Output Voltage Research Articles

Primary side control technique for capacitive power transfer system without any wireless feedback

The output voltage of capacitive power transfer (CPT) system will change if the load resistance is varied. This paper presents a method to regulate the output voltage using a controller that is located on the primary side, known as the primary side control technique. It does not require any additional components and wireless feedback, which lowers the cost and complexity of CPT system compared to the conventional control technique. Instead of directly measuring the output voltage on secondary side, it is estimated through the measured capacitor voltage on primary side. Modified sine wave control of the full-bridge inverter is adopted to regulate the output voltage. The proposed control technique is validated by the simulation via PSIM software using the practical parameters of capacitive coupler presented in the literature. Simulation results of the output voltage control against the step change in desired output voltage and load resistance indicate the performance of proposed control technique.

Computer simulation of open-circuit fault-tolerant boost rectifier based on SPMC

This paper presents a computer simulation of an open-circuit fault-tolerant boost rectifier based on a single-phase matrix converter using MATLAB/ Simulink. The proposed converter employs a fault identification technique to identify the faulty switch by generating a binary code extracted from the output voltage, magnitude of inductor current, and cycle of the input power supply. Upon identifying the faulty switch, the current is redirected to any available path through operational switches by controlling the switching devices. The aim is to ensure uninterrupted power supply from the source to the load. The paper includes a detailed analysis of the fault identification technique and the options for rerouting the current path. The outcomes of this paper are simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.

Multicarrier PWM techniques for three phase modular multilevel converter application in MRI systems

This research paper presents about the performance analysis of three phase modular multilevel converter with level shifted (phase disposition pulse width modulation) and phase shifted pulse width modulation (PWM) method. This research not only discusses the significance of different modulation procedures in the context of modular multilevel converters but also carefully evaluates each of their unique performance characteristics. This research is based on the fundamental creation of pulses and patterns that can only be acquired by comparing sinusoidal reference signals with triangular carrier signal. Both levels shifted (phase disposition) and phase shifted PWM procedures are used to calculate the phase output voltage of a converter at 2N+1 level. The output waveform is crucially shaped by these modulation techniques, which also ensure effective energy conversion and lower harmonic content. On the basis of the output voltage waveform's quality, the comparative research is conducted and simulated results were presented.

Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine interfaced to matrix converter

The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from grid-connected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover, using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the simulation results are addressed.

Design and Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Power Generation Light Emitting Diode Device

This research focuses on an independent photovoltaic power generation system with supercapacitor energy storage as the study subject. The model is simplified, and the photovoltaic power generation light emitting diode (LED) device is designed based on the given parameters. This system selects a Boost-type step-up converter for the supercapacitor charging circuit, capable of achieving Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The supercapacitor discharge circuit employs an LM2596 series regulator to power the rated load LED (12 V, 1 W), providing good linear regulation capability. In designing other hardware components of the device, the characteristics of a photoresistor are utilized to implement an automatic load switch circuit. An efficient single-chip integrated circuit LM2575 series is used as a regulator to convert the voltage across the supercapacitor terminals to +15 V and +5 V. Considering the need to collect the output voltage of the photovoltaic cell array and the voltage across the supercapacitor terminals, a resistor divider method is used to sample these two voltages. The sampling circuit includes a resistor divider circuit and a linear optocoupler isolation circuit. An HNC-25LTS series Hall current sensor is used for current sampling to measure AC, DC, and pulse signals under electrical isolation conditions. The supercapacitor, solar photovoltaic panel, control unit, and the main circuit for supercapacitor charging and discharging have been assembled in the experiment. Connecting the charging and discharging circuit with the photovoltaic panel and LED, the system provides power to the LED during the night. Under varying light intensity and temperature conditions, the photovoltaic output voltage waveform, PWM waveform, and Boost circuit output voltage waveform remain stable when reaching the MPPT point. The output power with added MPPT control at different times is compared. The results indicate that the designed system has effectively achieved the functionality of MPPT for solar energy.

Analysis of the effect of mutual inductance on reducing output current ripple of the modified DC-DC Cuk converter

DC-DC converters exhibiting minimal input and output ripple are extensively employed across a diverse range of applications. This paper presents a proposed modification to the DC-DC Cuk converter. The converter is developed by modifying a conventional Cuk DC-DC converter to exhibit boost characteristics. The DC-DC converters possess the capability to function as versatile units that can be employed in a multitude of applications, ranging from DC-DC conversion to DC-AC conversion (inversion). This paper presents a novel DC-DC converter design that aims to achieve reduced ripple in both input and output currents. By employing the principle of mutual inductance, it is possible to further mitigate the presence of ripple current. The analysis of the impact of mutual inductance on the output voltage and ripple current of the proposed converter has been conducted. The validity of the derived analytical method has been confirmed through both simulated and experimental investigations. The utilization of mutual inductance in the proposed modified Cuk converter has been demonstrated to result in reduced current ripple.

A bidirectional power converter connecting electric vehicle battery and DC microgrid

One way to increase electric vehicle (EV) battery utilization is to connect it to a dc microgrid. The EV battery can assume the role of an energy storage from the grid point of view. A bidirectional DC-DC converter will be needed to transfer power between them back and forth. This paper proposes the converter design considering its functional objective, including interleaved phase number determination. Efficiency performance evaluation is presented by power loss analysis with the parasitic-parameters consideration of the components. Finding optimum switching frequency based on power loss analysis is performed independently between input and output sides of the converter. Finally, experiments using a scaled-down prototype are shown to verify the analytical analysis of the converter. The experimental results properly validate the power loss analytic analysis carried out in this paper with a maximum error of 2.04% at 1131-watt, 60 V battery voltage, and 140 V grid voltage. Maximum efficiency 96.97% is obtained at 301-watt, 130 V battery voltage, and 151 V grid voltage. Overall, the converter has a simple structure, capable to be operated in various levels of input and output voltages with a minimum battery side current ripple.

A non-isolated PFC bridgeless SEPIC-Cuk converter with adaptive PI controller for induction motor

In general, the induction motor (IM) is extremely nonlinear in nature and frequency dependent. In most cases, the power generated by the IM has a low power factor (PF), which exhibits detrimental effect on the extent to which the whole transmission and distribution system functions. Since there exists more current harmonics as an outcome of minimized PF, the efficiency of the power system suffers due to transmission line heating and voltage distortion characteristics. Therefore, this paper proposes a power factor correction (PFC) method to overcome the aforementioned issues. Here, by the utilization of AC-DC bridgeless SEPIC-Cuk converter, the power quality is improved by reducing reactive power consumption and enabling better control of voltage and current outputs. To maintain the stable DC link voltage with reduced ripples, the adaptive proportional-integral (PI) controller is used in this work. The three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) transitioning function is controlled by cascaded fuzzy logic (CFL) controller, which is also utilized for regulating the speed of the three-phase IM. Implementing the proposed control strategy improves power quality significantly by reducing total harmonic distortion (THD). The proposed system is simulated in the MATLAB platform and the attained outcomes, it is clear that the proposed system is highly effective.

Performance analysis for induction motor fed by reduced switch symmetrical multilevel inverter topology

Due to its capacity to supply more voltage levels than conventional 2-level inverters, multilevel inverters have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Multilevel inverters may produce output waveforms that nearly approximate sinusoidal waveforms because to this characteristic, which also significantly lowers harmonic distortion. In many different power conversion systems, the introduction of reduced switch symmetrical multilevel inverter topologies has drawn significant interest. Numerous benefits, such as higher output voltage quality, reduced harmonic distortions, and increased power conversion efficiency, are provided by these novel topologies. The inclusion of these inverters in the feeding of induction motors is one of their many prominent uses. In this paper, a generalized topology is presented that generates nine levels using nine switching devices. To reduce complexity, switching pulses are generated using a low frequency pulse width modulation technique. MATLAB/Simulink is used to analyze the performance assessment of a unique three-phase symmetric cascaded multilevel inverter-based reduced switch symmetrical inverter fed induction motor drive, brushless DC (BLDC) motor and grid has been verified. According to the findings the total harmonic distortion (THD) is found to be 15% for a three-phase system and as the number of levels increases to 17 level the THD is 7.10%.

Simulation and optimization of EMI filter of conducted emission for high voltage gain DC-DC converter

In the continuity of the work on design of high voltage gain DC-DC converter, used for feeding the CubeSat electrospray thrusters with a variable output voltage according to the maneuver size, this paper introduces a simulation of the converter model with MATLAB/Simulink to determine its conducted emission level. By referring to the MIL-STD-461 standard, a required passive electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter parameters are calculated to reduce, under thresholds, the converter noise. With consideration of the available volume and power constraints in this kind of satellite, the design of common-mode (CM) choke is optimized with proposed procedure optimization, so as to reduce its volume and electrical losses. Also, this optimization procedure can be generalized and applied for any passive EMI filter design.

Power quality conditioning using two-level buck inverter based DSTATCOM

A two-level buck inverter is derived from the voltage source inverter, by replacing the additional power devices and suitable combination of inductor circuits respectively. Novel isolated buck inverter, featuring each-phase conversion and soft-switching within wide operation range, is developed. An optimized control strategy is employed to realize isolated buck conversion. By utilizing the buck inverter, the voltage stress on the power devices and passive components, the self-supported capacitor and filter inductance, is reduced to the half of the output voltage. Moreover, it is proven that the thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) equipped with a well-designed distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) can effectively improve source current harmonics reduction, power factor correction in the source side, load compensation, regulation of load voltage and upholding constant voltage across the DC-link capacitor. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed DSTATCOM, its performance is compared with the two level DSTATCOM. The extensive simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink to analyze the results. Experimental results using dSPACE-1104 prototype verify the appropriate DSTATCOM.

Fundamental frequency switching strategies of a seven level hybrid cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter

This paper presents a novel hybrid cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (HCHB MLI) designed to address the growing importance of multilevel inverters in the context of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and fuel cells. The proposed topology features eight insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches and utilizes two distinct input direct current (DC) sources: a battery and a capacitor, making it a hybrid system. The control strategy employed in this topology is based on fundamental switching frequency techniques. Simulation results of the proposed topology are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software, while hardware experimentation with a single-phase H-bridge inverter is also demonstrated in the paper. For pulse generation and IGBT switch control, an Arduino UNO microcontroller is utilized. The output voltage of the single-phase H-bridge inverter is verified through experimentation using a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO).

Power converters analyzed in energy storage systems to enhance the performance of the smart grid application

This paper implements and compares the existing power supply converters for an energy storage system to determine the best suited for the smart grid application. A survey of different DC-DC converters is carried out to analyze the battery's overall performance. The main objective is to identify this application's most appropriate energy storage device. The advantages of this technology have high efficiency and reliability, which can connect various energy sources and reduce conduction losses in the power converters. Through the converter control, reference currents are imposed to charge the battery. The battery nominal voltage needs to change to see which type of converter is the most suitable and robust. Simulation results show that the operating ranges of boost-buck, buck-boost, and buck-boost converters with negative output voltage enhance the efficiency of battery and renewable energy sources and compared the DC converters to know the functional voltage for the energy storage system. The power converter's efficiency and control facility will allow us to link the energy storage system with the power grid. The overall installation is established using MATLAB/Simulink software.

The Symmetric Dual Inductor Hybrid Converter for Direct 48V-to-PoL Conversion

This work introduces the symmetric dual inductor hybrid (SDIH) dc-dc converter topology, which is suitable for large conversion ratios where regulation is required, such as direct 48 V to point-of-load (PoL) applications. A dickson-type switched capacitor network is used to effectively produce two interleaved PWM outputs with a greatly reduced voltage amplitude relative to the input voltage, allowing the subsequent magnetic volume to be reduced while retaining modest switching frequencies. Distinct from related variations, part count is significantly reduced while both even and odd order switched capacitor networks can be used with straightforward split-phase control; allowing either network type to achieve complete soft-charging of all flying capacitors. Additionally, charge flow is uniformly distributed through all elements, with equal capacitor and inductor values being preferred. Subsequently this topology is expected to simplify component selection, improve electrical and thermal performance, and reduce cost. Furthermore, analysis is presented that calculates precise phase durations without making small ripple assumptions, revealing up to a 75% timing error in cases where either inductor or capacitor ripple is ignored. Finally, a discrete prototype validates this analysis and demonstrates very high measured power densities of 1,029 W/in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , 754 W/in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , and 663 W/in <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> for 48 V input and regulated output voltages of 3 V, 2 V, and 1 V, respectively, while switching at a frequency of 750 kHz.

Optical sensor to improve the accuracy of non-invasive blood sugar monitoring

Optical sensors offer a painless method of monitoring blood glucose levels using various light technologies to analyze blood characteristics without penetrating the skin. The literature review part reflects the progress in optical sensor technology evaluates its potential in blood glucose monitoring by overcoming the limitations of conventional methods and recognizes the challenges and future prospects in this rapidly developing area of research. The results of empirical studies are then presented. The methodology is presented as a non-invasive method of blood glucose monitoring based on near-infrared spectroscopy. To precisely evaluate blood glucose concentrations, spectroscopy techniques involving absorption and reflection are employed at wavelengths 450, 900, 1350, and 1800 nm. After absorption and reflection of glucose molecules, light is generated. An experimental study of different samples revealed a linear relationship between the final output voltage and sugar concentration. The results demonstrate a correlation between blood glucose level and signal intensity after transmission.

Improve the voltage profile of the grid-integrated induction motor with a fuzzy-based voltage source converter

This article suggests installing a series compensator on grid-connected induction motors that allows for the ride-through of unbalanced voltage sag. Fuzzy logic controls the motor voltages in a standard three-phase voltage source inverter or voltage source inverter (VSI). An open-ended three-phase machine and the grid form a series connection for the VSI. The proposed system is well suited for uses where frequency variation is unnecessary, such as with large pumps or fans. There is no requirement for a direct current (DC) source or injection transformer when conducting an electric mutual coupling The severity of the sag in the grid voltage that will prevent EMC from shutting down is proportional to the load on the motors. An increase in the voltage of the DC link may be necessary if the voltage is not balanced. A 1.5 hp four-pole induction motor was used alongside grid voltage disturbances to test the proposed compensator's ride-through capability. Grid's current analysis demonstrates that the proposed system does not require the addition of a passive filter to achieve low levels of total harmonic distortion (THD). Additionally, the control strategy, component ratings, and analysis of the converter's output voltage operating principle and pulse width modulation technique are covered. The system's viability is shown via simulation and experimental results.

High nitrogen removal and electricity generation of anaerobic fluidized bed coupled microbial fuel cell for Anammox

The current challenge in wastewater denitrification lies in the treatment of low carbon to nitrogen ratio(C/N) wastewater. Integrating Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation(Anammox) with a microbial fuel cell(MFC) enables simultaneous pollutant removal and electricity generation, leading to enhanced treatment efficiency and reduced energy consumption. However, achieving stable and effective treatment effects under high nitrogen concentration conditions remains a general research difficulty. The Anaerobic fluidized bed MFC(AFB-MFC) experiment successfully integrated Anammox ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) into the anode and cathode chambers, resulting in a continuous operation for 258 days. The reactor successfully initiated operation within 48 days and maintained stable performance within an NLR range of 0.5-1.0 kgN/m3/d. The system performance was found to be influenced by DO and substrate concentration, demonstrating consistent high nitrogen removal ability across different HRT. Ultimately, the Anammox AFB-MFC achieved a nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of 96.89%, while its power generation performance gradually improved, yielding a final output voltage ranging from 370 to 420mV. The microbial community within the reactor comprised diverse electricity-producing bacteria and AnAOB. This study highlights the excellent denitrification and power generation potential of Anammox AFB-MFC under low energy consumption conditions and provides theoretical groundwork for the practical implementation of Anammox.

Bidirectional DC-DC Converter and Improved Electrical Vehicle Dynamic Response Control

Background: In automotive applications where bidirectional power flow is necessary to lighten the power system, dual active bridge (DAB) converters are frequently employed. Variations in the required output voltage, erratic input voltage, and shifting loads all have an impact on this converter. As a result, converter performance has to be improved. To increase efficiency, the current stress of the DC-DC converter must be optimised. This paper proposes a control scheme for the coupled inductor bidirectional DC-DC (CIB DC-DC) converter utilising both model predictive control (MPC) and a proportional-integral (PI) controller. The integration of these control techniques aims to enhance the performance and efficiency of the converter. Methods: The MPC algorithm is employed to predict the converter's future behaviour based on a dynamic model, taking into account system constraints and performance criteria. By optimising the control action over a finite time horizon, the MPC algorithm ensures an optimal response, considering the current state and anticipated changes. Additionally, a PI controller is incorporated to augment the control strategy. The proportional component of the PI controller enables a fast initial response to the error between the desired and actual converter outputs. The integral component eliminates steady-state errors and provides robustness against disturbances, resulting in improved overall system performance. Results: The proposed control scheme is implemented and evaluated through simulations and experimental tests on a prototype converter. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the combined MPC and PI controller approach. Conclusion: The coupled inductor bidirectional DC-DC (CIB DC-DC) converter using MPC can provide precise control of power flow between two voltage domains, enabling efficient bidirectional power transfer. The predictive capabilities of MPC allow it to adapt to varying load conditions and respond quickly to changes, ensuring stable operation and accurate regulation of voltage and current. Overall, the coupled inductor bidirectional DC-DC converter controlled using MPC over PI offers improved performance, efficiency, and flexibility compared to traditional control methods. MPC can handle the complex dynamics response and non-linear characteristics of the converter, making it suitable for bi-directional vehicle charging applications, where precise control and high efficiency can be achieved.

A Current-Stress-Optimized Design Method for Dual Active Bridge Converters With Improved ZVS Capability Under Wide Output Voltage Conditions

A Current-Stress-Optimized Design Method for Dual Active Bridge Converters With Improved ZVS Capability Under Wide Output Voltage Conditions

Solar PV based seventeen level reduced switch symmetrical multilevel inverter topology fed induction motor

Multilevel inverters have received a lot of interest in recent years due to their ability to deliver more voltage levels than typical two-level inverters. Because of this property, multilevel inverters can produce output waveforms that closely resemble sinusoidal waveforms, lowering harmonic distortion dramatically. The emergence of reduced switch symmetrical multilevel inverter topologies has developed the curiosity of many different power conversion systems. These new topologies offer numerous advantages, including greater output voltage quality, fewer harmonic distortions, and increased power conversion efficiency. The inclusion of these inverters in the feeding of induction motors is one of their many prominent uses. A 17 levels of multi-level inverter (MLI) topology is presented with reduced switch count and harmonic reduction for power quality improvement. The inverter is fed by isolated equal photovoltaic panels which act as direct current or DC source. To reduce complexity, switching pulses are generated using hybrid pulse width modulation technique which is designed as controller. Through the use of MATLAB/Simulink, the performance assessment of a unique cascaded multilevel inverter-based reduced switch symmetrical inverter feeding an induction motor drive has been verified. The harmonic distortion with reduced switches obtained is 7.47% which is comparatively less than when compared with conventional cascaded H-bridge topology.