertension is fast emerging as a major health problem amongst all school adolescents, particularly in urban areas. Regular screening of the students for this is required for preventing the emergence of complications later in life. Therefore the present study was undertaken with the objective to determine the prevalence of hypertension amongst urban school adolescents and its correlation with anthropometric measurements. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a school in Central Delhi involving all 315 students of 9th and 11th standard. A proforma was filled by the students and anthropometric measurements along with blood pressure BP measurements were taken for each student. Data were analyzed using Epi info 2005 and SPSS 16.0. Results: Out of the total 315 students, 208 or 66% were boys and 107 or 34% were girls and the mean age was 14.31 SD 0.96 years. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 24% and boys were found to be more obese as compared to girls. There were 5 students 1.6% who were found to have systolic hypertension while 17 or 5.4% were found to have diastolic hypertension while 4.1% n = 13 of the participants were systolic pre hypertensive and 26% n = 82 were in the stage of diastolic pre hypertension. Body mass index and gender were found to be independent predictors of systolic hypertension. Conclusions: Prevalence of hypertension and pre hypertension was high amongst the school children. BP check ups for children and adolescents are thus recommended to take remedial action on time

Predicting Malnutrition Status of Under-Five Children in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen Using Data Mining Techniques

Malnutrition is characterised by the insufficient intake of certain nutrients and the inability of the body to absorb or use these nutrients. This health problem keep going to be a real challenge among children under five years of age in developing countries, including Yemen, despite good aids provided. So, malnutrition is a health problem that significantly participates to child mortality rate in Yemen. The overall prevalence of malnutrition among children in Dhamar Governorate has significantly higher rates compared to other Yemeni governorates.
 In this paper, an intelligent predictive system using data mining classification techniques such as J48 decision tree, Bagging and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) for predicting malnutrition status of under-five children in Dhamar Governorate is proposed.
 The main objective of the present paper is to study these classification techniques to predict the 2018-2019 Dhamar Governorate, Yemen Demographic and Health Survey (DGYDHS) dataset and find an efficient technique for prediction. This dataset is imbalanced, so Synthetic Minority Over-sampling TEchnique (SMOTE) is utilised to balance the dataset.
 The obtained results were evaluated by the famous performance metrics like Accuracy, TP (True Positive)-rate, FP (False Positive)-rate, Precision, F-Measure, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) graph and execution time. The obtained results revealed that the three classifiers with all attributes have higher predictive accuracy and are generally comparable in predicting malnutrition cases.

Prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors among older adults from urban and rural residences of Metu district, Southwest Ethiopia

BackgroundIn Ethiopia, the proportion of older adults is steadily increasing. This rapidly growing older adult population may increase the burden of malnutrition. However, malnutrition among older adults, particularly those living in rural areas, is regularly underrecognized and/or ignored. There have been no studies among older adults in the Metu district that have used the Min nutritional assessment (MNA). As a result, the purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among older adults in Metu district, Southwest Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2021 in Metu district. A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was employed. The nutritional status of the older adults was measured by MNA. Data from 616 older adults (308 from urban and 308 from rural residences) was collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with malnutrition.ResultsAccording to this study, the overall prevalence of malnutrition in Metu district was 17.5% (95% CI: 14.4%–20.7%). The prevalence of malnutrition in urban and rural residences was 9.9% and 25.2%, respectively. In the overall study, insomnia (AOR: 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1–3.7), residence (AOR: 3.47, 95%CI: 1.8–6.5), and smoking (AOR: 3.7, 95%CI: 2.1–6.7) were associated with malnutrition. In urban residences, depression (AOR: 3.4, 95%CI: 1.2–9.5), dietary diversity score (DDS) (AOR: 3.5, 95%CI: 1.2–10.0), and eating problems (AOR: 2.8, 95%CI: 1.1–7.3) were associated with malnutrition. In rural residence, age (AOR:3.8; 95%CI: 1.2–11), sex (AOR:2.2,95%CI:1.0–4.8), DDS (AOR:5.4,95%CI:2.2–13.3), depression (AOR: 4.6,95%CI:2.2–9.2), and chronic disease (AOR: 3.8 95%CI: 1.8–8.2) were associated with malnutrition.Conclusions and recommendationsMalnutrition was more prevalent among older adults living in rural areas than in urban areas. In the overall study, insomnia, residence, and smoking were significantly associated with malnutrition. DDS, depression, and eating difficulties were significantly associated with malnutrition among older adults living in urban areas, whereas sex, age, depression, chronic disease, and dietary diversity were factors influencing malnutrition in rural areas. Strengthening strategies aimed at addressing nutrition policy, as well as paying attention to the nutritional needs of the older adult population, can help to improve the health and quality of life of older adults.

High prevalence of malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency among schoolchildren of rural areas in Malaysia using a multi-school assessment approach.

Childhood malnutrition is known as a public health concern globally. The present study aims to assess the anthropometry and blood biochemical status of rural primary schoolchildren in Malaysia. A total of 776 children (7-11 years old) from ten rural primary schools from five states were included in this study. Nutritional outcomes were assessed based on sex, age group and school categories among the children (median age: 9 years (P25:8, P75:10)). The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 53·4 %. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was recorded at 20·6 and 39·8 % based on retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP) levels, respectively. Anaemia, iron deficiency (ID), iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) and elevated inflammation were found at 14·9, 17·9, 9·1 and 11·5 %, respectively. Malnutrition, VAD, anaemia, ID, IDA and elevated inflammation were more prevalent among Orang Asli (OA) schoolchildren compared with Non-Orang Asli schoolchildren. Higher occurrences of VAD and anaemia were also found among children aged <10 years. Retinol, RBP, α-carotene, ferritin and haemoglobin levels were lower among undernourished children. Besides, overweight/obese children exhibited a higher level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that OA school children (adjusted OR (AOR): 6·1; 95 % CI 4·1, 9·0) and IDA (AOR: 3·6; 95 % CI 1·9, 6·6) were associated with stunting among this population. The present study revealed that malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and anaemia are prevalent among rural primary schoolchildren in Malaysia, especially those from OA schools and younger age children (<10 years). Hence, more appropriate and targeted measures are needed to improve the nutritional status of these children.

Nutritional status of children under five years old involved in a seasonal malaria chemoprevention study in the Nanyumbu and Masasi districts in Tanzania.

BackgroundMalnutrition and malaria are common co-morbidities in low-income countries, especially among under-fives children. But the malnutrition situation in Masasi and Nanyumbu districts, its interaction with malaria infection and the influence of socioeconomic factors are not well understood.MethodsChildren aged between 3–59 months in Masasi and Nanyumbu were screened for nutritional status and malaria infection in the community. Nutritional status was determined using age and anthropometric parameters. Z-scores (weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ) and weight for height (WHZ)) were calculated based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) growth reference curves. Malaria infection was determined using malaria rapid diagnostic test and microscopy. Hemoglobin concentration was assessed using HemoCue spectrophotometer, and anemia was classified as hemoglobin concentration < 11.0g/dL. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio- demographic information electronically.ResultsA total of 2242 children, 1539 (68.6%) from Masasi and 1169 (52.1%) females were involved in the study. The mean z-scores (WAZ = -0.60 and HAZ = -1.56) were lower than the WHO reference population. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 49%, and it was significantly higher in Nanyumbu (52.5%) than in Masasi (47.3%), (x2 = 5.045, p = 0.025). Prevalence of malnutrition was higher in boys (53.0%) than in girls (45.0%) (x2 = 13.9, p < 0.001). Stunting was the most prevalent component of undernutrition; it was slightly prevalent in Nanyumbu (46.5%) compared to Masasi (42.0%), (x2 = 3.624, p = 0.057) and in boys (48.2%) than in girls (39.1%), x2 = 17.44, p<0.001. Only 15.8% of the undernourished children had malaria infection. Sex, age group and anaemia were significantly associated with undernourishment (p<0.05), while district and malaria infection were marginally (p≤0.06) associated with undernourishment. None of the undernutrition indices was associated with malaria infection.ConclusionUndernutrition was highly prevalent in the study population and was influenced sex, age, anaemia and malaria infection. More emphasis is needed to address the malnutrition problem especially stunting in Masasi and Nanyumbu districts.

Nutritional assessment of patients with aplastic anemia: comparison of four nutritional screening tools.

Introduction: nutritional status can affect the treatment of hospitalized patients, and malnutrition can even lead to death. However, the nutritional status of patients with aplastic anemia (AA) is unclear. Objective: to assess the nutritional status of aplastic anemia patients with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2 (high BMI group) and BMI < 24 kg/m2 (low BMI group), and to compare the consistency between different nutritional screening tools. Methods: patients with aplastic anemia hospitalized from January 2016 to December 2020 were collected. We used the combined index generated by Nutritional Risk Index (NRI), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Control Nutritional Status (CONUT) and Instant Nutritional Assessment (INA) to assess nutritional status of patients with aplastic anemia. Kappa index was used to measure the consistency between different nutritional screening tools. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of different nutritional screening tools. Results: one hundred and ninety-five patients with aplastic anemia were enrolled. The overall prevalence of malnutrition calculated by the combined index in patients with aplastic anemia was 51.3 %. The malnutrition rates of patients in the low BMI group and high BMI group were 60.9 % and 38.8 %, respectively. The malnutrition rates of very severe aplastic anemia (VSAA) patients, severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients and ordinary patients were 76 %, 63.8 % and 45.1 %, respectively. Compared with the combined index, NRI had the highest consistency and area under the curve. Conclusions: the nutritional status of patients with aplastic anemia was very poor; the more serious the disease, the worse the nutritional status. Although the malnutrition rate in the low-BMI group was higher than in the high BMI group, the nutritional status of overweight or obese patients can not be ignored. NRI is the best tool for assessing the nutritional status of patients with aplastic anemia.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Malnutrition Among 6-14-Year-Old Children in Iran.

Malnutrition is a major public health issue worldwide. It has significant consequences, including weakened immune systems, which may lead to increased incidences of infectious disease and higher mortality, particularly in children. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the overall prevalence of malnutrition (wasting, underweight, and stunting) among children of 6-14 years of age in Iran. Data were collected in 2018 based on searches of the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Information Database (SID), Magiran, Irandoc, and Iranmedex databases using the following keywords: childhood, childhood malnutrition, children, nutrition, malnutrition, wasting, underweight, stunting, child, student, boy, girl, cause, prevalence, and Iran, in order to identify studies eligible for inclusion in the review. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2 (CMA: 2) was used to estimate the overall prevalence of malnutrition. Nine out of 328 articles were included in our analyses. The overall of wasting among children of 6-14 years of age in Iran based on the random-effects model (according to nine studies and 18,296 participants) was 12.5% (95% Confidence Interval, 7.1-21.2). The overall prevalence of underweight based on the random-effects model (according to 10 studies and 19,185 participants) was 19% (95% CI, 8.1-38.6). Also, the overall prevalence of stunting based on the random-effects model (according to 10 studies and 19,185 participants) was 20% (95% CI, 9.4-37.8). The results of this study show that the prevalence of malnutrition among 6-14-year-old children in Iran is similar to the global average. We need solutions that can be used for both prevention and reduction of malnutrition, especially in areas with middle or low socioeconomic status. It is necessary to identify factors associated with malnutrition in various geographic regions in order to implement appropriate programs based on factors with the highest impact in each region.

Validity and Reliability of a Nutritional Screening Tool (SCAN) in Children Newly Diagnosed with Cancer

No standardized approach towards nutritional screening and assessment of pediatric oncology patients has been established. The nutrition screening tool for childhood cancer (SCAN) has been previously published as an effective screening method. This is an observational cross-sectional study to assess the validity and reliability of the SCAN tool, compare it to the detection of undernutrition using standard measures of assessment, and determine the overall prevalence of malnutrition and micronutrients alterations in our cohort. We included children newly diagnosed with cancer in a pediatric tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain from August 2018 to May 2019. The following measurements were performed: SCAN questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, nutritional markers in blood, and micronutrient levels. A total of 49 patients were included. 22 patients (45%) were at risk of malnutrition according to the SCAN questionnaire. Four patients (8%) could be diagnosed with moderate undernutrition. These undernourished patients were distributed homogeneously among at-risk and not at-risk populations identified by the SCAN tool. Several micronutrient deficiencies were identified. We conclude that the SCAN questionnaire is an easy-to-use tool for everyday clinical practice. By not including anthropometric measurements it misses patients considered to be malnourished. Future data might help clarify if it is an effective tool in predicting a higher nutritional risk during the entire treatment course.

Prevalence, Patterns, and Determinants of Malaria and Malnutrition in Douala, Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Community-Based Study.

Background Malaria and malnutrition are major public health problems in developing countries. This studywas mainly focused on the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of these conditions and their associations. Methods A cross-sectional community study was conducted from February to March 2018 among 281 participants living in two districts in Douala. A questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic information and parasitological and anthropometric data of participants. Nutritional status was determined using age, weight, and height. Body mass index for age (BMIAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) Z scores were computed based on the World Health Organization growth reference curves. Malaria infection was diagnosed using light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy. Results The overall prevalence of malaria was 18.9%, mostly asymptomatic cases. Malaria infection was associated with study site (p = 0.04), age (p = 0.01), WAZ (p = 0.0049), HAZ (p = 0.03), and BMI (p = 0.02). The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 43.1%, and stunting was the main form of malnutrition recorded in children under five years of age (23.6%). The risk of being stunted in this group was about quintupled in malaria-infected participants (ARR = 4.70; p = 0.02). In those aged 5-19 years, the prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in malaria-positive individuals as compared to their negative counterparts (p = 0.02). The overall prevalence of malaria and malnutrition cooccurrence was 8.5% and varied with age (p < 0.0001) and study site (p = 0.04). Conclusion and Recommendation. Malaria was associated with malnutrition among the study participants. Early detection and treatment of these ailments would reduce morbidity and mortality.

Evaluation of telehealth based nutrition counselling to improve dietary compliance and nutritional status of cancer patients.

e13619 Background: According to published literature, regardless of the cancer type, the overall prevalence of malnutrition in cancer is about 40% (range 30%-70%). Malnutrition is known to adversely affect the treatment compliance, quality of life and survival outcomes for cancer patients. Onco.com provides telehealth based nutrition care support (NCS) as a part of cancer care management program. We sought to evaluate impact of telehealth based nutrition counselling on diet compliance and overall nutritional status of patients. Methods: NCS includes virtual nutrition screening, nutrition diagnosis and nutrition intervention. Virtual nutrition screening was done using modified patient generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA) tool developed by Ottery. An initial nutrition screening was initially performed for 165 patients. After nutrition screening, patients were divided as malnourished (category 1- 47%), nutritionally at risk (category 2- 34%) and well nourished (category 3- 19%). Patients in category 1 &amp; 2 were analysed for the purpose of study. Diet counselling and customized diet plans were provided to the patients between the age group of 12 to 83 years for a period of 3 months from October to December 2020. On follow up, 24 hour diet recall method and food frequency method were used to assess the compliance to the diet plan. One day prior 24 hour diet recall and food frequency method for two weeks was used to analyse the adherence to the plan. If the patient consumed ≥75% of the recommended diet for a minimum of 5 days in a week, he/she was considered a ‘compliant’, while those who consumed &lt; 75% of the recommended diet were considered to be ‘non-compliant’. Data on body weight and performance status (PS) was documented during follow up to track changes. Results: Of 134 study participants, 35.1% were in the early (I &amp; II) stage, 38.7 % were in the locally advanced (III) stage, 21.2 % were in the metastatic stage, and 4.8 % were in the recurrent stage of disease. After 3 months of initiation of the nutrition counselling, 40% of the patients had gained weight, whereas 38% could maintain the body weight and 22 % had lost weight. Change in physical activity, appetite, management of side effects after diet plan initiation were also assessed during the reassessment calls. Overall, 67% patients showed improvement in diet compliance across all stages of disease. Majority of dietary non-compliance was noted in patients with head and neck, upper GI cancers or those with poor PS. Conclusions: Telehealth based nutritional counselling is an effective tool to help cancer patients achieve better diet compliance and nutrition outcomes across all stages of disease. Dietary non-compliance in head and neck cancers and upper gastrointestinal cancers or poos PS could correlate with difficulty in oral intake. Getting accurate information could be one of the challenges in virtual mode of counselling.

Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Elderly. A Community Based Cross Sectional Study From Ernakulam Kerala

Background: Prevalence of malnutrition is high in India with many elderly at the risk of malnutrition. The quality nutrition in the elderly may significantly influence the overall condition and severe deficiencies contribute to multiple comorbidities and this is found to be more common in resource-poor countries. Identifying the prevalence of malnutrition and risk factors will bring the problem to a greater focus for better care of the rising geriatric population. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of malnutrition among elderly aged 65 years and above in an urban area in Ernakulam district, Kerala. To assess the possible risk factors (covariates) of malnutrition among the elderly. Materials and Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted within a radius of 10 Kms from Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi. From August 2016 to August 2018 (2 years). A sample size of 1000 was taken using the Cluster sampling Technique. MNA (Mini Nutritional Assessment Scale) was used as a study tool. Demographic details, functional characteristics, and other risk factors were taken in detail using a semi-structured questionnaire using IBM SPSS version 20.0 software. Categorical variables are expressed using frequency and percentage. Continuous variables are presented by the mean and standard deviation. Results: This community-based cross-sectional study from Ernakulam, which included 1000 elderly population. Most of the participants 75.4% were in the age group between 65-74 years majority being females 59.1%. Most of the participants had educational status less than 12th standard. The prevalence of malnutrition reported during the period of 2 years (2016-2018) was 17.3% with 36.8% of the population at risk of malnutrition. The independent risk factors for malnutrition included age, female gender, widowed participants, low socioeconomic status, low education, multiple comorbidities, more than 2 drug use. Participants dependent on IADL and ADL and those using a walking aid had higher rates of malnutrition. Lifestyle characteristics like smoking and alcohol were associated with the risk of malnutrition. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of malnutrition in my study was 17.3 %and 36.8 % were at risk of malnutrition. Approaches to improve nutritional status should focus on those who are older, female gender, low educational and socioeconomic status, those elderly with multiple comorbidities and medication use, and those who are functionally dependent. Better strategies are of utmost priority to improve the nutritional status of the elderly population.

NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE, AURANGABAD, MAHARASHTRA: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have increased prevalence of malnutrition for various reasons. This study aimed to identify prevalence and predictors of malnutrition in children with symptomatic CHD. Methods: This study included 110 children with symptomatic CHD (78 acyanotic and 32 cyanotic CHDs). Clinical Evaluation and Laboratory Assessment of Nutritional Status were documented. Anthropometric measurements were recorded and Z scores for weight for age (WAZ), weight for height (WHZ), and height for age (HAZ) have been calculated. Malnutrition was dened as weight, height, and weight/height Z score ≤–2. Results: The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 87.0 % in patients with CHD. Severe malnutrition was diagnosed in 49 % of cases. In both group of CHD patients, stunting and wasting was high. Malnutrition correlated with pulmonary hypertension, recurrent respiratory tract infections and feeding difculties but not statistically signicant levels. Conclusion: Malnutrition is a very common problem in children with symptomatic CHD and presence of feeding difculties, pulmonary hypertension, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections are additional risks for malnutrition.

HIV Co-Infection Among Presumptive Tuberculosis Cases and Asthmatic Patients at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been closely linked since the emergence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Several studies have suggested an increased incidence of asthma among HIV positive individuals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and HIV infection among presumptive tuberculosis cases and asthmatic patients. A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 424 study participants from October 2018 - June 2019. Sociodemographic data and sputum samples were collected and investigated by Ziehl-Neelsen microscopy, Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay, and culture. The nutritional status of the patients was assessed by body mass index. Finally, data was entered, cleared, and checked using Epi-info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Logistic regression was used for statistical association. p-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of MTB and HIV infection was 3.86% and 5.4%, respectively. The prevalence of MTB infection among presumptive tuberculosis (TB) cases was 4.4%, but none among asthmatic patients. The prevalence of HIV infection among presumptive TB cases and asthmatic patients was 5.2% and 6.6%, respectively. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was 30%. The prevalence of malnutrition among culture-positive TB patients was 31.25% and that of HIV positive cases was 43.5%. The proportion of MTB infection among HIV positive patients was 12.5%. Marital status of the study subjects significantly associated with culture positive MTB infection. Occupation and previous history of tuberculosis infection had a statistically significant association with HIV infection. This study showed a high prevalence of HIV among asthmatic patients compared to presumptive TB cases. So, regular large-scale surveys should be conducted to assess the burden and intervene accordingly.

Measuring the Overall Burden of Early Childhood Malnutrition in Ghana: A Comparison of Estimates From Multiple Data Sources.

Childhood malnutrition contributes to nearly half (45%) of all deaths among children under 5 globally. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aims to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030; however, measuring progress towards these goals is challenging, particularly in countries with emerging economies where nationally-representative data are limited. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the overall burden of childhood malnutrition in Ghana at national and regional levels using 3 data sources. Using data from the long-standing Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (GDHS), Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (GMICS), and the emerging Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey (GSPS), we compared the prevalence of malnutrition using the extended composite index of anthropometric failure (eCIAF) for the period 2008- 2011. This study included data for children aged 6-59 months and calculated all anthropometric z-scores based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Standards. We tested for differences in malnutrition subtypes using two-group configural frequency analysis (CFA). Of the 10 281 children (6532 from GMICS, 2141 from GDHS and 1608 from GSPS) included in the study, the only demographic difference observed was the children included in the GSPS were slightly older than those included in the GDHS and GMICS (median age of 36 vs 30 vs 33 months, P<.001). Based on the eCIAF, the overall prevalence of malnutrition at the national level was higher among children in the GSPS (57.3%, 95% CI: 53.9%-60.6%), followed by the GDHS (39.7%, 95% CI: 37.0%-42.5%), and then those in the GMICS (31.2%, 95% CI: 29.3%-33.1%). The two-group CFA showed that the 3 data sources also estimated different prevalence rates for most of the malnutrition subtypes included in the eCIAF. Depending on the data source adopted, our estimates of eCIAF showed that between one-third and half of all Ghanaian children aged 6-59 months had at least one form of malnutrition over the period 2008-2011. These eCIAF estimates should complement the commonly reported measures such as stunting and wasting when interpreting the severity of malnutrition in the country to inform policy decisions.

Nutritional Status of Under Five Years Children in Rangpur Cantonment

Introduction: Nutrition is an important factor because of its role in preventing disease and infant survival and growth. Malnutrition and diseases are interlinked with each other and a great problem in all countries of the developing world.&#x0D; Objectives: To assess the nutritional status of the under five year's children in Rangpur Cantonment.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in Children Welfare Centre (CWC) of Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Rangpur from July to August 2018. A total of 50 under five years children were selected and a structured questionnaire was used keeping the focus on socioeconomic status, dietary habits, hygiene practices, and anthropometric indices of the children.&#x0D; Results: Out of 50 children, 60% were male and 40% were female. About 26% of children were in the 36 to 48 months of age group. About 50% were in the height group of &gt;100 cm, 34.0% were in the height group of 91-100 cm, 16% were in the height group up to 90 cm, 48.0% were in the weight group of 12.1-16 kg, 34.0% were in the weight group of 16 kg, 10%were in the weight group of 10.1-12 kg and 8%were in the weight group below 10 kg.&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study, 20% of cases were stunted and 80% of cases were not stunted and no wasted case was found and the overall prevalence of malnutrition in the Rangpur cantonment was low. A further in-depth study is recommended to draw conclusive inferences.&#x0D; JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 15, No 2 (December) 2019: 168-170

Commentary on "Prevalence of Malnutrition and 1-Year All-Cause Mortality in Institutionalized Elderly Comparing Different Combinations of the GLIM Criteria".

The nutrition community has worked to develop an international understanding of diagnostic criteria for malnutrition. In this Commentary are thoughts on a clinical utility study of the latest standard malnutrition definition, the Global Leadership in Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. In "Prevalence of malnutrition and 1-year all-cause mortality in institutionalized elderly comparing different combinations of the GLIM criteria," the authors created and then compare each of 12 different combinations of the GLIM components in a Spanish nursing home sample and find a higher mortality rate among participants with malnutrition and inflammation than participants with malnutrition alone. In working toward the advantages offered by a rigorously validated and internationally accepted malnutrition definition that is age, sex, location, race, and ethnicity neutral, there are several points to consider. There is a strong need to eliminate clinician-, disease-, or location-specific malnutrition criteria in favor of definitions that apply broadly, are specific to malnutrition rather than disease or location, and are validated against a malnutrition standard. With the GLIM criteria, it is likely that some existing malnutrition screening tools will overestimate malnutrition risk because they contain common criteria that do not change in response to malnutrition intervention. With consistent criteria, consistently applied, it is likely that the overall prevalence of malnutrition will change in some groups. malnutrition; nutrition assessment; adult malnutrition; geriatric malnutrition.

Malnutrition assessed by mini nutritional assessment tool among Indian elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Overall health and nutritional status of elderly population of India is not satisfactory. Therefore, present systematic review was conducted to determine the overall occurrence of malnutrition of Indian elderly and furthermore attempted to find out the underlying causes of malnutrition. Present review considered published article reported malnutrition of elderly as assessed by mini nutritional assessment (MNA) tool. Thus, literature searching, screening and data synthesis was made and recorded following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol. All published literature looked through utilizing the accompanying keywords. The MedCalc software was applied to estimate the overall prevalence of malnutrition by using meta-analysis statistical method. Thirty of 147 articles were included in this analysis. Overall mean MNA scores was 19.47±4.17. Study found overall prevalence of malnutrition among elderly was 17.93% (95% CI: 14.23-21.84). The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly higher in rural elderly (21.67%, 95% CI: 16.44-27.40) than urban (14.23%, 95% CI: 10.02-19.05) elderly of India. Rural elderly more likely to be 1.8 (OR: 1.76; CI: 1.56-1.99) times greater chance to be developed malnutrition than the urban elderly. Moreover, present study estimated that about 18.6 million Indian elderly population was malnourished and expected to be 22 million by 2021 due to elderly population growth, morbidity, poverty and joblessness by COVID-19 pandemic. Given the expansion of elderly malnutrition in future, there is felt need a special nutrition intervention programme for the rural elderly population. Thus, a dedicated geriatric friendly nutrition rehabilitation center (GFNRC) may be setup at every community development block of India.