Overall Prevalence Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Research Articles

Estimating the global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem. The present study aims to provide a global and regional estimate of the prevalence of COPD based on spirometry according to the two most widely used diagnostic criteria of COPD: fixed ratio (FR) and lower limit of normal (LLN).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature according to PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, and Scopus databases were searched to identify studies on the spirometry-based prevalence of COPD in individuals aged 40 years and older. The meta-analysis was performed using MedCalc 19 software.ResultsIn total, 42 of the 3393 studies reviewed were eligible for inclusion. The overall prevalence of COPD in people aged 40 years and older was 12.64% (95% CI 10.75%-14.65%) and 7.38% (95% CI 5.47% − 9.55%) based on FR and LLN criteria, respectively. By gender, men had a higher prevalence of COPD compared to women (15.47%; 95% CI 12.22%-19.02% for men versus 8.79%; 95% CI 6.94%-10.82% for women). Using the LLN criteria, the prevalence of COPD in both sexes was almost identical (8.67%; 95% CI 8.44%- 8.90% for men and 8.00%; 95% CI 6.42% − 9.73% for women). We reported a high prevalence of COPD among smokers and the elderly by both definitions of airway obstruction. Regional prevalence estimates using the FR definition indicate that the highest COPD prevalence was recorded in the Americas and the lowest was recorded in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Using the LLN definition, the highest prevalence was recorded in the Southeast Asian region and the lowest prevalence was recorded in the American region. The most common COPD stage was stage II, with a prevalence of 50.46%. The results indicate a huge lack of prevalence data in the African and Eastern Mediterranean region. The results were given using a random-effect model due to the high heterogeneity between studies.ConclusionResults show that the prevalence of COPD differs according to the diagnostic criteria used. In addition, management and prevention strategies targeting risk factors for COPD are certainly needed to reduce the global burden of this chronic respiratory disease.

Burden of COPD in China and the global from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate the current disease burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China and globally using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data in 2019, as well as to...

Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Albania

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of COPD and its associated factors among adults in Albania.
 Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Albania in 2013-14. A nation-wide representative sample of 1200 adults aged ≥40 years was selected using multistage cluster sampling technique. All participants were interviewed about socio-demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms, smoking status and clinical characteristics. Spirometry was performed according to standard methods. COPD was defined as post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio <70% predicted.
 Results: Of the 1200 adults invited to participate, 939 adults or 78% (467 men and 472 women) were eligible for the study. The overall COPD prevalence (GOLD stage 1 or higher) was 12.4%; it was higher in men (17.4%) than in women (7.7%). Using Lower Limit of Normal (LLN), the prevalence of COPD was 9.9%, again higher in men (13.2%) than women (6.6%). The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed COPD was 1.3% (1.9% in men, 0.6 % in women). Male sex, smoking and increasing age were significantly associated with COPD diagnosis.
 Conclusion: The overall prevalence of COPD in Albania was 9.9% using BOLD standards. Smoking and increasing age were the main risk factors for COPD. The study highlights the importance of raising awareness of COPD among health professionals.

Community determinants of COPD exacerbations in elderly patients in Lodz province, Poland: a retrospective observational Big Data cohort study

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence and identify demographic, economic and environmental local community determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations in elderly in primary care using Big Data approach.DesignRetrospective observational...

Deep Learning-Based Computed Tomography Features in Evaluating Early Screening and Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

This research aimed to investigate the diagnostic effect of computed tomography (CT) images based on a deep learning double residual convolution neural network (DRCNN) model on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the related risk factors for COPD. The questionnaire survey was conducted among 980 permanent residents aged ≥ 40 years old. Among them, 84 patients who were diagnosed with COPD and volunteered to participate in the experiment and 25 healthy people were selected as the research subjects, and all of them underwent CT imaging scans. At the same time, an image noise reduction model based on the DRCNN was proposed to process CT images. The results showed that 84 of 980 subjects were diagnosed with COPD, and the overall prevalence of COPD in this epidemiological survey was 8.57%. Multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that the regression coefficients of COPD with age, family history of COPD, and smoking were 0.557, 0.513, and 0.717, respectively (P < 0.05). The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of DRCNN-based CT for COPD were greatly superior to those of single CT and the difference was considerable (P < 0.05). In summary, advanced age, family history of COPD, and smoking were independent risk factors for COPD. CT based on the DRCNN model can improve the diagnostic accuracy of simple CT images for COPD and has good performance in the early screening of COPD.

Epidemiology and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Suzhou: a population-based cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Suzhou remains still unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify the disease burden and assess the risk factors of COPD.MethodsThis was a population-based, cross-sectional study of adults aged 40 years and older in Suzhou. A total of 4,864 adults were identified from June 2018 to December 2018 and 4,725 adults were finally recruited. Subjects underwent post-bronchodilator spirometry and were diagnosed according to the 2018 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD).ResultsThe data from 4,725 adults were ultimately included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of COPD in subjects aged 40 and older was 12.4%, while it was 12.3% in men and 12.5% in women. Risk factors identified by multivariable logistic analysis were age (P<0.05, OR =2.29, 95% CI, 1.83–2.88) and underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) (P<0.05, OR =1.57, 95% CI, 1.01–2.44). COPD patients also displayed weaker grip strength (P<0.001). Approximately half (50.7%) the COPD patients were asymptomatic, and compared with asymptomatic COPD patients, symptomatic COPD patients were older (69.5 vs. 67.2, P<0.05), smoked more frequently (12.1 vs. 7.1 pack year, P<0.05), had a more severe GOLD stage (stage I 27.0% vs. 39.4%, stage II 50.2% vs. 46.8%, stage III 17.0% vs. 11.1%, stage IV 5.8% vs. 2.7%, P<0.05), and a worse lung function index (FEV1, FVC, PEF, FEF25, FEF50, FEF75, FEF2575) (P<0.05).ConclusionsCOPD was found to be highly prevalent in adults aged 40 years and older in Suzhou. Age and underweight were major risk factors of COPD. Half of the COPD patients were asymptomatic, and displayed decreased lung function upon the onset of respiratory symptoms. Therefore, spirometry screening is essential for the early detection and management of COPD.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Agriculturists in a Rural Community, Central Thailand.

PurposeThe present study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among agriculturists in a remote rural community in central Thailand.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2020. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using standardized questionnaires to determine demographic characteristics and risk behaviors. COPD was defined by the spirometric criterion for airflow limitation constituting a postbronchodilator fixed ratio of FEV1/FVC <0.70 following the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2019. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for COPD, and the magnitude of association was presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI).ResultsA total of 546 agriculturists were enrolled in the study. The overall prevalence of COPD was 5.5% (95% CI: 3.6–7.4). The prevalence of COPD among males was 8.0% (95% CI: 4.7–11.3), and 3.2% (95% CI: 1.1–5.2) among females. The risk factors of COPD included age ≥60 years old (AOR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1–7.0), higher intensity of smoking (AOR 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0–1.1), swine farm worker (AOR 4.1, 95% CI: 1.7–10.3), cattle farm worker (AOR 3.3, 95% CI: 1.4–8.2) and home cooking (AOR 2.7, 95% CI: 0.8–9.7).ConclusionOur data emphasized that COPD was one of the significant health problems among agriculturists in a rural community. Agricultural jobs such as animal farmers and behavioral factors such as smoking were associated with COPD. Effective public health interventions, especially, modifying risk behaviors, should be promoted in remote rural areas to prevent the disease and reduce its morbidity and mortality.

Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at high altitude: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background and objectiveRecently, several studies have investigated the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at high altitude (>1,500 m). However, much remains to be understood about the correlation between altitude and COPD. We aimed to summarize the prevalence of COPD at high-altitudes and find out if altitude could be a risk factor for COPD.MethodsWe searched PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SCOPUS, OVID, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) and Embase databases from inception to April 30th, 2019, with no language restriction. We used STATA 14.0 to analyze the extracted data. A random-effect model was used to calculate the combined OR and 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 statistic versus P-value. We performed a subgroup analysis to analyze possible sources of heterogeneity. The Egger’s test and the Begg’s test were used to assess any publication bias.ResultsWe retrieved 4,574 studies from seven databases and finally included 10 studies (54,578 participants). Males ranged from 18.8% to 49.3% and the population who smoked ranged from 3.3% to 53.3%. The overall prevalence of COPD at high-altitude was 10.0% (95% CI [0.08–0.12], P < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis, based on different regions, the results showed that the prevalence in Asia was higher than that in Europe and America. Seven studies compared the relationship between the prevalence of COPD at high-altitudes and the lowlands. The results showed that altitude was not an independent risk factor for the prevalence of COPD (ORadj = 1.18, 95% CI [0.85–1.62], P = 0.321). There was no publication bias among the studies.ConclusionsOur study found a higher prevalence of COPD at high-altitudes than those from average data. However, altitude was not found to be an independent risk factor for developing COPD (PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42019135012).

Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Anhui Province, China: a population-based survey

BackgroundThe prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Anhui Province of eastern China remain uncertain. The present study provides the first estimate of the prevalence and risk factors of COPD in Anhui.MethodsA population-based survey was conducted in a representative sample of population aged 40 years or older in 2015. COPD was diagnosed based on 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria.ResultsA total of 2770 participants had reliable post-bronchodilator results and were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of COPD was 9.8% (95% CI: 8.2, 11.7). Prevalence was higher in men (14.8, 95% CI: 12.6, 17.2) than it was in women (5.2, 95% CI: 3.1, 8.7). Among adults with COPD, 45.0% (95% CI: 39.1, 51.0) had moderate or severe disease (GOLD stage II-IV), 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.9) reported that they had a previous pulmonary function test, and only 0.4% (95% CI: 0.1, 2.6) knew their diagnosis of COPD. Risk factors for COPD included older age (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.08), male sex (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.22, 3.33), current smoking status (OR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.86, 3.73), primary school or lower education (OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.12, 2.31), family history of lung disease (OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.93), and indoor exposure to coal for cooking or heating (OR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.15). In addition, people in north region has a significantly higher risk for developing COPD than people in south region of Anhui (OR 1.98, 95% CI:1.44, 2.71).ConclusionsCOPD is prevalent in Anhui and the prevalence is highest in north region. Strategies aiming at prevention, early detection and treatment of COPD are urgently needed to reduce COPD-related burden.

Use of a Cross-Sectional Survey in the Adult Population to Characterize Persons at High-Risk for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Rationale/Objective: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) health survey has been used to describe the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the US. Through addressing respiratory symptoms and tobacco use, it could also be used to characterize COPD risk. Methods: Four US states added questions to the 2015 BRFSS regarding productive cough, shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, and tobacco duration. We determined COPD risk categories: provider-diagnosed COPD as self-report, high-risk for COPD as ≥10 years tobacco smoking and at least one significant respiratory symptom, and low risk was neither diagnosed COPD nor high risk. Disease burden was defined by respiratory symptoms and health impairments. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression models with age as a covariate. Results: Among 35,722 adults ≥18 years, the overall prevalence of COPD and high-risk for COPD were 6.6% and 5.1%. Differences among COPD risk groups were evident based on gender, race, age, geography, tobacco use, health impairments, and respiratory symptoms. Risk for disease was seen early where 3.75% of 25–34 years-old met high-risk criteria. Longer tobacco duration was associated with an increased prevalence of COPD, particularly >20 years. Seventy-nine percent of persons ≥45 years-old with frequent shortness of breath (SOB) reported having or being at risk of COPD, reflecting disease burden. Conclusion: These data, representing nearly 18% of US adults, indicates those at high risk for COPD share many, but not all of the characteristics of persons diagnosed with the disease and demonstrates the value of the BRFSS as a tool to define lung health at a population level.

Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults in Kashmir (North India): a population based study

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), represents an important public health challenge that is both preventable and treatable. This study provides population based spirometry data on the burden of COPD in adult population of Kashmir Valley. Objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its associated risk factors in age group 40 years and above among Kashmiri population.Methods: This study was conducted from April 2012 to December 2014. Multi stage gender stratified cluster sampling was employed to select 30 clusters from two blocks of Kashmir. A total of 504 males and 521 females performed acceptable spirometry after providing information on personal characteristics and relevant risk factors. Participants: Adults aged 40 years and above of Kashmiri ethnicity with no contraindication for spirometry. Variables: Proportion of subjects with FEV1/FVC less than 0.70, percent predicted FEV1 and FVC. Statistical methods: Descriptive statistics using frequencies, chi square test.Results: Overall prevalence of COPD at stage I or higher was 15.90%, and was higher in males (19.05) than in females (12.08). The prevalence of Grade 1, 2, 3 and 4 COPD was 8.8%, 5.2%, 1.4% and 0.6% respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prevalence was associated with increased age and tobacco smoking. COPD prevalence was 2.7%, 22%, 28.2% in non-smokers, ex-smokers and current smokers respectively. 59.5% subjects had a positive history of tobacco exposure.Conclusions: This study concludes that there is a high prevalence of COPD in Kashmir, high prevalence of COPD is attributed to high incidence of tobacco smoking in the study population.

Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) not diagnosed in a population with cardiovascular risk factors

Background and objectiveThe magnitude of undiagnosed COPD in our population with cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed COPD and its specific characteristics in a population with CVRF. Materials and methodsStudy the prevalence of COPD in patients with CVRF. Spirometry was performed between 01/01/2015 and 12/31/2016 and the percentage of patients with COPD, who had not previously been diagnosed, was determined. Each patient's variables of interest were recorded; the records of patients who had spirometry showing COPD were checked to confirm whether a diagnosis had been recorded or not. The association of undiagnosed COPD with different independent variables was determined with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) by non-conditional logistic regression models. Results2295 patients with CVRF were studied. The overall prevalence of COPD was 14.5%. An underdiagnosis of 73.3% was observed. Newly diagnosed COPD vs. undiagnosed COPD showed to be higher in women (74.1% vs. 36.0%; p=0.081), non-smokers (21.3% vs. 12.4%; p=0.577), mild cases (GOLD1) (42.6% vs. 32.4%, p=0.008) and cases with lower than average HbA1c (5.5% vs. 5.6%; p=0.008) and uric acid (5.1mg/dl vs. 5.6mg/dl; p=0.011). The variables associated with undiagnosed COPD were: women (aOR=1.27; 95% CI: 0.74–2.17; p=0.383); age (aOR=0.94; 95% CI: 0.87–0.99; p=0.018); smokers (smoker/non-smoker) (aOR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.22–1.01; p=0.054) and HbA1c (%) (aOR=0.45; 95% CI: 0.23–0.88; p=0.019). ConclusionsThe under-diagnosis of COPD is very high. The contact patients aged between 50 and 65 years-old who have CVRF with their health system should be reassessed, and they need to ask for a spirometry.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Tibetans Living at High Altitudes

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem in China. Because of regional diversity in the geography and financial resources of various regions in China, data on the prevalence and risk factors of COPD in high altitude Chinese populations, including Tibetans, are limited. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study of six urban and rural Tibetan regions in China was performed using stratified-cluster random sampling. A revised questionnaire was used to interview every participant, who all underwent chest radiography and pre- and post-bronchodilator pulmonary function testing. The diagnostic criteria used for COPD was based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Findings: The study was composed of a representative sample of 3,741 participants aged 15-83 years who had satisfactory spirograms. The overall prevalence of COPD was 4*9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4*2%-5*6%). The difference between men and women (4*9% [3*9%-5*9%] vs 5*0% [4*0%-5*9%]; P=0*922) was not significant, but a higher prevalence of COPD was found in participants aged =40 years (8*0% [6*7%-9*2%]) than in those aged 15-39 years (2*3% [1*6%-2*9%], P<0*001). By multivariable adjusted analysis, age, lower altitude, biomass smoke, and a history of tuberculosis were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of COPD, while education was associated with a lower prevalence. Interpretation: COPD was prevalent in Tibetans aged older than 15 years and is a major health burden in high altitude regions. Biomass smoke may be a highly significant risk factor of COPD among Tibetans at high altitude. Preventing exposure to pollution caused by biomass smoke should be a public health priority for high-altitude residents. Funding: Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science and Technology of China Declaration of interests: All authors declare no competing interests. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board or ethics committee of Beijing Hospital.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China: a nationwide prevalence study

BackgroundBecause of the rapid change in economic development and lifestyle in China, and the ageing population, concerns have grown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could become epidemic. An up-to-date nationwide estimation of COPD prevalence in China is needed.MethodsWe did a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of individuals from mainland China aged 40 years or older. The primary outcome was COPD, defined according to the 2017 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) lung function criteria.FindingsBetween Dec 29, 2014, and Dec 31, 2015, 66 752 adults were recruited to the study population. The estimated standardised prevalence of COPD was 13·6% (95% CI 12·0–15·2). The prevalence of COPD differed significantly between men and women (19·0%, 95% CI 16·9–21·2 vs 8·1%, 6·8–9·3; p<0·0001), mainly because of a significant difference in smoking status between men and women (current smokers 58·2% vs 4·0%). The prevalence of COPD differed by geographic region, with the highest prevalence in southwest China (20·2%, 95% CI 14·7–25·8) and the lowest in central China (10·2%, 8·2–12·2). Among adults with COPD, 56·4% (95% CI 53·7–59·2) had mild disease (GOLD stage I), 36·3% (34·3–38·3) had moderate disease (GOLD stage II), 6·5% (5·5–7·4) had severe disease (GOLD stage III), and 0·9% (0·6–1·1) had very severe disease (GOLD stage IV).InterpretationIn a large, nationally representative sample of adults aged 40 years or older, the estimated overall prevalence of COPD in China in 2014–15 was 13·6%, indicating that this disease has become a major public-health problem. Strategies aimed at prevention and treatment of COPD are needed urgently.FundingChinese Central Government, the Ministry of Science and Technology of The People's Republic of China, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Increased prevalence of COPD associated with occupational exposures and sub-optimal occupational health services among workers in a cement factory, Nigeria, 2015

Introduction : globally, 90% of occupational disease are under-diagnosed and only 15% of workers access occupational health services (OHS). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death world-wide and 15% is linked to occupational exposure. Cement factory workers are at risk of developing COPD and require optimal OHS but prevalence is unknown in Nigeria. We determined the prevalence of COPD and assessed OHS in a cement factory in Nigeria. Methods : we conducted a comparative cross-sectional study. Operations workers exposed to cement dust and administrative unexposed were recruited. We used stratified sampling to select non-smokers with five years’ minimum work duration from both groups. We conducted a walk-through survey to assess OHS. Standard questionnaire was used to determine occupational history, respiratory symptoms and personal protective equipment (PPE) use. We defined COPD using the highest of three spirometer readings as FEV1/FVC ratio ≤0.7 with respiratory symptoms. Univariate and bivariate analysis were determined. Results : of the 200 selected workers, 100 were from operations. The mean age and work duration were 35 ± 10.2 and 18 ± 6.6 years. The overall prevalence of COPD was 22% with higher values 36 (36%) in exposed compared to 18 (18%) in unexposed (p Conclusion : the higher prevalence of COPD in operations workers than administrative justifies optimal OHS such as efficient dust control measures and provision of appropriate PPE. Referral of workers with COPD for expert management and modification of job tasks were public health actions instituted.

Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the global population with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In recent years, the concept has been raised that people with HIV are at risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) because of HIV infection. However, much remains to be understood about the relationship between COPD and HIV infection. We aimed to investigate this association by assessing studies that reported the prevalence of COPD in the global population with HIV. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed observational studies of COPD in people with HIV. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus, with no language restriction, to identify articles published until June 21, 2017, and we searched the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Eligible studies reported the prevalence of COPD or had enough data to compute these estimates. We excluded studies in subgroups of participants selected on the basis of the presence of COPD; studies that were limited to other specific groups or populations, such as people with other chronic respiratory diseases; and case series, letters, reviews, commentaries, editorials, and studies without primary data or an explicit description of methods. The main outcome assessed was prevalence of COPD. Each study was independently reviewed for methodological quality. We used a random-effects model to pool individual studies and assessed heterogeneity (I2) using the χ2 test on Cochrane's Q statistic. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016052639. Of 4036 studies identified, we included 30 studies (151 686 participants) from all WHO regions in the meta-analysis of COPD prevalence. 23 studies (77%) had low risk of bias, six (20%) had moderate risk of bias, and one (3%) had high risk of bias in their methodological quality. The overall prevalence of COPD was 10·5% (95% CI 6·2-15·7; I2=97·2%; six studies) according to the lower limit of normal definition of COPD, and 10·6% (6·9-15·0; 94·7%; 16 studies) according to the fixed-ratio definition. COPD prevalence was higher in Europe and among current and ever smokers, and increased with level of income and proportion of participants with detectable HIV viral load. Prevalence of COPD was significantly higher in patients with HIV than in HIV-negative controls (pooled odds ratio 1·14, 95% CI 1·05-1·25, I2=63·5%; 11 studies), even after adjustment for tobacco consumption (2·58, 1·05-6·35, 74·9%; four studies). Our findings suggest a high prevalence of COPD in the global population with HIV, and an association with HIV. As such, COPD deserves more attention from HIV health-care providers, researchers, policy makers, and stakeholders for improved detection, overall proper management, and efficient control of COPD in people with HIV. Efforts to address this burden should focus on promoting the decrease of tobacco consumption and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy to reduce viral load. None.

The Association between Risk Factors and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Canada: A Cross-sectional Study Using the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey.

Background:The global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is expected to increase and the disease is projected to be the third leading cause of death by the year 2020. The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence and determine the risk factors for COPD in Canada.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study that uses data from a nationally generalizable survey, the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2014. There were 46,924 respondents aged 35 years or older. Uni- and multi-variate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the risk factors associated with COPD.Results:The overall prevalence of COPD in the surveyed population was 5.69%. Results from multivariate logistic regression showed that COPD was significantly higher among individuals who were 65 years or older (odds ratio [OR] =4.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.69–5.33), current smokers (OR = 5.13; 95% CI: 4.43–5.95), underweight or obese by body mass index ([OR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.38–2.38] and [OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.41–1.77], respectively), with a total personal income of <$20,000 (OR = 3.67; 95% CI: 2.95–4.57,), and some postsecondary education (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.14–1.76). Immigrants were less likely to have COPD compared to Canadian-born respondents (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.57–0.79).Conclusions:COPD is a growing and serious public health issue in Canada. The risk factors identified in this study provide useful targets to health promotion and education initiatives, health-care providers, and public health organizations to decrease the prevalence of COPD.

Indoor Biomass Fuel Smoke Exposure as a Risk Factor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) for Women of Rural Bangladesh

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is of public health importance. Indoor biomass (wood, cowdung etc) smoke exposure from cooking is associated with respiratory conditions and may predispose to COPD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of biomass smoke exposure and COPD.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at a rural setting of Bangladesh. Rural women over 40 years and exposed to biomass fuel, liquid petroleum gas or natural gas smoke were evaluated using a questionnaire and their lung function was assessed using a portable spirometry.Results: The overall prevalence of COPD in the rural women was 20.4%. It was significantly higher in women using biomass fuel for cooking than in those using natural gas/LPG (p&lt;0.001). Biomass smoke exposure was found significantly associated with COPD (OR= 3.385, CI=1.60-7.13, p&lt;0.05). Lung function was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.05) among women who were using biomass than those using natural gas/LPG.Conclusion: Biomass fuel smoke exposure is a risk factor for development of COPD.Chatt Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.15 (1); Jan 2016; Page 8-11

The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a BOLD study.

To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Saudi adults aged ⩾40 years using standardised post-bronchodilator spirometry according to the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) protocol. Saudi men and women aged ⩾40 years were recruited by stratified multistage random sampling in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Participants completed questionnaires on respiratory symptoms and exposure to risk factors for COPD. Spirometry was performed according to standard methods. COPD was defined as post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) ratio <70% (Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD]) or less than the lower limit of normal (LLN) (95(th) percentile) of the population distribution for FEV1/FVC. Seven hundred subjects underwent acceptable post-bronchodilator spirometry. The overall prevalence of GOLD COPD was 4.2% (men 5.7%, women 2.5%). The overall prevalence of COPD stage 1 or higher using the LLN was lower than estimates using the GOLD criteria (3.2%). The overall prevalence of GOLD stage 2 or higher COPD was 3.7%. Male sex, increasing age and smoking were significantly associated with COPD diagnosis. The overall prevalence of COPD in Saudi Arabia is 4.2%. Male, increasing age and smoking were the main risk factors for COPD.

Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its association with tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure among rural population.

A field survey was conducted for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) epidemiology in the rural field practice area of Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India, which covers a population of 44,387 to find out the prevalence of COPD in adult subjects of 35 years and above using cluster sampling technique and to determine the association of tobacco smoking, environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) exposure and type of cooking fuel used with COPD. The overall prevalence of COPD was 4.36%. The prevalence among males and females were 5.32% and 3.41% respectively. The prevalence was found to be increasing with an increase in age. The tobacco smoke and exposure to ETS was significantly associated with higher odds of COPD with adjusted odds ratio 2.97 and 2.67 respectively. Thus, there was a significant association between tobacco smoking and ETS exposure with COPD.