Ovariohysterectomy In Dogs Research Articles

Isoflurane sparing effect of a multimodal analgesic protocol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Isoflurane sparing effect of a multimodal analgesic protocol for ovariohysterectomy in dogs

A liposomal bupivacaine infiltrative block reduces rescue analgesia administration compared to a bupivacaine splash block after canine ovariohysterectomy in a teaching laboratory.

This study aimed to determine whether an infiltrative block with liposomal bupivacaine was associated with less rescue analgesia administration and lower pain scores than a bupivacaine splash block after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Eligible dogs included those that were spayed as part of a veterinary teaching laboratory. Dogs were up to 7 years old and otherwise healthy. A total of 136 dogs were analyzed. All dogs underwent ovariohysterectomy performed by veterinary students. Dogs received hydromorphone and acepromazine premedication, propofol induction, isoflurane maintenance, and an NSAID. Dogs were randomly allocated to receive either a splash block with standard bupivacaine or an infiltrative block with liposomal bupivacaine for incisional analgesia. Postoperatively, all dogs were assessed by a blinded evaluator using the Colorado State University-Canine Acute Pain Scale (CSU-CAPS) and Glasgow Composite Measures Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS-SF). Dogs received rescue analgesia with buprenorphine if they scored ≥ 2 on the CSU-CAPS scale. Dogs that received liposomal bupivacaine had a significantly lower incidence of (P = .04) and longer time to (P = .03) administration of rescue analgesia. There was an overall time-averaged significant difference between groups for CSU-CAPS (P = .049) and GCPS-SF scores (P = .015), with dogs in the bupivacaine group being more likely to have an elevated pain score at some point for both scales. The use of liposomal bupivacaine in an infiltrative block may decrease the need for rescue analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy compared to a bupivacaine splash block.

Intraperitoneal and incisional ropivacaine did not improve postoperative analgesia after multimodal anaesthesia compared with saline in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Intraperitoneal administration of local anaesthetics may reduce postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. The aim of this prospective, randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to compare postoperative analgesia and opioid requirements after intraperitoneal and incisional administration of ropivacaine versus 0,9 % NaCl (saline). Forty-three client-owned dogs were enrolled in the study and anaesthetised using a standardized protocol that included premedication with acepromazine (0,03-0,05 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (0,01 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol titrated to effect and ketamine (1 mg/kg) intravenously and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The analgesic regimen included carprofen (4 mg/kg) subcutaneously and morphine (0,2 mg/kg) intravenously. Depending on group assignment, each dog received either an intraperitoneal and incisional splash with ropivacaine (2 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively) (group R), or an equal volume of saline (group S). Buprenorphine (0,02 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly once the uterus was removed. Sedation and pain were assessed 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after extubation using a sedation scale, the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) and a dynamic interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS). Postoperatively, buprenorphine (0,01 mg/kg) was administered intravenously if dogs scored 6/24 on CMPS-SF. The ordinal mixed model showed no difference in pain scores between groups. Fisher's exact test showed no significant difference in postoperative buprenorphine requirements between group S (3/22 dogs) and group R (1/21 dogs) at the doses used. In addition, lower sedation scores were associated with higher DIVAS scores. In this multimodal analgesic protocol, ropivacaine could not improve analgesia compared to saline.

Bupivacaine, Ketamine And Bupivacaine – Ketamine Epidural Anaesthesia In Bitches Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy

This research was conducted to analyze the analgesic effects of bupivacaine, ketamine and bupivacaine–ketamine combination on bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy, and determine a suitable regional anaesthesia. Fifteen (15) apparently healthy bitches, aged 8-12 months and weighing 10 – 15kg were procured within and around Zaria, Kaduna State for this experiment. The animals were grouped into three (3), A, B and C, screened and allowed to acclimatize to the new environment. Premedication was instituted with 0.02 mg/kg atropine sulphate and 1mg/kg Xylazine. Group A was administered an epidural injection of 0.5 % bupivacaine hydrochloride at 1 mg/kg, Group B was administered an epidural injection of 50 mg/ml ketamine hydrochloride at 2 mg/kg and Group C was administered an epidural injection of bupivacaine and ketamine combination at 0.5mg/kg and 1 mg/kg respectively. Analgesic indices determined were time to sphincter relaxation, the onset of action, duration of analgesia and duration of muscle relaxation. A standard ovariohysterectomy procedure was carried out at the onset of analgesia on each experimental animal, lasting an average of 45 minutes. Bitches in the bupivacaine group took a longer time (73 ± 18.0 secs) to sphincter relaxation which was significantly different from the other groups. Ketamine took the shortest amount of time (15 ± 3.0 secs) which was almost immediate. The onset of analgesia was the shortest (3 ± 1.0 mins) in group B with ketamine only. The combination of ketamine and bupivacaine produced a longer duration (121 ± 7.0 mins) of analgesia and significant muscle relaxation (110 ± 20.0 mins). The combination of bupivacaine and ketamine produced superior analgesic effects than those of bupivacaine or ketamine alone used for epidural injection, and sufficient for painful surgeries such as ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Evaluation of lidocaine administration into the ovarian pedicle for the control of intraoperative and early postoperative pain during ovariohysterectomy in dogs

ObjectiveTo evaluate effects of lidocaine 2% administration into the ovarian pedicle on intraoperative nociception and early postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Study designProspective, randomized, blinded clinical study. AnimalsA total of 20 healthy adult female dogs of different breeds. MethodsDogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1) and morphine (0.5 mg kg–1) intramuscularly, anesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Dogs were randomly assigned to be administered 2 mL of saline (group S) or lidocaine 2% (group L) into the mesovarium (1 mL each side). Heart rate (HR) and noninvasive systemic arterial pressure were recorded before surgery (T0), before (T1) and during ligation of the right ovarian pedicle (T2), before (T3) and during ligation of the left ovarian pedicle (T4). Rescue treatment (propofol) was administered if HR or systolic arterial pressure (SAP) increased by 20% compared with the previous time point. Pain, assessed with the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Short Form (CMPS-SF) was recorded before premedication (baseline) and after extubation. Administration of postoperative rescue analgesia was recorded. ResultsIn group S, HR was higher at T2 than T1 (112 ± 18 versus 89 ± 21 beats minute–1, p = 0.001) There were no significant differences between treatments at any time. SAP was higher at T2 than T1 in group S (110 ± 12 versus 100 ± 10 mmHg, p = 0.031). SAP was higher in group S than group L at T3 (113 ± 12 and 91 ± 10 mmHg, respectively, p = 0.001). No dogs required propofol intraoperatively. All dogs required postoperative rescue analgesia. Compared with baseline, CMPS-SF increased 60 minutes after extubation (group S; p = 0.019, group L; p = 0.043). Conclusions and clinical relevanceAdministration of lidocaine 2% into the mesovarium did not reduce intraoperative nociception and did not improve postoperative analgesia.

Parameters of Metabolic Response to Surgical Trauma Induced via Unilateral Total Mastectomy Associated or Not to Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs.

Surgical excision of solid tumors is required for local control of neoplasms. However, surgical trauma can stimulate the release of proangiogenic growth factors, suppressing cell-mediated immunity and favoring the development of micrometastases and progression of residual disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the intensity of the metabolic response to trauma induced via unilateral mastectomy in bitches with mammary neoplasia, the consequences of its joint performance with ovariohysterectomy, and their respective effects on the organic response. Two groups of animals were evaluated in seven perioperative moments, namely, unilateral mastectomy (G1) and unilateral mastectomy associated with ovariohysterectomy (G2). Thirty-two female dogs were selected, ten clinically healthy, and twenty-two diagnosed with mammary neoplasia. Surgical trauma reduced serum concentrations of albumin and interleukin-2 but increased blood levels of glucose and interleukin-6 in the postoperative of G1 and G2 patients. Moreover, serum cortisol levels increased after unilateral mastectomy associated with ovariohysterectomy. Our findings allowed us to conclude that unilateral mastectomy induces significant metabolic alterations in female dogs with mammary neoplasms and its joint performance with ovariohysterectomy increases the organic response to trauma.

Haemato-Biochemical Changes after Laparoscopic and Conventional Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs

The present study was conducted on 24 bitches presented for ovariohysterectomy at Veterinary Clinical Complex of the college, Bikaner, India. The animals were randomly divided in two groups. Ovariohysterectomy was performed by conventional method and laparoscopic method in Group A and B, respectively. Physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters were determined in both the groups. The post-operative heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature reduced significantly (p<0.05) as compared to pre-operative values in both the groups. PCV values decreased significantly in animals of both the groups. The difference in TEC and TLC values remained non-significant in both the groups; however, in Group-A animals, significant (p<0.05) increase in TLC values was noticed at 12 to 24 h. Significant (p<0.05) increase in neutrophils and decrease in lymphocytes were recorded, while monocytes and eosinophils remained statistically unchanged during the entire period of time. Significant (p<0.05) increase was observed in the values of blood glucose, cortisol, AST, creatinine, CK, alkaline phosphatase in Group-A and Group-B, however, ALT values remained non-significant in both the group. Increased TLC, neutrophils, serum cortisol, AST and CK for longer duration in animals of Group-A compared to Group-B indicated more inflammation, tissue trauma, muscle damage and stressed conditions in conventional method of ovariohysterectomy.

Effect on physiological parameters and anaesthetic dose requirement of isoflurane when tramadol given as a continuous rate infusion vs a single intravenous bolus injection during ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Tramadol produces a significant reduction in both sevoflurane and isoflurane minimum alveolar concentrations in dogs under experimental conditions. This study aims to compare the effects of tramadol administered as a constant rate infusion (CRI) with those of tramadol administered as a single intravenous bolus on physiological parameters and isoflurane requirements in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. In this study, forty female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were enrolled. The bitches were anesthetized with 5 mg/kg of tiletamine/zolazepam combined with 0.05 mg/kg of acepromazine intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane delivered in 100% oxygen. The group A (n = 20) received tramadol 4 mg/kg in a single intravenous bolus, whereas the group B (n = 20) received tramadol 1.5 mg/kg in an intravenous bolus followed by tramadol 2.6 mg/kg/h as a CRI. The following parameters were recorded: heart rate, respiratory rate, non-invasive blood pressure, body temperature, EtCO2, SpO2 and inspired and expired concentrations of isoflurane. Parameter measurements were performed from pre-preedication (baseline) to skin suturing. The dogs were healthy subjects that demonstrated no abnormalities on laboratory investigations. Significant tachycardia was recorded after administration of tiletamine/zolazepam combined with acepromazine in both groups. Heart rate decreased after intubation but remained significantly higher compared to baseline values in both groups. Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in both groups but the recorded values were within the physiological range. Mild reduction in body temperature was recorded in both groups. SpO2 and EtCO2 remained within the physiological range. Isoflurane requirement was significantly lower in the group B compared to the group A. Transient twitching was recorded in two dogs belonging to the group A after tramadol administration. Compared to tramadol given as a single intravenous bolus injection during ovariohysterectomy in dogs, tramadol administered as a CRI reduces isoflurane requirements in dogs anesthetized with tiletamine/zolazepam combined with acepromazine. Both tramadol given as a CRI and a single intravenous bolus injection, induce decrease in heart rate, respiratory rate and in body temperature but the values of these parameters remain within physiological range in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Comparative Evaluation of Haemostatic Techniques for Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs

Comparative Evaluation of Haemostatic Techniques for Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs

Anesthetic and analgesic techniques used for dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies in general practice in the United States

ObjectiveTo acquire information about anesthesia and analgesia protocols used by United States (US) veterinarians in primary care practices when performing routine ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Study designCross-sectional survey. PopulationPrimary care veterinarians in the US. MethodsAn online anonymous survey, originally created in New Zealand, was modified with permission and made available to Veterinary Information Network (VIN) members. The survey asked questions about performing ovariohysterectomy in healthy adolescent dogs in the categories of preanesthetic evaluation, premedication and induction protocols, maintenance protocols and monitoring equipment, and postoperative analgesic and sedation protocols and pain assessments. ResultsA total of 1213 US veterinarians completed the survey. Respondents (n; %) reported performing preoperative laboratory tests [packed cell volume (135; 11%), complete blood cell count (889; 73%) and biochemistry panels (1057; 87%)] and preanesthetic examinations on the morning of surgery (1083; 90%). The most commonly administered drugs for premedication were acepromazine (512; 42%), hydromorphone (475; 39%) or butorphanol (463; 38%), with propofol (637; 67%) for induction of anesthesia and isoflurane (882; 73%) for maintenance of anesthesia. Most veterinarians reported placing intravenous catheters (945; 78%), administering electrolyte solutions (747; 67%) and providing heat support (1160; 96%). Perioperative and postoperative analgesia included local anesthetics (545; 45%), opioids (844; 70%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (953; 79%); NSAIDs were dispensed for home use (985; 81%). Dogs were most frequently discharged on the day of surgery (1068; 88%) and the owners were contacted (914; 75%) for follow-up within 1–2 days. Conclusions and clinical relevanceAnesthetic management for routine ovariohysterectomy in dogs varies among US veterinary VIN members. Information from this study is useful for all veterinarians for comparison with their practice management and for teachers of veterinary anesthesia to continue to emphasize options for analgesia.

Preliminary evaluation of the effects of grapiprant compared with carprofen on acute pain and inflammation following ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

To compare the analgesic efficacy of grapiprant to carprofen for the treatment of postoperative pain and inflammation in dogs following ovariohysterectomy. 12 purpose-bred adult sexually intact female Beagles. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: grapiprant (2 mg/kg, PO; n = 6) or carprofen (4.4 mg/kg, PO; n = 6), 1.5 hours prior to ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and every 24 hours afterward for 3 total doses. An ultrafiltration probe was placed within the OVH incision to collect interstitial fluid (ISF). Pain and inflammation were assessed by masked investigators via mechanical nociceptive threshold testing and the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale before drug administration and at multiple time points for 72 hours following dosing and surgery. ISF samples were collected at the same time points to assess prostaglandin E2 concentrations at the site of inflammation. In both groups, pain scale scores were highest in the immediate postoperative period and decreased over time. In both treatment groups, there were significant (P = 0.003) differences in mechanical nociceptive threshold results over time when compared with baseline, but there was no difference between groups. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations in ISF were higher in dogs receiving grapiprant compared with carprofen (P < 0.001). One dog in the carprofen group required rescue analgesia. Results of this preliminary study suggested both carprofen and grapiprant may be effective for postoperative pain following OVH in dogs; however, additional studies are warranted to determine grapiprant's effectiveness in a larger and more diverse population of dogs.

Postoperative pain assessment with concurrent administration of intraperitoneal tramadol and incisional lidocaine following ovariohysterectomy in dogs

This study aimed to assess postoperative pain with concurrent administration of intraperitoneal tramadol and incisional lidocaine following ovariohysterectomy in dogs. A group of twenty mixed breed female dogs, aged 1–2 years, weighing 19.5 ± 0.8 kg were used. Initially, dogs were sedated with intramuscular administration of acepromazine 1%. Anaesthesia was induced with diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) and maintained with 1.5% Isoflurane. Ketoprofen (2 mg/kg) was administered intravenously immediately before surgery. Five minutes before midline incision, saline (0.2 ml/kg) was administered to the muscles and subcutaneous space around the incision in the tramadol-saline (TS) group. Also, in the tramadol-lidocaine (TL) group, lidocaine 2% with epinephrine (1.5 mg/Kg) was administered. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and before closing the linea alba, tramadol (4 mg/kg) was splashed on the abdominal viscera in both groups. Cortisol, vital signs and pain scoring systems were evaluated at different time points. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature changes were not significant between groups. Cortisol level showed a significant difference between groups at 1, 3 and 6 hours after surgery (p≤0.05). Both UMPS and CMPS-SF pain scores in the TL group were significantly lower than the TS group at 30 minutes, 1, 3 and 6 hours after surgery (p≤0.05) and also at 12 hours after surgery (p≤0.05). It seems that intraperitoneal administration of tramadol (4 mg/kg) along with administration of incisional lidocaine with epinephrine (1.5 mg/kg) is recommended following ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

Intravenous Acetaminophen Does Not Provide Adequate Postoperative Analgesia in Dogs Following Ovariohysterectomy.

Simple SummaryAcetaminophen is the most commonly used pain relief (analgesic) agent in humans worldwide and its use is becoming more frequent in dogs. However, limited evidence supports this use. This study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of acetaminophen when administered as an intravenous injection post-operatively in female dogs. A total of 34 dogs were randomly divided into two groups and either administered acetaminophen or saline intravenously immediately after desexing. The dogs had their pain levels evaluated at 10, 20, 40, 60, 120, and 180 min after awakening from general anesthesia and the pain levels between groups were compared. Concurrently, the dogs had blood collected at 2, 5, 10, 40, and 80 min following injection of the acetaminophen. The blood was analyzed to quantify the levels of acetaminophen in the body. This study found that acetaminophen was no better than saline in providing analgesia in dogs following surgery. This study suggests that acetaminophen used alone may not be an appropriate post-operative analgesic agent for desexing procedures.(1) Objective: To investigate the analgesic effects of intravenous acetaminophen after intravenous administration in dogs presenting for ovariohysterectomy. (2) Methods: 14 ASA I client-owned female entire dogs. In this randomized, blinded, clinical study, dogs were given meperidine and acepromazine intramuscularly before induction of anesthesia with intravenous propofol. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intravenous acetaminophen 20 mg/kg or 0.9% NaCl was administered postoperatively. Pain assessments were conducted using the Glasgow Pain Scale short form before premedication and at 10, 20, 60, 120, and 180 min post-extubation or until rescue analgesia was given. The pain scores, times, and incidences of rescue analgesia between the groups was compared. Blood was collected before and 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 min after acetaminophen administration. Acetaminophen plasma concentration was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acetaminophen plasma concentration at the time of each pain score evaluation was subsequently calculated. (3) Results: There was no significant difference in pain scores at 10 min, highest pain scores, or time of rescue analgesia between groups. In each group, 3 dogs (43%) received rescue analgesia within 20 min. (4) Conclusions: Following ovariohysterectomy in dogs, there was no detectable analgesic effect of a 20 mg/kg dosage of intravenous acetaminophen administered at the end of surgery.

Evaluation of intraperitoneal administration of morphine on post-operative pain management after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

The present prospective randomized experimental study was designed to assess pain control with intraperitoneal morphine following ovariohysterectomy in dogs. A group of 12 mixed breed female dogs, aged 1–2 years, weighing 19.95 ± 0.95 kg were included. Forty minutes after sedation with 0.05 mg/kg intramuscular acepromazine 1%, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg). The dogs were connected to the inhalation anaesthesia circuit using isoflurane. Ovariohysterectomy was performed, and before the closure of linea alba, the animals received intraperitoneal morphine (0.5 mg/kg) (in group M) and saline (0.2 ml/kg) (in group S). No significant difference was detected in total protein and glucose levels between the groups, while the cortisol level in group M was significantly lower than group S 1, 3 and 6 h after surgery. Furthermore, the comparison of the rectal temperature, heart rates and respiratory rates showed no major differences. Additionally, no significant alterations were detected between the groups considering the changes in the pain scores with simple descriptive score, Glasgow, University of Melbourne pain scale, sedation status and Sammarco methods. Finally, three cases in group S and two cases in group M were given an intramuscular analgesic rescue dose of morphine. Although a significant decline was observed in cortisol levels following intraperitoneal morphine administration, there were no beneficial changes in the efficiency of post‐operative analgesia in status and clinical signs compared to the control group. Further studies are required to investigate intraperitoneal morphine effectiveness in post‐operative pain management.

The effects of melatonin treatment on oxidative stress induced by ovariohysterectomy in dogs

BackgroundAs one of the most common surgeries performed in veterinary medicine, ovariohysterectomy (OHE) can induce oxidative stress in dogs. The antioxidant properties of melatonin have been confirmed in various studies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin administration on oxidative stress in dogs before and after OHE. In this study, 25 mature female intact dogs were selected and randomly divided into five equal groups: Melatonin (melatonin, no surgery), OHE (no melatonin, surgery), OHE + melatonin (melatonin, surgery), anesthesia+melatonin (melatonin, sham surgery), and control (no melatonin, no surgery) groups. Melatonin (0.3 mg/Kg/day, p.o.) was administrated to the dogs in the melatonin, OHE + melatonin, and anesthesia+melatonin groups on days − 1, 0, 1, 2, and 3 (day 0 = OHE). Blood sampling was performed on days − 1, 1, 3, and 5 of the study. Blood samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory and sera were separated and stored at − 20 °C. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured with commercial kits.ResultsThe levels of SOD, GPX and CAT were significantly higher in the melatonin and anesthesia+melatonin groups compared to those of the control group at days 3 and 5. The level of antioxidant enzymes significantly decreased in the OHE group compared to that of other groups at days 3 and 5. The administration of melatonin increased the level of antioxidant enzymes in ovariohysterectomized dogs. Ovariohysterectomy significantly increased the concentration of MDA in comparison to that of other groups at day 3. Melatonin administration significantly decreased the level of MDA in melatonin, anesthetized, and ovariohysterectomized dogs at day 3.ConclusionsAdministration of melatonin on day − 1, 0, 1, 2 and 3 modulate the oxidative stress induced by OHE in dogs by increasing antioxidant enzymes concentration and decreasing MDA levels.

Intraperitoneal administration of lidocaine or tramadol alone or in combination on postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

The present prospective randomized experimental study aimed to assess the intraperitoneal (ip) administration of lidocaine or tramadol, alone or in combination, on postoperative pain management following ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Eighteen healthy female mixed‐breed dogs, aged 1–2 years, weighed 16.7 ± 3.8 kg, were used. Animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, intramuscular). Forty minutes later, anaesthesia was induced through intravenous titration with diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane 1.5%. Afterwards, ovariohysterectomy was performed, and prior to the closure of the linea alba, animals received lidocaine containing epinephrine (8.8 mg/kg, ip) in group L, tramadol (4 mg/kg, ip) in group T and lidocaine containing epinephrine (8.8 mg/kg, ip) plus tramadol (4 mg/kg, ip) in the LT group. Cortisol, vital signs and pain scoring systems were evaluated at different time points. Vital signs did not change among the groups. Cortisol level in the LT group significantly decreased compared to the L and T groups one, three and six hours after surgery. Pain scores also did not change among the groups based on Sammarco and Simple descriptive (SDS) scoring method. However, pain scores in the LT group were higher than the two other groups according to the University of Melbourne pain scale (UMPS) and the short form of Glasgow pain scale (CMPS‐SF). According to the obtained results, the combination of lidocaine and tramadol seemed to be able to provide better analgesia compared with their separate administration. Therefore, combined intraperitoneal administration of lidocaine (8.8 mg/kg) and tramadol (4 mg/kg) with a final volume of (0.2 ml/kg) following ovariohysterectomy is recommended.

Comparison of Intraoperative Nociception and Postoperative Acute Pain After Traditional or Minimally Invasive Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs

Background: Many variations of ovariohysterectomy techniques have been described, including the traditional one and minimally invasive procedures. Non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique is an alternative for performing minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy. Few studies have been carried out in order to assess pain in animals submitted to minimally invasive surgeries, especially involving one of the most performed surgical procedures in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical duration, intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain after traditional ovariohysterectomy or minimally invasive non-laparoscopic technique in dogs using Snook hook. The hypothesis is that non-laparoscopic minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy would be faster and less painful than the conventional technique.Material, Methods &amp; Results: Thirty dogs were divided into Traditional Group (TG = 15) and Minimally Invasive Group (MIG = 15). Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were evaluated before the surgery to start (M0), during incision (M1), clamping of the first ovarian pedicle (M2), second ovarian pedicle (M3), uterine cervix (M4), abdominal suture (M5) and at the end of surgery (M6). The modified Glasgow Pain Scale was used for acute postoperative pain assessment and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the sensitivity of surgical wound. The level of significance established for all statistical analyzes was 5%. Statistical differences were not observed between groups considering total surgical time and postoperative acute pain intensity (P &gt; 0.05), in spite of MIG having shorter duration of surgery. There was no statistical difference between groups considering all intraoperative parameters except respiratory rate (TG &lt; MIG; P &lt; 0.05) and ETCO2 (MIG &lt; TG; P &lt; 0.05) at the moment of traction of the first ovarian pedicle (M2). Pain assessment by VAS showed statistical difference 24h after the end of surgery (TG &lt; MIG) (P &lt; 0.05). Discussion: Both procedures were similar regarding intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain. It is possible that the sensation of pain in both procedures was blocked by the effectiveness of analgesics, once they might cause an inhibition of painful behaviors limiting a possible difference in pain identification. Higher respiratory stress observed in MIG at M2 and higher pain score by VAS noted in MIG 24 h after the end of surgery can be justified by greater traction of ovarian pedicle, due to limited surgical access of minimally invasive technique. Minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy non-laparoscopic seems to be potentially faster, probably due to the smaller size of the abdominal incision, which takes less time to be closed. In the present study, both techniques were performed by an experienced surgeon, providing safe procedures, nevertheless it is important to emphasize that iatrogenic injury can be caused by surgeons not proficient in the Snook hook technique, considering the limited visualization of anatomical abdominal structures. Data obtained indicate that traditional ovariohysterectomy and non-laparoscopic Snook hook technique promote similar intraoperative nociception and acute postoperative pain, however minimally invasive procedure is potentially faster and with less surgical trauma.

Intraoperative fluid therapy for video-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs.

BackgroundIntraoperative fluids are still poorly studied in veterinary medicine. In humans the dosage is associated with significant differences in postoperative outcomes.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to verify the influence of three different fluid therapy rates in dogs undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy.MethodsTwenty-four female dogs were distributed into three groups: G5, G10, and G20. Each group was given 5, 10, and 20 mL·kg−1·h−1 of Lactate Ringer, respectively. This study evaluated the following parameters: central venous pressure, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, acid-base balance, and serum lactate levels. Additionally, this study evaluated the following urinary variables: urea, creatinine, protein to creatinine ratio, urine output, and urine specific gravity. The dogs were evaluated up to 26 h after the procedure.ResultsAll animals presented respiratory acidosis during the intraoperative period. The G5 group evidenced intraoperative oliguria (0.80 ± 0.38 mL·kg−1·h−1), differing from the G20 group (2.17 ± 0.52 mL·kg−1·h−1) (p = 0.001). Serum lactate was different between groups during extubation (p = 0.036), with higher values being recorded in the G5 group (2.19 ± 1.65 mmol/L). Animals from the G20 group presented more severe hypothermia at the end of the procedure (35.93 ± 0.61°C) (p = 0.032). Only the members of the G20 group presented mean potassium values below the reference for the species. Anion gap values were lower in the G20 group when compared to the G5 and G10 groups (p = 0.017).ConclusionsThe use of lactated Ringer's solution at the rate of 10 mL·kg−1·h−1 seems to be beneficial in the elective laparoscopic procedures over the 5 or 20 mL·kg−1·h−1 rates of infusion.

Sprayed intraperitoneal and incisional lidocaine reduces early postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs

In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal and incisional sprayed lidocaine on postoperative stress, oxidative stress and pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The control group (n=12) received intraperitoneal and incisional sprayed 0.9 % NaCl, whereas the preparation of lidocaine (8.8 mg/kg) with the equal volume of 0.9 % NaCl following calculation of the individual doses was sprayed in the experiment group (n=12). Modified Melbourne pain assessment was performed before sedation (T), at the end of surgery (T0), 30 minutes after surgery (T½) and at 1 (T1), 2 (T2), 4 (T4) and 6 (T6) hours after the end of surgery. Venous blood samples were collected to measure the concentrations of serum cortisol, total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) at related times. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated by the determination of the rate of TOS/TAS. The concentrations of cortisol, TAS and OSI did not show any significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). The concentration of TOS was the highest at T1 in the experiment group (p<0.05). The pain scores in the experiment group were lower (p<0.05) than those detected at T2 (p<0.05), T4 (p<0.01) and T6 (p<0.01) in the control group. In conclusion, it was stated that the treatment of intraperitoneal and incisional sprayed lidocaine is effective on postoperative pain management in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Body Temperature Fluctuation After Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs in Luteal Phase, Inactive Phase and Pyometra: A Clinical Study of 77 Cases

Progesterone (P4) has a thermogenic effect in the bitch and a decrease in P4 has been associated with a mild transient decrease in body temperature. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence, the extent and the pattern of possible hypothermia after ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in healthy dogs in luteal phase and in bitches with pyometra that underwent therapeutic OHE. Sixty-two healthy dogs and 15 dogs with pyometra that underwent standardized OHE were included. Rectal temperature was measured 1 hour preoperatively (pre-op) and 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hours postoperatively (post-op). Serum P4 was measured 30 minutes pre-op and 6 and 24 hours post-op. Healthy dogs were classified in 3 groups based on their initial P4 concentration and in 3 separate groups based on their oestrus cycle stage. The temperature differentiation between the groups of the study was assessed using the repeated measures mixed-design ANOVA analysis. Temperature measured 18-42 hours post-op was significantly decreased compared to pre-op when initial P4 >8 ng/mL but not significantly decreased when P4 <8 ng/mL. Post-op temperature fluctuation in pregnant dogs showed no significant difference compared to dogs in diestrus. Dogs with pyometra had significantly lower temperature 6-48 hours post-op compared to all other groups. Conclusively, mild hypothermia (37.5-37.9°C) may be anticipated 18-42 hours after OHE performed in early diestrus or pregnancy in healthy dogs. More significant hypothermia (37.1-37.5°C) may be anticipated in normally recovering pyometra cases.