Overall Incidence Of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Research Articles

Incidence and Predictors of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Development and Severity Among Preterm Infants Born at 32 Weeks of Gestation or Less.

Background As the most common chronic lung disease (CLD) related to premature birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is associated with long-term lung disease along with cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, data on the incidence and predictors of BPD in Qatar are lacking. Objectives In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of BPD among infants born at ≤ 32 weeks gestational age (GA) at our neonatal unit, and identify risk factors for the development of BPD and moderate-severe BPD. Methods This was a retrospective observational cohort study conducted at a single site: a level-III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Qatar. We included 1539 neonates born at ≤ 32 weeks of gestation with birth weights of ≤ 1500 grams who were admitted to the NICU between 2017 and 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify potential factors and predictors and their possible associations with the development of BPD and moderate-severe BPD. We also applied BPD classifications to determine the variability in the incidence of BPD in our cohort according to various definitions (2001 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Diagnostic Criteria, 2016 Revisions of NICHD Criteria, and 2019 Neonatal Research Network Jensen Grading). Results A total of 451 infants (29.3%) had BPD (BPD group) while 1088 (70.7%) did not (non-BPD group), and the overall incidence of BPD was 29.3%. The most relevant risk factors associated with a higher risk of developing BPD identified in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were appropriate weight for gestational age (adjusted OR (aOR) 3.67, 95%CI 2.02-6.67, P < 0.001), presence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (aOR 2.61, 95%CI 1.86-3.66, P < 0.001), late-onset sepsis (aOR 2.16; 95%CI 1.29-3.62; P = 0.003), and use of invasive ventilation (aOR 1.90; 95%CI 1.35-2.69; P < 0.001). The most relevant independent risk factors associated with a higher risk for developing moderate-severe BDP were postnatal steroids (aOR 7.12, 95%CI 3.77-13.44, P < 0.001), use of inhaled nitric oxide (aOR 3.65, 95%CI 1.48-9.01, P = 0.005), use of invasive ventilation (aOR 2.13, 95%CI 1.13-4.00, P = 0.019), late-onset sepsis (aOR 2.07, 95%CI 1.10-3.91, P = 0.025), and male sex (aOR 2.04, 95%CI 1.24-3.36, P = 0.005). The difference in the distribution of BPD severity across the three different definitions of NICHD was significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion The results of this study showed that the incidence of BPD remained high in infants born at ≤ 32 weeks of gestational age and birth weight <1500 g with appropriate weight for gestational age. The presence of PDA at birth or first echocardiography, late-onset sepsis, and use of invasive ventilation were significant risk factors for the incidence of BPD. The identification of risk factors will contribute to the implementation of lung-protective strategies for at-risk infants who may benefit from potential preventive therapy.

Changes in the patterns of respiratory support and incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia; a single center experience

BackgroundWith the advances in neonatal intensive care, the survival rate of extremely preterm infants is increasing. However, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a major cause of morbidity among infants in this group. This study examined the changes in respiratory support modalities, specifically heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC), and their association with BPD incidence among preterm infants born at < 29 weeks of gestation.MethodThis population-based retrospective cohort study included infants born at < 29 weeks of gestation between 2016 and 2020. Data regarding the use and duration of respiratory support modalities were obtained, including mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure, HHHFNC, and low-flow oxygen therapy. Additionally, the incidence of BPD was determined in the included infants. Trend analysis for each respiratory support modality and BPD incidence rate was performed to define the temporal changes associated with changes in BPD rates. In addition, a logistic regression model was developed to identify the association between BPD and severity grade using HHHFNC.ResultsThree Hundred and sixteen infants were included in this study. The use and duration of HHHFNC therapy increased during the study period. Throughout the study period, the overall incidence of BPD was 49%, with no significant trends. The BPD rate was significantly higher in the infants who received HHHFNC than in those who did not (52% vs. 39%, P = 0.03). Analysis of BPD severity grades showed that both grade 1 BPD (34% vs. 21%, P = 0.03) and grade 2 BPD (12% vs. 1%, P < 0.01) were significantly more common among infants who received HHHFNC than among those who did not. In contrast, the incidence of grade 3 BPD was lower in infants who received HHFNC (6% vs. 17%, P < 0.01). The duration in days of HHHFNC was found to significantly predict BPD incidence (OR 1.04 [95%CI: 1.01–1.06], P < 0.01) after adjusting for confounding variables.ConclusionThe use of HHHFNC in extremely preterm infants born at < 29 weeks of gestation is increasing. There was a significant association between the duration of HHHFNC therapy and the development of BPD in extremely preterm infants born at < 29 weeks of gestation.

Impact of Changes in Early Respiratory Support Management on Respiratory Outcomes of Preterm Infants.

In the period immediately after birth, preterm infants are highly susceptible to lung injury. Ventilator-induced lung injury has been recognized as a major contributing factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Noninvasive respiratory support (NIRS) could decrease lung injury, and early respiratory support management might affect pulmonary outcomes. We conducted a study to evaluate the changes in early respiratory support management and their impact on respiratory outcome and complications of preterm infants in 3 different time periods over the last 13 years. This study was a retrospective, single-center cohort study. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of preterm infants < 32 weeks of gestational age born in our hospital from 2007-2020. The study period was divided into three 3-y discrete periods: 2007-2009 (period A), 2013-2015 (period B), and 2018-2020 (period C). Changes in early respiratory support management were assessed in the 3 periods. The outcomes measured included mortality, BPD, other major neonatal complications, initial respiratory support, and duration of mechanical ventilation. In all, 1,880 clinical records were assessed in our study, with 358 in period A, 825 in period B, and 697 in period C. The use of antenatal corticosteroids increased over time (56.1% in period A, 56.7% in period B, and 74.0% in period C (P < .001). The need for surfactant decreased from 65.6% in period A to 40.7% in period B and 45.9% in period C. Increased utilization of NIRS was associated with decreased invasive mechanical ventilation within 24 h after birth. NIRS only during the hospital stay increased from 22.9% in period A to 36.8% and 45.1% in the latter 2 periods (P < .001). Oxygen therapy duration decreased from 24.3 d in period A to 14.4 d in period B and 17.2 d in period C (P < .001). The overall incidence of BPD was 32.4% in the first period, 23.9% in the second period, and 25.4% in the third period (P < .001). The moderate-to-severe forms of BPD decreased from 12.8% in period A to 7.9% in period B and 7.6% in period C (P = .009). Other neonatal complications, such as pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, surgical necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III/IV, and periventricular leukomalacia, were unchanged among the 3 periods. From 2007-2020, respiratory management was characterized by a marked reduction in invasive mechanical ventilation and an increase in the use of NIRS. Changes in early respiratory support management resulted in improved respiratory outcomes with a decrease in the overall incidence of BPD. It is likely that our aim to reduce lung injury by improving our respiratory management has contributed to a favorable outcome.

Respiratory management and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants: a comparison of practice between centres in Oxford and Melbourne.

Considerable variation in the care of extremely low gestational age infants (ELGAN) contributes to the variation in incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We compared management and outcomes of two neonatal centres with different respiratory support strategies. Retrospective cohort study of infants <28 weeks gestational age treated at two units in Australia and the UK between 2015 and 2017. Of 492 infants, the overall incidence of BPD for extremely preterm infants was 62.20% and was similar across both sites (64.84% at Monash vs. 60.65% at Oxford). Independent predictors for the development of BPD or mortality included the days on mechanical ventilation (MV, adjusted OR 1.13, 95% Cl 1.07-1.19) and use of inhaled nitric oxide (adjusted OR 13.42, 95% Cl 1.75-103.28). Primary choice of non-invasive respiratory support had no significant impact on BPD development. Duration of MV and using nitric oxide were independent predictors for death or BPD.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: From Neonate to Adult

“Bronchopulmonary dysplasia” is a term devised in 1967 to describe chronic lung disease in premature infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome. With improving management techniques, younger and lower birth-weight infants now are surviving after they are born at increasingly premature stages of lung development. Despite improving management techniques, the overall incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia has not changed significantly over time, but the clinical definition and radiographic features have evolved accordingly.1

Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia – incidence and predictive factors in a prospective, multicenter study in very preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome

Background: Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a major complication of prematurity and can have significant impact on long-term pulmonary sequelae and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.Objective: To assess the incidence and evaluate the predictive factors for severe BPD in very preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome.Methods: Of the 846 premature infants born at ≤32-week gestation who developed respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 707 infants with known oxygen dependency at 36 weeks gestational age were included in the analysis of BPD incidence. With univariate and multiple logistic regression models we evaluated the risk factors for the development of severe BPD and calculated odds ratios (ORs).Results: The overall incidence of BPD was 45.2%. Severe BPD accounted for 6%, with morbidity pertaining mainly to infants <29-week gestation (incidence 10%). The risk factors for severe BPD included male gender (OR 3.02 95%CI 1.30–7.46), intubation in the delivery room (OR 2.57, 95%CI 1.00–7.18), and invasive ventilation >7 days (OR 7.05, 95%CI 2.63–22.4). The protective factors were early continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the univariate analysis and receiving surfactant <15 min after birth in the multivariate model.Conclusions: Mechanical ventilation >7 days is the most prevalent risk factor for severe BPD. CPAP initiated in the delivery room and early surfactant are key preventive measures.

Recent Changes in the Incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Korea.

We investigated the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants in Korea using the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN) data. In total, 2,386 VLBW infants born from January 2013 to June 2014 were prospectively registered. BPD was defined as supplemental oxygen or positive pressure support at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). The overall incidence of BPD was 28.9%, and the overall mortality rate in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) was 11.9%. To investigate recent changes in the incidence of BPD among VLBW infants, we compared the BPD rate in the present study with the latest nationwide retrospective survey conducted between 2007 and 2008. For comparison, we selected infants (23-31 weeks of gestation) (n=1,990) to adjust for the same conditions with the previous survey in 2007-2008 (n=3,841). Among the limited data on VLBW infants (23-31 weeks of gestation), the incidence of BPD increased by 85% (from 17.8% to 33.0%) and the mortality rate in the NICU decreased by 31.4% (from 18.8% to 12.9%) compared to those in the study conducted in 2007-2008. The current trend of increase in the incidence of BPD among infants can be attributed to the increase in the survival rate of VLBW infants.

Preeclampsia and the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in VLBW infants: a population based study.

BackgroundPreeclampsia remains a leading cause of maternal mortality and preterm delivery. Both preeclampsia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) of prematurity are associated with impaired angiogenesis. However, the relationship between maternal preeclampsia and BPD remains controversial. This study aims to test whether or not preeclampsia is associated with development of BPD in a cohort of premature infants.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study assessing the association between preeclampsia and the risk of developing BPD in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants registered in the Premature Baby Foundation of Taiwan from 1997 through 2006. All 21 neonatal departments in Taiwan participated in the data collection. A total of 8,653 VLBW infants were registered in the database. The exclusion criteria included congenital anomalies, chromosome anomalies, infants that died before 36 weeks post-conceptual (PCA), and those whose BPD status were unavailable. BPD was defined as oxygen dependence at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. The association between maternal preeclampsia and BPD was assessed using a multivariate-adjusted logistic regression model.ResultsIn the end, a total of 5,753 cases were enrolled in this study. The incidence of preeclampsia was 14.7% (n=847) and the overall incidence of BPD was 34.9%. Infants with maternal preeclampsia had a higher gestational age, higher incidence of cesarean section and being small for their gestational age, lower incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, and sepsis. BPD occurred significantly less frequently in the maternal preeclampsia group (24.1% vs. 36.7%; adjusted odds ratio: 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.62–0.98). Subgroup analysis showed that the association between preeclampsia and BPD was significant only in those VLBW infants with a gestational age between 31–34 weeks.ConclusionThis data supports the association between fetal exposure to maternal preeclampsia and a reduced risk of BPD in relatively mature VLBW infants.

Conducto arterial persistente y desarrollo de displasia broncopulmonar en recién nacidos con muy bajo peso al nacer

IntroductionBronchopulmonary dysplasia has been associated with multiple risk factors: low birth weight, low gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome, oxygen toxicity, infection, excessive fluids (especially during the first week of life) and persistent ductus arteriosus. ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and to assess the role of persistent ductus arteriosus as a risk factor for Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a fourth-level institution in Medellm, Colombia. MethodsAn observational cohort study in preterm infants weighing<1500g at birth was conducted. Ductus arteriosus was the exposure; while the presence of moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia was the outcome. The characteristics (perinatal, neonatal and therapeutic) of patients with and without persistent ductus arteriosus and with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia were analyzed using the Student t, the Mann Whitney U or chi2 tests. Confounding variables were adjusted for using multiple logistic regresion. ResultsThe overall incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was 37%, and it was higher in patients with persistent ductus arteriosus (57.9 per cent) than in those without it (28.2%) (OR=3.5; 95% CI 2.0-6.12; p<0.001). This association remained after multivariate analysis (OR=2.57; 95% CI 1.36-4,83; p<0.001). Chorioamnionitis, RDS and weight <1000g were also associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, while hypertensive disorders during pregnancy was a protective factor. Persistent ductus arteriosus patients required more mechanical ventilation with FI02>40% (46.5% vs. 53.5%; p<0.001), higher PIP (59.6% vs. 40.4%; p<0.001) and a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (4 vs. 0 days; p<0.001). ConclusionPersistent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants less than 1500g is associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. More studies are required to assess the association between sepsis, persistent ductus arteriosus and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Pathogenesis and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of infancy affecting mostly premature infants with significant morbidity and mortality. Improved survival of very immature infants has led to increased numbers of infants with this disorder. Acute and chronic lung injury and impaired postnatal lung growth are thought to be responsible for the development of BPD. Whereas changes in clinical practice have improved the clinical course and outcomes for infants with BPD, over the past decade, the overall incidence of BPD has not changed. This review will describe the prenatal and postnatal factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD as well as current and experimental therapies for treatment of BPD. The factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of BPD are well described; however, recent studies have better defined how these factors modulate lung growth. Inflammation, proinflammatory cytokines and altered angiogenic gene signaling contribute to lung injury and impair prenatal and postnatal lung growth resulting in BPD; however, to date no therapy has been identified that potently and consistently prevents or reverses their effects on lung growth. We will discuss the cell signaling pathways affected in BPD and current therapies available for modulating these pathways. Despite current advances in neonatal care, BPD remains a heavy burden on healthcare resources. New treatments directed at either reducing lung injury or improving lung growth are under study.

Analysis of risk factors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD) in premature infants with mechanical ventilation

目的 探讨早产儿支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的危险因素及预防对策.方法 回顾性分析本院2000年1月至2005年8月应用呼吸机治疗并住院28 d以上的早产儿,比较并综合分析20余种高危因素与BPD发生的关系.结果 106例呼吸机治疗、住院＞28 d早产儿BPD发生率为30.19%(32/106),占所有住院28 d以上早产儿的13.91%(32/230),占住院28 d以上、应用机械通气治疗、出生体重≤1 500 g早产儿的18.52%(25/135).BPD组FiO2、PIP、PEEP、MAP、上机时日龄与对照组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示:出生体重≤1 250 g、机械通气≥10 d、痰培养阳性2次以上为发生BPD的独立危险因素.结论 避免低出生体重早产儿、缩短应用机械通气时间、防止及减少肺部感染,尤其是严重感染是预防早产儿发生BPD的重要措施。

Early Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in Premature Newborns with Respiratory Failure

The safety and efficacy of early, low-dose, prolonged therapy with inhaled nitric oxide in premature newborns with respiratory failure are uncertain. We performed a multicenter, randomized trial involving 793 newborns who were 34 weeks of gestational age or less and had respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Newborns were randomly assigned to receive either inhaled nitric oxide (5 ppm) or placebo gas for 21 days or until extubation, with stratification according to birth weight (500 to 749 g, 750 to 999 g, or 1000 to 1250 g). The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age. Secondary safety outcomes included severe intracranial hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and ventriculomegaly. Overall, there was no significant difference in the incidence of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia between patients receiving inhaled nitric oxide and those receiving placebo (71.6 percent vs. 75.3 percent, P=0.24). However, for infants with a birth weight between 1000 and 1250 g, as compared with placebo, inhaled nitric oxide therapy reduced the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (29.8 percent vs. 59.6 percent); for the cohort overall, such treatment reduced the combined end point of intracranial hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, or ventriculomegaly (17.5 percent vs. 23.9 percent, P=0.03) and of periventricular leukomalacia alone (5.2 percent vs. 9.0 percent, P=0.048). Inhaled nitric oxide therapy did not increase the incidence of pulmonary hemorrhage or other adverse events. Among premature newborns with respiratory failure, low-dose inhaled nitric oxide did not reduce the overall incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, except among infants with a birth weight of at least 1000 g, but it did reduce the overall risk of brain injury. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00006401 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).

Impact of Improved Survival of Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants on Incidence and Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

It has been suggested that improved survival of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants may have resulted in increased numbers of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). To determine the impact of changes in mortality on the incidence and/or severity of BPD in three different time periods with distinct respiratory support strategies. Retrospective single center cohort study of VLBW infants: Cohort A (1986-1990): pre-surfactant era, use of conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV); cohort B (1993-1994): use of synthetic surfactant, nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and conventional IMV; cohort C (2000-2001): use of natural surfactant, early nasal prong CPAP, synchronized IMV with tidal volume monitoring and high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). BPD was classified as mild, moderate or severe according to Jobe and Bancalari. The median gestational ages and birth weights were 28 3/7 weeks and 1,120 g for cohort A (n = 97), 30 0/7 weeks and 1,340 g for cohort B (n = 100), and 29 1/7 weeks and 1,200 g for cohort C (n = 135). The use of partial or complete courses of antenatal corticosteroids (ANC) increased over time (58%, 72%, and 82%, p = 0.003). There was a 50% reduction of mortality between each time period with mortality rates of 30%, 14% and 7% in cohorts A, B and C, respectively (p < 0.001). The overall incidence of BPD was 26% in the pre-surfactant era, 11% during the mid-1990s and 19% in the most recent time period (r = -0.05, p = 0.36). Moderate and severe forms of BPD decreased over time and were seen in 11% in cohort A, 3% in cohort B and 2% in cohort C (p = 0.008). Changes in neonatal care of VLBW infants, including increased use of ANC and modified respiratory support strategies, have resulted in dramatically improved survival rates over the past 15 years without increasing moderate to severe pulmonary morbidity.

An Introduction to Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is both a significant clinical problem associated with neonatal intensive care and a sign of the success of that care. It can best be understood in the context of the historical continuum of improving survivability for prematurely born infants. Some of the adolescents and young adults surviving with BPD will have late pulmonary dysfunction. All the molecular-biologic and technologic approaches used in the past 25 years have not clearly reduced the overall incidence of BPD. It would seem time to approach seriously the problem of decreasing the overall incidence of BPD by decreasing the incidence of premature birth in the United States.