Overall Prevalence Of Human Papillomavirus Research Articles

Prevalence of non 16/18 high risk human papilloma virus as a quality metric in gynecological cytology.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen that causes anogenital disease. Cervical screening by cytology and HPV testing (co-testing) are important in prevention of cervical cancer. The Bethesda System category of atypical squamous cells (ASC) is used when a neoplastic process cannot be confidently identified. In such cases, the differential diagnosis is broad and includes benign conditions. Monitoring of ASC/SIL ratio is a commonly used laboratory quality assurance measure to prevent over- or under-use of this category. High risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) has been used in conjunction with the ASC/SIL ratio in determining whether a particular pathologist is over/under-using the indefinite category. However, the laboratory overall sample population prevalence rate of hr-HPV subtypes has not been previously examined for association with the ASC rate. In this study, the relationships between ASC/SIL ratio and hr-HPV prevalence rate and hr-HPV subtypes (16/18 and non-16/18) to the laboratory ASC prevalence were studied. The results demonstrate that HPV non-16/18 is the main subtype which is associated with ASC-US category. A large proportion of non-16/18 HPV-related cases are seen in young patients, which largely abates by the by fourth decade. In addition, there are differences in the ASC/SIL ratio for HPV 16/18 and non-16/18 types. The overall ASC/SIL ratio is an average of the ASC/SIL rate for the non-16/18 population and the HPV 16/18 population. Instead of basing the laboratory and practitioners' quality indicator solely on ASC/SIL ratio, the overall prevalence of HPV and its subtype ratio should also be reported as they are more reflective of laboratory performance.

High burden of human papillomavirus infection among men in Guangzhou, South China: Implications for HPV vaccination strategies.

The epidemiological and clinical aspects of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women have been extensively studied. However, there is a lack of information regarding HPV characteristics in males. In this study, we conducted a retrospective and observational study of 3737 consecutive male individuals attending outpatient clinics of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital from 2012 to 2023 in Guangzhou, South China, to determine the age- and genotype-specific prevalence of HPV in men. The results showed the overall prevalence of HPV among men was 42.15% (1575/3737), with variations ranging from 29.55% to 81.31% across distinct diagnostic populations. Low-risk HPV6 (15.47%), HPV11 (8.94%), and high-risk HPV52 (5.51%) were the most common types. The annual HPV prevalence decreased significantly (Z = -3.882, p < .001), ranging from 31.44% to 52.90%. 28.77% (1075/3737) of men manifested infection with a singular HPV type, predominantly identified as a low-risk type. The age-specific distribution of HPV infections revealed distinctive peaks in the < 25 y age group (47.60%, 208/437) and the 40-44 y age group (44.51%, 154/346). Notably, the positive rate of Chlamydia trachomatis was significantly higher among HPV-positive individuals in comparison to HPV-negatives (16.14% vs. 11.25%, p < .05). Our findings reveal a substantial prevalence of HPV infection among outpatient men in Guangzhou, South China. It is recommended to consider the inclusion of HPV vaccination for adolescent males in national immunization schedules, once an adequate supply of vaccines is accessible.

Prevalence and risk factors of anal human papillomavirus infection among men with anal condyloma acuminata by HIV status in ShenZhen, Southeast China: A retrospective cohort study.

Patients with anal condyloma acuminatum (CA) are at risk of developing anal cancer which is associated with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Investigation of anal HPV prevalence and risk factors can provide effective strategies for the prevention of anal cancer. A retrospective study was conducted among 549 patients with anal CA in the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen between January 2019 and October 2021. HPV prevalence and HIV antibodies were detected by fluorescent PCR and ELISA, respectively. Logistic regression model and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted to analyzed the risk factors of oncogenic HPV infection. The overall prevalence of HPV was 96.72%. Both HPV6 (N = 285, 51.91%) and HPV11 (N = 300, 54.64%) were more than half infected and the most frequent Hr-HPV genotype was HPV16 (N = 138, 25.14%). HIV-positive (AOR: 5.02, 95% CI: 2.98-8.60, p < 0.0001) and history of syphilis (AOR: 4.24, 95% CI: 2.31-8.46, p < 0.0001) were independent risk factors statistically associated with oncogenic HPV infection. Ever had anal sex (AOR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.28-11.81, p = 0.0267) and age 35 years and older (AOR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.53-5.15, p = 0.0009) were associated with HPV16 and HPV52, respectively. SEM analyses showed that HIV-positive (b = 1.549, p < 0.001) and history of syphilis (b = 1.450, p < 0.001) had significant positive effects on oncogenic HPV infection. Ever had anal sex (b = 1.243, p = 0.025) and Age (b = 0.043, p = 0.002) positively drived HPV16 and HPV52 infection, respectively. Anal CA patients who are HIV-positive, have a history of syphilis, or at least 35 years old should be considered for Hr-HPV, cytology and other anal cancer related tests to reduce the risk of cancer development.

The prevalence of HPV among 164,137 women in China exhibited some unique epidemiological characteristics

ObjectiveThe persistence of HPV infection is a significant etiological factor in the development of cervical cancer. The present study investigated the prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in a cohort of 164,137 unvaccinated women from Wenzhou, aiming to provide guidance for clinics in the cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination strategies.MethodsThe present retrospective study included a total of 164,137 women, comprising 118,484 outpatients and 45,653 healthy female subjects recruited from 2015 to 2020. Cervical exfoliated cells were collected from these participants for subsequent DNA extraction. The extracted DNA samples were underwent analysis using a fluorescence in situ hybridization method, encompassing the detection of 27 HPV genotypes.ResultsThe overall prevalence of HPV was 17.35%; this corresponded to a prevalence of 19.10% in the outpatient group and 12.82% in the healthy female group. Among the outpatient group, the five most prevalent HPV genotypes were identified as HPV 52, 58, 16, 53, and 61. In the healthy female group, the five most common HPV genotypes were found to be HPV 52, 53, 58, 61, and 81. Additionally, it was estimated that the highest rate of HPV infection occurred among individuals aged between 10 and 19 years old (44.65%) and those aged between 60 and 69 years old (27.35%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of HPV in this region is substantial; therefore, it is imperative to implement scientifically sound and rational clinical interventions such as vaccination. Routine cervical screening should be performed to prevent the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia resulting from persistent infection with high-risk HPV, particularly in women with gynecological diseases and those over 60 years old.

A retrospective analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and genotype distribution among 25,238 women in Shanghai, China revealed the limitations of current HPV-based screening and HPV vaccine

BackgroundTo determine the human papillomavirus (HPV) type-specific prevalence and distribution among women with various age and cervical lesions in Shanghai, China. And to evaluate the carcinogenicity of different high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) and the efficacy of HR-HPV testing and HPV vaccine. MethodsThe clinical data from 25,238 participants who received HR-HPV testing (HPV GenoArray test kit, HybriBio Ltd) at the Affiliated Hospital of Tongji University from 2016 to 2019 were reviewed and analyzed using SPSS (version 20.0, Tongji University, China). ResultsThe overall prevalence of HPV was 45.57% in the study population, of which 93.51% were found HR-HPV infection. The three most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV 52 (22.47%), 16 (16.4%) and 58 (15.93%) among HPV-positive women, and HPV 16 (43.30%), 18 (9.28%) and 58 (7.22%) in women with histologically confirmed cervical cancer (CC). 8.25% of CC were found to be HPV negative. Only 83.51% of CC cases were related to the HPV genotypes covered by nine-valent HPV vaccine. HPV prevalence and genotype distribution varied with age and cervical histology. The odds ratios (OR) of HR-HPV for CC were also different, among which the top three types were HPV 45 [OR= 40.13, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 10.37–155.38], 16 (OR=33.98, 95%CI 15.90–72.60) and 18 (OR=21.11, 95%CI 8.09–55.09). The increase in the types of HPV infection did not increase the risk of CC correspondingly. As the primary cervical screening method, HR-HPV testing showed the high sensitivity (93.97%, 95%CI 92.00–95.49) but low specificity (42.82%, 95%CI 41.81–43.84). ConclusionsOur study provide the comprehensive epidemiological data on HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among Shanghai women with various cervical histology, which can not only serve as a significant reference for clinical practice, but also implicated the need of more effective CC screening methods and HPV vaccine covering more subtypes.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infections in Beijing, China between 2016 and 2020

BackgroundCertain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) induce long-lasting infections that cause cervical cancer. This study evaluated the prevalence of HPV infections and the distribution of their genotypes among clinic patients and healthy women in Beijing, China.MethodsCervical specimens were collected from 12,100 patients and 1176 subjects who underwent physical examinations at Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, between March 2016 and September 2020. HPV genotyping was performed using commercial kits designed to detect 15 high-risk and 2 low-risk HPV genotypes.ResultsThere was a higher overall prevalence of HPV among the clinic patients (21.0%) than among the healthy women (11.9%). The most common HPV genotypes among the patients were: HPV-52 (5.4%), HPV-16 (3.4%), HPV-58 (3.2%), HPV-51 (2.6%), HPV-39 (2.0%), HPV-56 (2.0%), and HPV-66 (2.0%). Among the healthy women: HPV-52 (3.0%), HPV-51 (1.8%), HPV-58 (1.6%), HPV-66 (1.5%), HPV-16 (1.2%), HPV-56 (1.2%), and HPV-18 (1.1%). Multiple HPVs were detected in 29.1% of the gynecological outpatients and in 23.6% of the women receiving physical examinations. The most common pairs of HPV types detected were HPV-52 and HPV-16 in the clinic patients, and HPV-52 and HPV-56 in the healthy women. Age-specific HPV positivity and peak prevalence were observed among the individuals in both groups for women aged less than 25 years and those between 61 and 65 years of age.ConclusionsOur results provide current estimates of HPV prevalence and genotypes in the Beijing region. The epidemiological characteristics observed also provide a reference for the development of cervical cancer screening strategies and selection of HPV vaccine antigen targets for this region. A comparison of these HPV prevalence data with those from other regions suggests that regional vaccines may be an important direction for future research.

Human papillomavirus prevalence in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in South America: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Some studies have addressed the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck cancer in South America; however, no studies have systematically gathered prevalence and conducted a meta-analysis. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of HPV in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in South America. We performed a systematic review and metaanalysis using the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science. Data were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models to estimate the pooled prevalence of HPV. We identified 209 nonduplicated studies, of which 38 were selected. The overall prevalence of HPV was 24.31% (95% CI 16.87–32.64; I2 = 96%, pheterogeneity <0.001). HPV prevalence in oropharyngeal cancer was 17.9% (95% CI 7.6–31.4; I2 = 96%, pheterogeneity <0.001) and that in oral cavity cancer was 23.19% (95% CI 14.94–32.63; I2 = 94%, pheterogeneity <0.001). We found an overall prevalence of HPV in 24.31% of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in South American patients. The prevalence of HPV was 17.9% for oropharyngeal cancer and 23.19% for oral cavity cancer.

Association of human papillomavirus in penile cancer: A single-center analysis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a known risk factor of penile cancer (PeCa). However, studies evaluating its true association are limited. In this study, we aimed to estimate HPV prevalence and its true association with PeCa in terms of molecular biological activities.Materials and Methods:This single-institutional prospective observational study was conducted between June 2016 and August 2019. We included 40 men with PeCa as a study group and 20 age-matched uncircumcised men who underwent circumcision for phimosis as a control group. Both the groups underwent deoxyribonucleic acid isolation for HPV subtyping followed by evaluation of relative E6/E7 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression profile and relative telomerase activity in tissue samples. HPV-16 and -18 were categorized as high-risk, whereas HPV-6 and -11 were categorized as low-risk subtypes.Results:The mean (±standard deviation) age of PeCa was 51 ± 15.9 years. The majority of patients had stage II disease, and the most common procedure done was partial penectomy. The overall prevalence of HPV in PeCa was 42.5% (n = 17) as compared to 20% (n = 4) in controls. Among the subtypes, the most common subtype was HPV-16 noted in 33.3% (8/24) of cases, followed by HPV-18 in 29.2% (7/24) of cases. PeCa tissues had a significantly higher relative E7 mRNA expression for HPV-18 than the control group (P = 0.016). The mean relative telomerase activity was significantly higher in the PeCa tissues than the control group (138.66 vs. 14.46, P < 0.001). A significantly higher relative telomerase activity was noted in the PeCa tissues positive for high-risk HPV subtypes than controls (141.90 vs. 14.46, P = 0.0008), but not between high-risk HPV-positive and HPV-negative PeCa cases (141.90 vs. 137.03, P = 0.79). High-risk subtypes were not associated with tumor stage (P = 0.76) or lymph node metastasis (P = 0.816).Conclusions:HPV was associated in 42.5% of PeCa cases based on our experience from a single institution. PeCa tissues had a higher relative E7 mRNA expression for HPV-18 and relative telomerase activity as compared to controls suggesting their potential role as surrogate markers of virus-induced tumorigenesis.

Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral mucosal lesions in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of oral lesions is controversial. There has beenno comprehensive study about HPV prevalence in Iran. This systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed atfinding HPV prevalence of oral lesions and normal oral mucosa in Iran. International (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) and national (Iranmedex, Irandoc, and SID) databases were searched systematically until October 2020. Studies that examined the prevalence of HPV in oral lesions by polymerase chain reaction method were included. The heterogeneity of articles was assessed with the Cochran test and I-Square statistics. The prevalence rate of HPV was calculated using a random-effect model. Of 3729 initially searched articles, 29 articles were eligible forinclusion. The overall prevalence of HPV in oral lesions was 21%. The prevalence was the highest in Rasht (50%) city. Lip lesions had the highest HPV prevalence (40%). According to the classification of lesions, the highest prevalence was ofprecancerous lesions (29%) and the lowest in normal mucosa (8%). Well-differentiated tumors showed a higher prevalence than poorly-differentiated ones. The highest prevalence of HPV was hairy leukoplakia (70%) and the lowest was ofpyogenic granuloma (6%). Also, the prevalence was 31% in oral squamous cell carcinoma. There are differences between HPV prevalence according to the geographical area, intraoral location, type of lesion, and grading. AsHPV prevalence was fairlyhigh, further attention to vaccination and treatment for HPV in Iran, as a potential risk factor for oral precancerous and cancerous lesionsis recommended.

A descriptive study of human papilloma virus in upper aero-digestive squamous cell carcinoma at Uganda cancer institute assessed by P16 immunohistochemistry

BackgroundCancer burden in sub-Saharan Africa is on the rise with one-third of cancers estimated to be caused by infectious agents. Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in sub-Saharan Africa and includes tumors in the Upper Aero-digestive Tract (UADT). The established risk factors are tobacco and alcohol exposure with a recent recognition of the role of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The HPV related HNC is seen predominantly in the oropharynx, presents at a younger age and has a better prognosis. With a rapidly increasing incidence of these cancers in the developed world, it was important to study HPV in HNC in Uganda. The HPV can be detected using P16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate marker thus making it suitable for screening. The study aimed at establishing the presence of HPV and the commonly affected sites in UADT squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI) using P16 immunohistochemistry.MethodologyThis was a cross sectional study in which 59 patients with histologically proven SCC from the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx were recruited. These patients’ demographics and clinical data were collected. Tissue sections from retrieved histology samples were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin to reconfirm SCC. Subsequently, P16 expression was determined using P16 immunohistochemistry.ResultsSeventy-one patients were enrolled and 59 patients with confirmed SCC of the sites of interest were analyzed. The majority (79.7%) of the participants were male and over 50 years. 59.3% were tobacco smokers, 66.1% used alcohol, 52.2% used both. Only 27.1% used none of the substances. Only 27.1% of the participants were HIV positive. Most of the tumors were in the larynx (37.3%) and 64.4% were overall TNM stage 4. The overall prevalence of HPV in UADT SCC at UCI was 20.3, 95%CI 10.9–32.8. The oropharynx had the highest prevalence (30.8%).ConclusionThe prevalence of HPV in UADT SCC at UCI is significant at 20.3%. The most affected site, is the oropharynx. Vigilant HPV screening of these sites with confirmation where possible is recommended.

Epidemiology and persistence of cervical human papillomavirus infection among outpatient women in Heilongjiang province: A retrospective cohort study.

As persistent carcinogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a prominent driver of cervical cancer, it is essential to explore HPV persistence and its associated factors for cancer screening and prevention. A retrospective cohort study was performed in outpatient women between March 2010 and 2019 in Heilongjiang, northeast China. HPV genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-membrane hybridization. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the association of factors with persistence. The overall prevalence of HPV at baseline was 27.1%, with a downward trend from 2010 to 2019 (P < .0001). The most commonly observed high- and low-risk HPVs were HPV16 (N = 1094, 5.9%) and HPV11 (N = 596, 3.2%), respectively. The probabilities of 6-month persistence were high for women infected with HPV16 (P = .0001), HPV58 (P = .018), and HPV53 (P = .014), as well as for women with multiple infections (P = .009), and those who were 51 to 60 years old (P = .004) or more than 60 years old (P = .007). The probabilities of 12-month persistence were high for women infected with HPV53 (P = .017) and 51- to 60-year-old women (P = .044). HPV16 is the dominant HPV type in Heilongjiang. An age in the range of 51 to 60 years and infection with HPV53 is associated with HPV infection persistence in the Heilongjiang population.

The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on HPV Infection Among Young Brazilians in a Nationwide Multicenter Study

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection according to socioeconomic categories in Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 7,694 sexually active women and men aged 16-25 years. Individuals of all socioeconomic groups in all 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District were enrolled through public primary care units between September 2016 and November 2017. The Brazilian Criteria of Economic Classification were used to analyze the socioeconomic classes. Cervical samples were obtained using a Digene® HC2 DNA Collection Device, and penile/scrotum samples were obtained using a wet Dacron swab. Findings: The overall prevalence of HPV was similar among the social classes as follows: 51.16% for classes A-B, 53.39% for class C, and 55.47% for classes D-E ( P = 0·442). Similar results were found for high-risk HPV. The presence of HPV in individuals with a brown skin color belonging to classes A-B was 57.00% higher [prevalence ratio (PR) 1.57 (95%: 1.23, 2.01)] than that in whites and had no impact on the other social classes. Interpretation: HPV infection affects all socioeconomic classes in Brazil, evidencing a social resignification of sexually transmitted infections usually associated with discrimination. Funding Statement: Program for Supporting the Institutional Development of the Public Health System (PROADI-SUS). Declaration of Interests: LLV is a member of the Board for HPV vaccines at Merck, Sharp & Dohme and a consultant at BD, Roche and Qiagen regarding HPV tests. All other authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest, and none were reported. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research (Protocol no. 1607032) at all recruitment sites. All participants provided written consent.

Anal human papillomavirus and its associations with abnormal anal cytology among men who have sex with men

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection contributes to most anal cancers and premalignant intraepithelial lesions. This study investigated anal HPV infections and cytological abnormalities among men who have sex with men (MSM). Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors were collected by using a structured questionnaire. Anal cytological results were examined, and HPV genotyping was performed by the Linear Array HPV Genotyping test. Logistic regression was used to estimate risk factors and their associations with high-risk HPV infection and cytological abnormalities. Among 163 MSM, 101 were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 62 were seronegative for HIV. The overall prevalence of HPV was 66.2%. A total of 61.9% and 48.2% of participants had never acquired any of either the quadrivalent or nonavalent vaccine HPV types, respectively. Cytological findings showed 15.3% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 16.6% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 4.9% atypical squamous cells that cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and 17% high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The number of high-risk HPV types was the predominant risk factor for abnormal anal cytology (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27–3.24). Infection with high-risk HPV was a significant predictor for cytological abnormality. MSM should be encouraged to obtain the HPV vaccine.

Human papillomavirus in tonsillectomy specimen from China and Pakistan — Prevalence and genotype distribution

BackgroundThe expected corresponding increase in tonsillar human papillomavirus (HPV) infection associated with increasing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) substantiate the evaluation of normal tonsillar tissue in different population. The epidemiology of HPV in tonsillar tissue varies geographically. This study evaluated samples from two countries to determine the prevalence in respective samples. ObjectiveTo characterize HPV infection in non-malignant tonsillar tissue from Shaanxi, China (herein after referred to as China) and Punjab, Pakistan (herein after referred to as Pakistan). MethodologyThe DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor free tonsillar tissue was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 367 cases from China and 139 cases from Pakistan were screened for HPV DNA using GP5+/GP6+ consensus primer. Genotype of the positive cases was determined for common HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18, 52, 58) simultaneously by type-specific PCR. ResultsThe mean age of cohorts in China was 13.42 (Median age 7, Range 2–72 years) while in Pakistan it was 10.77 (Median age 8, Range 3–42 years) the gender distribution was 61.6% male in China and in Pakistan they were 56.8%, rest were females. The overall prevalence of HPV in China was 2.45% and 2.16% in Pakistan. High risk human papillomavirus was 1.63% in China with 5 cases positive for HPV 16 and HPV 58 in 1 case. In Pakistan, 2 cases (1.43%) of HPV 16 were detected. Low-risk types include HPV 11 present in 2 cases from China, while HPV 6 was detected in 1 case each from both the countries. ConclusionA low prevalence of HPV was found in China and Pakistan; high-risk and low-risk HPV were detectable in tonsillar tissue from both countries. Age stratification (< 5 years, 5–14 years, 15–25 years, > 25 years) suggest that sexual and non-sexual transmission of the virus can occur. The difference in the genotype distribution geographically within China and with Pakistan was observed in the case of HPV 58. The most common type in both the countries was HPV 16.

The Human papillomavirus among women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Morocco: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a higher risk of contracting human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and are more prone to develop cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV and its association with risk factors among Moroccan women living with HIV/AIDS. We enrolled 251 HIV-infected non-pregnant women in Morocco from February 2013 to September 2016. Sociodemographic, lifestyles, behavioral and clinical data were collected. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing were performed for molecular detection and HPV genotyping in cervical samples, respectively. Abnormal cervical smears were found in 34/246 patients (13.82%). The overall prevalence of HPV was 74.50%. HPV 58 was the most prevalent (39.29%) followed by HPV 18 (10.71%), HPV 70 (8.93%), HPV 33 (7.14%), HPV 6 (6.25%) and other genotypes (< 3%). Overall, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types were present in 75% (84/112) of patients and the prevalence of HR-HPV types in samples with abnormal Pap was higher than in normal Pap (55/83, 66.27% vs. 28/83, 33.33%, p < 0.0001). Univariate analyses showed that none of the socio-demographic and behaviors factors was associated with HPV infection. Moreover, Pap results were not affected by HPV status (p = 0.532). Whereas, CD4 T-cell counts above 200/mm3 at enrolment were apparently not protective to HPV infection. We found a high prevalence of HPV infection and HR-HPV types among HIV-positive women that significantly associated with abnormal Pap. Our findings suggest a high prevalence of HPV infection with high-risk types was observed among HIV-positive women warrant to implement a regular screening by Pap smear.

Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Tonsil Tissue in Healthy Adults and Colocalization in Biofilm of Tonsillar Crypts

The pathogenesis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is currently an important topic of elucidation. The presence of latent HPV infection in tonsil tissue of healthy adults may provide an explanation for a component of this process and contribute to the understanding of HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma oncogenesis of the oropharynx. To determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV and to determine the spatial relationship between the virus and crypt biofilm in tonsil tissue. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out using samples obtained from tonsils that were archived at a university hospital following elective nononcologic tonsillectomy from 2012 to 2015. Samples consisted of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples of tumor-free tonsil tissue from 102 adults between the ages of 20 and 39 years. Human papillomavirus status was assessed by polymerase chain reaction, and high-risk subtypes 16 and 18 were assessed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Samples that demonstrated presence of HPV were then analyzed by in situ hybridization to localize the viral capsid protein. These samples were then stained with concanavalin A to establish biofilm presence and morphology. These samples were also stained with diamidino-phenylindole (DAPI) to visualize location of the virus in relation to cell nuclei. These data were then assembled for aggregate analysis to colocalize HPV in the biofilm of the tonsillar crypts. Outcome measurements were determined prior to data collection and include prevalence of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 in tonsil tissue of otherwise healthy adults, as well as demonstration with immunohistochemistry of HPV in tonsillar crypt biofilm. In 102 otherwise healthy adults (55 [53.9%] female; age range, 20-39 years), the overall prevalence of HPV in tonsils was 4.9% (n = 5); and high-risk type 16 or 18, 3.9% (n = 4). In this sample population, in situ hybridization colocalized HPV virus to the biofilm of the tonsillar crypts. Biofilm is present in the tonsillar crypts in a considerable proportion of tonsil tissues and may be reproducibly identified. Human papillomavirus is demonstrated to colocalize to the crypt biofilm. This has important implications with respect to the determination of HPV prevalence rates in the oropharynx. It may also play a role in the pathogenesis of HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Association between Human Papillomavirus and Non-cervical Genital Cancers in Brazil: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background:Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with cervical cancer; however, it is controversial whether it is involved in non-cervical genital cancers.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate articles on the prevalence of HPV in penile cancer, vulvar cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and anal canal cancer in studies conducted in Brazil.Methods:The study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Statement. Comprehensive searches for HPV and cancer for the years 2006 to 2016 were conducted in two databases (PubMed and Web of Knowledge) and Google Scholar system. We also tracked the references of all eligible articles to identify additional non-captured publications through online surveys.Results:Eighteen studies, with a combined sample size of 1,552 patients were analyzed. The overall prevalence of HPV was 43% (95% CI: 36–51%; p < 0.001). The pooled prevalence of HPV in penile cancer was 42% (95% CI: 32–55%; p < 0.001), in colorectal cancer it was 67% (95% CI: 64–70%; p < 0.001) and in vulvar cancer 43% (95% CI: 34–55%; p < 0.001). HPV 16 was the most prevalent in all sites evaluated, with prevalence estimated at 54% (95% CI: 44–66%; p < 0.001), followed by genotypes 33 (21%; 95% CI: 17–28; p < 0.001), 6 (15%; 95% CI: 8–26%; p < 0.001), 11 (13%; 95% CI: 5–32%; p < 0.001) and 18 (12%; 95% CI: 7–22%; p < 0.001), respectively. The pooled prevalence of single infection was 82% and infection by multiple genotypes of HPV was 22%.Conclusion:Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of HPV in non-cervical genital cancers in Brazil, with predominance of genotype 16, providing evidence for the need for preventive and control measures to avoid future harm to the population.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Women from Cozumel, Mexico

Background:Human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68 have been implicated in the development of cervical cancer (CC). These 13 high risk HPV types have been shown to be present in up to 99.7% of CC samples. In Mexico, this cancer is the leading cause of death from malignancy among women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different HPV genotypes and investigate epidemiological aspects associated with HPV infection in women from Cozumel.Material and methods:We performed an epidemiological, prospective and cross sectional study with 1,187 who accepted participation in a campaign of screening for CC, during the period 2014 to 2015. Data on epidemiological and socio-economic variables were obtained. Cervical cells were collected for detection of HPV DNA and typing of HPV-positive samples by Multiplex PCR, using a commercial kit for 16 viral genotypes.Results:The overall prevalence of HPV in women from Cozumel was 15.8 % (188/1,187), either single (13.6%) or multiple (2.19 %). The most common HPV types , in descending order of frequency, were 58 (24.5 %), 59 (13.3 %), 39 (12.2 %) and 66 (9.6 %). The most frequent high risk types were HPV-58 and -59 and of low risk HPV types the most common was HPV-6. Number of sexual partners (OR=4.78; 95% CI= 2.73-8.37; P=<0.0001) and age of first coitus (OR=0.51; 95% CI=0.32-0.81; P=<0.0011) were significantly associated with HPV infection.Conclusions:Our data indicate that the overall incidence of high risk HPV infection in Cozumel is low as compared to other studies worldwide, with a different profile of subtypes. However, as expected, risky sexual behavior was found associated with positive cases of HPV. These results highlight the need for establish strategies to prevent HPV acquisition and evaluate the impact of a vaccine application in the Cozumel population.

Identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) subtype in oral cancer patients through microarray technology.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main source of cervical cancer. Many recent studies have revealed the prevalence and prognosis of HPV associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, but fewer reports have evaluated HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and prognosis of HPV associated with OSCC according to HPV and tumor types. We used a DNA chip kit (MY-HPV chip kit ®, Mygene Co., Korea) to detect high-risk HPV subtypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58) and low-risk subtypes (6, 11, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44) among 187 patients. The prevalence was determined by Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, and the prognosis was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. The overall prevalence of HPV in OSCC was 7.0% for all HPV positives and 4.3% for high-risk HPV positives. The prevalence of HPV was significantly higher in individuals under 65 years old and in those with tumors in the tongue and gum regions. The prognosis did not differ between the HPV-positive and -negative groups. Although the prevalence of HPV-positive cases in OSCC was low (7.0, 4.3%) and the prognosis did not depend on HPV positivity, HPV-associated OSCC should be considered in the evaluation and treatment of oral cancer patients. In addition, separating high- and low-risk groups based on the HPV status of other body parts might not be appropriate. The DNA microarray method can accurately detect known HPV subtypes simultaneously, but has limitations in detecting new subtypes. Vaccines can also be used to prevent HPV-associated OSCC in patients, so further studies on the prognosis and efficacy of vaccines should be undertaken.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus among females in the suburb of Shanghai, China.

To describe the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and its genotype distribution among females in the suburb of Shanghai. A total of 33 562 participants were enrolled in this study from January to December 2016. HPV GenoArray test kit was used to perform HPV genotyping and was also used in DNA amplification and HybriBio's proprietary flow-through hybridization technique. The overall prevalence of HPV was 18.98% and the top ten genotypes of HPV infection were HPV 16 (3.36%), HPV 58 (2.65%), HPV 52 (2.48%), HPV 51 (1.58%), HPV 54 (1.40%), HPV 68 (1.32%), HPV 18 (1.23%), HPV 6 (1.15%), HPV 56 (1.10%), and HPV 33 (1.07%). Single infection (4749, 14.15%) was the most common types among all the infected cases. Significant differences were found among age groups and month groups in terms of simple and multiple infection (P < 0.05), pure HR, LR and mixed HPV infection (P < 0.05). The prevalence of HR and LR HPV infection among females in the suburb of Shanghai is high, prevalence of single and multiple infection, pure HR, LR and mixed infection is correlated with the age and month.