Overall Prevalence Of Anemia Research Articles

Prevalence and influencing factors with knowledge, attitude, and practice toward anemia among school-going adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh

Background Anemia is a major public health concern; however, research on anemia and its contributing variables is scarce. To address the gap, we investigated the prevalence and associated factors of anemia in school-aged adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in two secondary schools at Chandpur, Bangladesh, from January to April 2022. We randomly selected 422 adolescent girls based on prevalence rates from existing research to ensure reliable estimates and a robust study representation. We performed interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire after receiving ethical permission and written informed consent. In addition, physical examination and anthropometric measurements were done, followed by blood testing to identify anemia. Blood hemoglobin was measured using a spectrophotometric method, and quality control was ensured by validated results with control samples. Univariate with multiple logistic regression was employed for analysis to find the association between anemia and all other variables that were adjusted to control the potential effect of confounding variables. Results The overall prevalence of anemia was 37.7% (mild- 33.8% and moderate- 3.9%). In the univariate analysis having a working mother (OR 3.84; 95% CI 1.31–11.26), undernutrition (OR 2.40; 95% CI 1.27–4.52), and irregular lunch consumption (OR 2.15; 95% CI 1.00–4.60) were associated with anemia. Conversely, being a user of a slab latrine (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.40–0.93) and not weekly consumption of pure milk (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.41–0.92) were negatively associated with anemia. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, associated factors for prevalent anemia were working mother [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.65; 95% CI 1.97–29.50], slab latrine user (aOR 0.46; 95% CI 0.26–0.79), and irregular lunch consumption (aOR 2.92; 95% CI 1.21–7.03). Conclusion The prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh remains high with undernutrition. Anemia is associated with working mothers, slab latrine users, and irregular lunch consumers within the studied population.’ Thus, policymakers may promote school-based nutritional education and lunch programs with iron supplementation and improve sanitary facilities.

Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five children living in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites (HDSS), Southern Ethiopia.

Childhood anemia affects around half of under five children and has impacts on physical, mental, and social development, both in the short and long term. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five children living in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites (HDSS). A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected under-five children with their caregivers living in Arba Minch HDSS from June to August 2023. The questionnaire was developed to assess sociodemographic, nutrition, healthcare, and environmental characteristics. Hemoglobin concentration was adjusted for altitude of the village. Anemia was defined as the hemoglobin concentration below 11 g/dL. It was further categorized as mild (between 10-10.9 g/dL), moderate (7-9.9 g/dL), and severe (less than 7 g/dL). The analysis of factors associated with anemia was assessed by using logistic regression and significance was determined at p-value <0.05. A total of 332 under-five children with a mean (SD) age of 33(15) months participated. The overall prevalence of anemia among under-five children was 35.3% (95% CI: 30.4, 40.7). The magnitude of mild, moderate, and severe anemia was 12.4% (95%CI: 9.2, 16.4), 22.1% (95%CI: 17.9, 26.9), and 0.9% (95%CI: 0.3, 2.8), respectively. Anemia had a negative association with the advancing age of the children (0.95, 95%CI: 0.93, 0.97) and improvement in the family wealth score (0.86, 95%CI: 0.75, 0.99). Nearly one-third of the under-five children were anemic and childhood anemia is a moderate public health problem in the study area. The magnitude of anemia was negatively associated with the advance in child age and with the increase in the wealth status of the household. It is important to provide due attention to reduce the magnitude of anemia specifically for the youngest children and for those children from poor households.

Prevalence and temporal trends of anemia in patients with thyroid disease: 1999–2018 NHANES

BackgroundAnemia and thyroid disease, both prevalent health conditions, often co-occur and may be easily overlooked, collectively imposing a significant burden on society. This study specifically investigated the prevalence and temporal trends of anemia among individuals with thyroid disease in the US population, shedding light on a critical intersection in public health. MethodsUtilizing National Health and Nutrition Examination data from 10 survey cycles (1999–2018), this study included participants aged 20–85 years who self-reported a diagnosis of thyroid disease. Anemia was defined with a cutoff of 12 g/dL for women and 13 g/dL for men. The chi-square test compared prevalence across different categories and survey cycles. Data analysis employed R 4.3.2, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. ResultsThe median hemoglobin level among all individuals with thyroid disease was 13.6 g/dL. The overall prevalence of anemia among the US thyroid disease patients was 12.00 % (95 % CI: 10.96–13.09). A noteworthy upward trend in the prevalence of anemia among thyroid disease patients occurred during 1999–2008 (9.58 %, 95 % CI: 8.14–11.18) and 2009–2018 (13.68 %, 95 % CI: 12.26–15.21). Anemia incidence in individuals with thyroid disease was higher in females (9.05 %, 95 % CI: 8.14–10.02), the elderly population (7.98 %, 95 % CI: 7.12–8.91), individuals living alone (5.96 %, 95 % CI: 5.21–6.77), those with high body mass index (5.38 %, 95 % CI: 4.67–6.17), and non-Hispanic Whites (5.33 %, 95 % CI: 4.62–6.11). ConclusionsThe prevalence of anemia in the US population with thyroid disease was 12 %, indicating an increase over the past few decades.

Prevalence of anemia among coronavirus disease 2019 patients in Ethiopia: A meta-analysis

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, impacting various systems in the human body, including the hematological and reticuloendothelial systems, which can alter blood production. Consequently, severe anemia-associated complications could occur in COVID-19 patients. At present, there is a lack of pooled prevalence data on anemia among COVID-19 patients in Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the overall prevalence of anemia in this population. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a literature search across PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, HINARI, and the Ethiopian Journal of Health Development for articles published before 2024. Additional manual searches were performed to identify relevant studies. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted independently by the authors. The I2 test statistics were used to assess heterogeneity among studies, and the overall prevalence was calculated using a random-effect restricted maximum likelihood model. Out of 860 studies obtained, 11 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of anemia among COVID-19 patients in Ethiopia was found to be 22.81% (95% CI [confidence interval]: 14.76 &amp;ndash; 30.85%). Specifically, the prevalence of anemia in Addis Ababa and Amhara was 27.13% (95% CI: 14.59 &amp;ndash; 39.66%) and 22.50% (95% CI: 11.04 &amp;ndash; 33.96%), respectively. This study indicates that anemia is a moderate public health problem among COVID-19 patients in Ethiopia. Consequently, it is imperative to implement preventative interventions and management strategies for anemia in this population.

Prevalence of Anemia and its associated factors among 6–59 months age children visiting public hospitals at Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundAnemia is a significant global public health issue among children aged 6 to 59 months, particularly in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Studies focusing on pastoral communities, especially in the Afar Region, often underestimate the prevalence of anemia in these children. To address this information gap, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among children aged 6 to 59 months in public hospitals in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia.MethodA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6 to 59 months, using systematic random sampling, at public hospitals in the Afar Region from February 28 to April 30, 2023.The data collection tool was adapted from the Ethiopian National Food Consumption Survey and the World Health Organization Infant and Young Child Feeding guidelines. Data entry was performed using EpiData version 4.2 and Anthroplus software for anthropometric measurements. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. Binary logistic regression models were applied to identify predictors of anemia, with a p-value of ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant.ResultAmong the 306 children aged 6 to 59 months, the overall prevalence of anemia was 46.41 (95 CI: 43.8–48.9 ). Of the 142 anemic children aged 6 to 59 months, 62 (43.66 ) had mild anemia, 60 (42.25 ) had moderate anemia, and 20 (14.08 ) had severe anemia. Key factors associated with anemia included mothers with no formal education, the lowest family monthly income, a family size greater than five, and rural residence. Additionally, a previous diagnosis of parasitic infection, children aged 24–35 months, early weaning, a malaria diagnosis within the past three months, and diarrhea in the last two weeks were significant predictors of anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months.ConclusionIn the current study, anemia in children aged 6 to 59 months was classified as severe and is regarded as a critical public health issue. This suggests that more efforts should be made to significantly decrease anemia by actively involving rural mothers with no formal education and low income who have children aged 6–59 months, focusing on the prevention and management of malaria, diarrhea, and parasitic infections.

Burden and Predictors of Anemia Among Pregnant and Lactating Females in a Rural Area in India With a High Tribal Population.

Introduction Nutritional anemia is a silent emergency particularly rampant in developing countries, especially among women of reproductive age group. This study was done with the objective to determine the prevalence and predictors of anemia among pregnant and lactating females in the Ormanjhi block of Ranchi district, Jharkhand. Methodology A community-based cross-sectional study was done on 388 pregnant and lactating females from July 2022 to June 2024 using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. A pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire containing different sections namely socio-demographic details, dietary history, menstrual history, obstetric history, antenatal history, medical history, behavioral history, and personal history was used. House-to-house visits were done for the collection of data. To estimate the prevalence, hemoglobin levels were analyzed using adigital hemoglobinometer. Results The overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant and lactating females was found to be 361 (93%) among 388 participants. Prevalence among pregnant females was 295 (92.76%) out of 318, and among lactating females, it was 66(94.28%) out of 70. The prevalence of anemia in the first trimester was 80 (80.45%) out of 87, 112 (94.91%) in the second trimester among 118, and 103 (91.15%) among113females in the third trimester. Conclusion There are concerns about stagnancy in the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy despite strong political commitments. A baseline data is generated from this study giving a clear picture of the exact prevalence and the predictors of anemia among pregnant and lactating females. This would help the policymakers to make warranted modifications imperative to improve the nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women and hence the children.

Prevalence and factors associated with moderate-to-severe anaemia among virally suppressed people with HIV at a tertiary hospital in Zambia.

Anaemia is associated with an increased risk of disease progression and all-cause mortality among HIV-infected individuals, regardless of the type of anaemia, but the magnitude of the risk is greater with more severe forms of anaemia. Although anaemia PLWH has been extensively studied, the focus has primarily been on its prevalence and association with disease progression in untreated or poorly controlled HIV cases. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, and factors associated with moderate-to-severe anaemia among virally suppressed HIV patients at a tertiary hospital in Zambia. We conducted a cross-sectional study of ART-treated PLWH for at least 6 months at Livingstone University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). Sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory were the data collected. The primary outcome moderate to severe anaemia was defined as follows; moderate anemia as haemaoglobin levels between 8.0-10.9 g/ and severe anemia as haemoglobin levels less than 8.0 g/dL according to the WHO classification. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with moderate-to-severe anaemia. Among 823 participants with viral suppression, the overall prevalence of anaemia and moderate-to-severe anaemia was 29.4% (n = 242; 95% confidence interval (CI): 26.3-32.6) and 14.2% (n = 117, 95% CI: 11.7-18), respectively. In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, women had higher odds of moderate to severe anaemia compared to men (AOR 2.618, 95% CI 1.182-5.799). Lymphocyte count (AOR 0.525, 95% CI 0.31-0.90) and higher BMI (AOR 1.0671, 95% CI 1.01-1.13) were also significant factors. Microcytosis (AOR 49.79, 95% CI 12.95-191.49) and normocytosis (AOR 4.38, 95% CI 1.22-15.75) were strongly associated with higher odds compared to macrocytosis. NNRTI treatment was associated with higher odds of anaemia compared to INSTI treatment (AOR 5.231, 95% CI 1.04-26.33). Traditional risk factors for anaemia like CD4+ count and tuberculosis infection were not significant. We found a higher prevalence of anaemia and moderate-to-severe anaemia in virally suppressed PLWH, suggesting factors beyond HIV contribute to the persistence of anaemia in this cohort. Women, lower lymphocyte count, higher BMI, low mean corpuscular volume (microcytosis) indicative of microcytic anaemia, and NNRTI-based ART regimens were independently associated with moderate-to-severe anaemia. Further research is warranted to explain the underlying mechanisms and optimize clinical management to improve outcomes among virally suppressed PLWH.

Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among HIV-infected women in sub-saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of 18 countries

BackgroundDespite the intended 50% reduction in anemia in women of reproductive age, this tendency has only worsened. Even though iron deficiency is the most prevalent cause of anemia, anemia and chronic illnesses like HIV are closely associated; in fact, 48.6% of people living with HIV who were 15 years of age or older had anemia. However, the burden of anemia among HIV-positive women in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is not well documented. Therefore, the goal of our research was to investigate anemia and the factors that are linked to it in SSA women who had HIV infections.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using demographic and health survey datasets from 18 SSA countries. A total of 7823 weighted samples were included. STATA version 16 software was used for analysis. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% CI and a p-value < 0.05 was used to declare significantly associated factors.ResultThe overall prevalence of anemia was found to be 45.1% [95% CI: 43.97–46.18%]. Of those 5.05%, 37.97%, and 56.97% were severely, moderately, and mildly anemic, respectively. Education level of primary [AOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.89], secondary [AOR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98], and higher [AOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.99], as well as current contraceptive use [AOR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.87] were negatively associated with anemia. While pregnancy [AOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.94], breast feeding [AOR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.64], health insurance [AOR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.80], and menstruation within six weeks prior to data collection [AOR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.54] had a significant positive relation with anemia among HIV-infected women in SSA countries.ConclusionAnemia is a serious public health problem among HIV-infected women in SSA countries. Pregnancy, breast feeding, health insurance, and menstruation within six weeks prior to data collection were significant risk factors. On the other education and current contraceptive use were significant protective factors for anemia among HIV-infected women in SSA countries. Therefore, strategies aimed at early identification of anemia may lead to an improvement in the health of HIV-infected women.

A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and contributing factors of anaemia in private school children in Bengaluru

Background: Anaemia is defined as an Hb concentration below the diagnostic reference range in children. Most school-aged children have anaemia, which is a common clinical disease. The effects of anaemia in school-age children include decreased resistance to disease, greater susceptibility to infection, poorer physical development, and poor academic performance. Consequently, the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anaemia among Bengaluru private school students. This involved being aware of the contributing elements or causes of anaemia, as well as teaching schoolchildren about the disease’s complications and prevention. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children studying in private school from the 3rd to 8th standards in Bengaluru urban north division Karnataka state over a period of one year (March 2021 to March 2022). A total of 86 children were selected using a convenient sampling method. Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia among school-going children was found to be (20.9%). Prevalence of anaemia was strongly significant among variables like; enlarged spleen or liver, pallor skin, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, mizāj ‘ām, chronic infection, pallor mucous membrane of mouth and consumption of milk respectively. Conclusions: Anaemia remains a public health concern in our country. In our study, the overall prevalence of anaemia among school-going children was lower (20.9%) in compression compared to recently published data by (NFHS-5), which showed a prevalence of 65.5% in children in Karnataka.

Anemia and associated factors among under-five children attending public Hospitals in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

Childhood anemia is a significant global public health problem. It influences the physical and cognitive development, as well as immunity of affected children. This in turn leads to poor academic performance, low working potential, and increased morbidity and mortality. There is limited facility-based data on the magnitude and predictors of anemia among under-five children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of anemia among under-five children attending public Hospitals in Harari Regional State, eastern Ethiopia. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized University Hospital and Jugal Hospital from July 1, 2022, to August 31, 2022. A total of 330 under-five children were involved by systematic random sampling technique. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and other possible factors were collected through face-to-face interviews with children's parents/legal guardians. Four milliliters of venous blood samples were collected for a complete blood cell count. Collected data were checked for completeness, entered into Epi-Data Statistical Software Version 4.6, and exported into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was conducted and P < .05 were considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence of anemia was 33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27.9%-37.9%). Age of children 6 to 11 months (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 3.94, 95% CI: 1.55-10.01) and 12 to 23 months (AOR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.15-7.43), no maternal education (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.53-12.35), not exclusively breastfeeding (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.11-3.52), being severely stunted (AOR = 3.39, 95 CI: 1.70-6.75), and underweight (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.12-3.87) were significantly associated with anemia among under-five children. In this study, anemia among under-five children is a moderate public health problem. This study revealed that young child age, maternal education level, early initiation of complementary feeding, and child undernutrition were factors associated with anemia. Thus, efforts should be made to improve the child's nutritional status as well as enhance maternal awareness of nutrition and child-feeding practice through health education. Regular childhood nutritional screening and appropriate intervention for malnutrition are needed. Besides, further studies assessing serum micronutrient levels should be conducted to differentiate the specific cause and type of anemia.

Clinical Implications of Anemia Among Eastern Sudanese HIV Survivors.

Background In HIV patients, anemia is the most common hematopoietic consequence, and it has a major influence on life satisfaction, morbidity, and survival. The epidemiology of anemia in this cohort in Sudan, however, is poorly characterized. Aim This study aims to assess the prevalence of anemia and its implications among HIV-positive patients. Methods An observational case-control study was administered in 44 clinical HIV-positive cases at the Sudan National AIDS Program (SNAP), Red Sea State, Sudan, between January 2018 and December 2019. A total of 44 HIV-negative subjects as controls were enrolled. HIV-infected patients' demographic and clinical data, involving anemia and its outcome, were examined. WHO threshold was used to rank the clinical course of anemia in these patients. Results Of the 44 HIV patients examined, the mean age was 33.0 ± 11.2 years. Thirty (68.1%) were males, and 14 (29.8%) were females. The overall prevalence of anemia was 63.6% (95% CI 57.8-69.94%): mild grades of anemia at 25% (95% CI 14.4-34.4%), moderate grades of anemia at 36.4% (95% CI 28.7-43.2%), and severe anemia at 2.3% (95% CI 1.3-3.3%). In this study, 18 (64.3%) anemic patients showed normocytic thin smear pictures, among whom 44.3% were males and 20.5% were females. Microcytic anemia was seen in 17.8% of patients, while autoimmune hemolytic anemia was also detected in 17.8% of patients. The prevalence of anemia increased significantly with decreasing total lymphocyte count (TLC): 6.8% and 13.6% among patients with TLCs <1,000 and 1,000-4,800 cells/mm3, respectively (P = 0.016). Male sex was significantly associated with increased odds of anemia (OR 1.90, P = 0.049). Conclusion Anemia is a public comorbidity among HIV patients in the east of Sudan. Normocytosis is the most prominent form of anemia related to hypoproliferation in eastern Sudan, an event that can be triggered either by HIV chronicity or its combination with nutritional inadequacies. To prevent anemia progression and promote quality lifestyles, timely screening and appropriate therapy for anemia are critical, particularly for those with a low TLC.

Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women at Hargeisa Group Hospital, Somaliland

BackgroundAnemia remains a major global public health issue, affecting around 24.8% of the world’s population in both developing and developed countries. Pregnant women in developing countries are particularly susceptible, with 38.2% affected worldwide. Anemia is also a major contributor to maternal mortality, with 510,000 maternal deaths globally, of which 20% occur in developing countries and are related to anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent form, impacting 1.3 to 2.2 billion individuals, with 50% being women of reproductive age.AimThis study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anemia in pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH), Somaliland.MethodsA cross-sectional study included 360 pregnant women, who sought ANC at HGH from July 15 to August 6, 2023. The study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and participants’ current medical charts, including hemoglobin levels. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 20).ResultsThe study revealed an overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women at 50.6% (95% CI: 45.40 − 55.72%). Anemia severity was categorized as mild (33.0%), moderate (54.9%), and severe (12.1%). Factors statistically associated with anemia included gestational age in the third trimester (AOR = 3.248, 95% CI: 1.491–7.074), lack of ANC visits (AOR = 6.828, 95% CI: 1.966–23.721), and absence of iron supplementation (AOR = 29.588, 95% CI: 2.922–299.713). Notably, a higher consumption of meat per week was associated with a reduced risk of anemia (AOR = 0.198, 95% CI: 0.104–0.379).ConclusionThe study underscores the severity of anemia in pregnant women within the range considered as severe public health problem by WHO. It is crucial to emphasize effective prenatal care, improve dietary practices, and promote the provision of iron supplements. Enhanced maternal education on Anemia during ANC visits has the potential to reduce Anemia prevalence and mitigate adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.

A Study of Frequency of Anemia in Pregnant Females in Tertiary Care Hospital, Islamabad

Background: Anemia is among the most public hematological disorders, especially in pregnancy. It is a nutritional deficiency disorder that affects pregnant women, mainly in underdeveloped countries. Pregnant women who suffer from anemia often have bad pregnancy outcomes and may lead to difficulties that endanger both the mother's and the fetus's health. This study aimed was to determine the frequency of anemia among pregnant women in tertiary care hospitals in Islamabad. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional investigation was carried out in the Dr. Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital's pathology and gynecology department in Islamabad. All the pregnant women who visited for antenatal check-ups from January 2021 to December 2021 were involved in the study. Data was taken through a specially designed proforma and statistical analysis was accomplished using SPSS version 21. Results: A total number of 93 pregnant females were enrolled in the study. The average age of pregnant women was 30.6 ± 6.0 (20-43). The average hemoglobin in our study population was 11.1± 1.4 (8-13 g/dL). The mean range of WBC counts was 11,304/mm3 ±7722 (4100/mm3 - 81000/mm3), the mean value of RBC count was 4.1 mil/mm3 ± 0.6 (2-5 mil/mm3). The overall prevalence of anemia in pregnant females was 45% (n=42). Out of 42 pregnant anemic women, 25 (59%) had normocytic normochromic type of anemia, 15 (36%) had microcytic type of anemia, and 2 (5%) had macrocytic type of anemia. Mild anemia was recorded in 26 (30%) of the pregnant females, while moderate anemia was recorded in 16 (17%) of the pregnant females, and 51 (55%) of the pregnant females had no anemia. Conclusion: Anemia was found in the majority of pregnant females visiting tertiary care teaching hospitals. The frequency of mild anemia was high and also according to severity. The most common morphological type of anemia was normocytic normochromic. The overall prevalence of anemia in pregnancy was 45% (n=42).55% of pregnant women were non-anemic and new severe anemia was detected.

IJCM_65A: Prevalence and severity of anemia and its association with age and gender in patients attending rural health clinic in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh: A retrospective study.

Background: Anemia is major public health concern and mainly affects young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. As reported by WHO, 40% of all children aged 6–59 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 15–49 years of age are affected by anemia globally. The situation is even worse in India with the prevalence being 67%, 52.2% and 57% respectively, as reported by NFHS-V. Objective: To estimate prevalence of anemia and its severity stratified by age and gender in patients attending Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC), Jawan, Aligarh. Methodology: A retrospective observational study using routine clinical data of 402 patients attending general OPD of RHTC from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 was performed. Pregnant females and patients who had more than one determination of hemoglobin during the study period were excluded from the study. Anemia was defined according to WHO criteria. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0., descriptive statistics and Chi Square test were applied. P value Results: 40.5% of patients were males while 59.5% were females. The overall prevalence of anemia was found to be 93.3%. Anemia was most prevalent in children &lt;5 years (95.7%). Females had significantly higher prevalence of anemia (97.4%) as compared to males (86.3%). (p&lt;0.001) Conclusion: Prevalence of anemia was found to be very high in patients attending Rural Health Clinic. Targeted interventions like screening programmes, iron and folic acid supplementation and health education should be strengthened for decreasing prevalence of anemia especially in women and young children.

The epidemiology of gestational diabetes, gestation hypertension, and anemia in North Palestine from 2018 to 2020: A retrospective study.

In Palestine, women face a challenging environment and a demanding lifestyle, which puts them at a higher risk of experiencing complications during pregnancy. This study aimed to examine the risk factors linked with abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) levels, gestational diabetes (GD), and gestational hypertension (GH) among pregnant women. The results was compared between women residing in cities or villages areas and those in refugee camps. Medical records (N = 7889) for pregnant women at primary healthcare centers in the North West Bank were reviewed for sociodemographic and medical data along with the reported fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin, and blood pressure in the first and second trimesters from July 2018 to July 2020. However, only 6640 were included in the analysis as 1249 were excluded for having multiple pregnancy or lost to follow up. Complications and risk factors were defined according to the available global guidelines. Then, descriptive analysis was used to show the percentages of different risk factors and complications among them. The correlation between the several characteristics and variables with these complications was assessed by calculating the odds ratios (OR) using logistic regression. P-values of <0.05 were considered significant. The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy was the highest among women living in rural areas (9.8%) and grand multigravidity among refugee women (22%). The overall prevalence of anemia was higher in the second-trimester (16.2%) than in the first-trimester (11.2%), with anemic women in the first-trimester being more likely to be anemic in the second-trimester (OR = 8.223, P-value<0.001). Although anemia was less common in the first-trimester among refugees than among women living in urban areas (OR = 0.768, P-value = 0.006), it was more prevalent in the second-trimester (OR = 1.352, P-value<0.001). Moreover, refugee women were at lower risk than women living in urban areas of having GD (OR = 0.687, P-value<0.001) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.472, P-value<0.001) in the second-trimester. GH was associated with GD (OR = 1.401, P-value = 0.003) and DM (OR = 1.966, P-value<0.001). The findings of this study provide evidence-based data on the considerable prevalence of pregnancy complications, anemia, GD, and GH among Palestinian pregnant women living in the north of the West Bank. Multi gravida, gestational age, Hb levels, and the type of settings were strong predictors of pregnancy complications. Therefore, a national plan is needed to ensure adequate maternal care for all, especially disadvantaged women, those in rural areas and refugee camps.

Prevalence of Anemia Among Adolescent Girls in a Rural Area of Jharkhand, India

Background: Anemia accounts for a majority of the nutritional problem across the globe. The prevalence of anemia is inordinately higher among developing nations, because of low socioeconomic status and indigent access to the healthcare services. Adolescent period is signalized by marked physical activity and rapid growth spurt; therefore they need additional nutritional supplements and are at utmost risk of developing nutritional anemia. This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted among 255 adolescent girls. After getting informed consent from the subjects, the information regarding age, socio demographic status, menstrual history, and short clinical details were recorded. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using automated hematology analyzer. Results and Discussion: Overall prevalence of anemia was found to be 48.63% (n = 124). The majority of the anemic girls (55.64%, n = 69) were having mild degree of anemia. Among 255 girls, 188 (73.73%) were from the early adolescent age group (10–14 years). Prevalence of anemia (52.24%) was high among the late adolescents and those belonging to low socioeconomic class. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between anemia and socioeconomic status, dietary modification, nutritional supplementation, and helminthes control; in addition, compliance with consumption of iron and folic acid tablets will prevent anemia to a great extent among adolescent girls.

Anaemia prevalence and socio-demographic factors among women of reproductive age (WRA): A geospatial analysis of empowered action group (EAG) states in India

Anaemia remains a major nutritional-related health concern for women under reproductive age (WRA) in developing nations like India as well as the Indian EAG states. According to NFHS round-5, EAG states constitute 57% of WRA having any form of anaemia, higher than many other states of India and other developed and developing nations. This study aimed to assess the frequency of anaemia among the WRA in India's eight EAG states. Also, it attempts to analyse the causes associated with anaemia by the women's background characteristics with spatial correlation with its co-variates across 291 districts of the EAG states. One of the most current Demographic and Health Survey's (DHS) cross-sectional data is the NFHS-5th (2019–21) round taken, conducted by the IIPS under the administration of MoHFW, India. This study only included 315,069 women under reproductive age (WRA). The variables related to anaemia among women's (WRA) background socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using bivariate statistics and multinominal logistic regression analysis to comprehend the spatial correlation between women and their determinant factors. Among the EAG states, the overall prevalence of anaemia was 57%, varying from 42.6% in Uttarakhand to 65.3% in Jharkhand. Multinominal logistic regression analyses reveal that the chances of anaemia are remarkably more prevalent in younger women (15–19 years of age), women living in rural areas, no educated and primary level educated women, women belonging to the middle to poorest wealth quintile, women no longer living together, women of the Christian religion, women who are not exposed to reading newspapers, underweight BMI women, and scheduled tribe women. Mainly, the prevalence is observed in the North-eastern and southeastern states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, some parts of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, which is shown by the hotspot map. According to the findings of this study, numerous factors like family, socioeconomic, educational, awareness, and individual characteristics such as caste and domicile all lead to a risk of anaemia. The WRA suffers from anaemia as a result of their socioeconomic background and awareness, which leads to a lack of nourishment, and they seek nutrient deficiencies. To overcome this anaemia, multiple discipline policies and initiatives need to be taken targeting women's wellness and nutritional status by increasing women's education and socioeconomic status.

Screening for iron deficiency among pregnant women

Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are extremely common in females in Saudi Arabia and are highly prevalent in pregnancy. The Saudi MOH Mother Health Passport recommends that pregnant women undergo testing for complete blood count and ferritin in every trimester. The purpose of this study was to describe practices of screening pregnant women for ID or IDA during pregnancy and to identify the prevalence of anemia and IDA. The inclusion criteria were all patients who had at least 2 antenatal visits in the same center and 336 women were included. It was noted that 591 (51.5%) hemoglobin tests were performed during pregnancy, a 50% gap in comparison with MOH recommendations of measuring Hb in every trimester. The overall prevalence of anemia was 28.6%, 12.2% in the first trimester, 37.2% in the second trimester, and 36.3% in the third trimester. Ferritin was measured in less than 5% of patients, and most women had ferritin levels below 15 ng/ml. Screening practices for IDA and ID among pregnant women are suboptimal, and the prevalence of both entities is substantial. The development of detailed national guidelines for screening and managing ID and IDA in pregnancy is recommended.

Magnitude, Associated Factors and Morphological Types of Anemia Among Hospitalized 6-59 Months Age Children at Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia - A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Anemia is among the major public health problems that cause significant morbidity and mortality among children around the world. Anemia in children of age 6 months to 5 years is a major health problem in most developing world countries with estimated prevalence of about 43%. To determine the magnitude, associated factors and morphological types of anemia among hospitalized 6-59 months age children from June 15 to October 15, 2022 at Jimma Medical Center, southwest Ethiopia. Hospital-based cross- sectional study design was conducted from June 15 to October 15, 2022 at Jimma Medical Center, involving 383 hospitalized children aged 6-59 months by employing convenient sampling technique. Data of sociodemographic characteristics and other associated factors of the study individuals waere collected using a pre-structured questionnaire. Clinical data were collected by physical examination and from history of client by medical interns and nurses. Then 3 mL venous blood was collected and analyzed for complete blood count. Data were coded, cleared and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors. The overall prevalence of anemia among hospitalized 6-59 months age children was 57.2%; out of them 30.82% were moderate. In the present study children with malaria infection, AOR = 1.15 (95% CI: 0.017, 0.781), Cchildren with severe malnutrition, AOR = 2.046 (95% CI: 0.306, 1.366), and children with low family income, AOR = 2.6 (95% CI 0.475, 0.894) were independent variables associated with anemia. Anemia among study participants is found to be a severe public health problem. Based on this finding, more intervention is needed with health education on nutrition and child feeding.

Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among adolescent girls on Weekly Iron Folic Acid supplementation (WIFAS) implemented and non-implemented schools at Tokha municipality, Kathmandu.

Anemia, the prevailing nutritional disorder worldwide, exerts its greatest impact on individuals in developing nations, exhibiting a heightened prevalence among adolescents. There is a window of opportunity for children to improve their nutritional status during their adolescence period. Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation is the preventive measure to break the intergenerational cycle of anemia. The correlation between the consumption of iron folic acid supplements and the prevention of anemia has been firmly established by numerous studies, revealing a statistically significant association. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim to assess the difference in the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among adolescent girls in Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFAS) implemented and non-implemented schools at Tokha Municipality, Kathmandu. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 602 adolescent girls from grade six to ten equally divided into WIFAS implemented and WIFAS non-implemented schools. Hemoglobin estimation was done using the HemoCue Hb 301 method. The descriptive, univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS version 25 to identify a significant association between anemia and its associated variables at p-value<0.05. The overall prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls was found to be 17.4% out of which, 14% and 20.9% from WIFAS-implemented and non-implemented schools respectively. The factors like type of school, fathers' education and dietary diversity were found to be statistically significant with anemia during multivariable logistic regression analysis. Given the findings of this research, proper counseling and promotion of utilization of WIFAS in order to decrease the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls are recommended.