Output Characteristics Of Photovoltaic Module Research Articles

The Mechanism of the Semi-Transparent Coverings Affecting the Power Generation Capacity of the Photovoltaic Module and Array

Shading on photovoltaic (PV) modules due to shadows, covering, dust, etc., usually characterized as semi-transparent, will significantly affect the power generation capacity. No systematic study has considered the impact of semi-transparent coverings on the power generation capacity of PV modules. This paper covers a single cell in the PV module using a covering with a transmittance of 18.55% and systematically investigates its impact on the power generation capacity. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the PV module is nearly unaffected by semi-transparent coverings because the covered cell can be considered as working at a lower irradiance and thus can output a voltage close to that of the uncovered cell. The short-circuit current (Isc) is significantly affected by coverings because it is co-contributed by the photocurrent (evaluated based on the covering ratio R and transmittance) and the reverse bias current ΔIsc (the covered cell is in a reverse bias state). The ΔIsc increases with R because more charge accumulates at the bi-ends of the covered cell; but, it decreases at full covering, which implies that in a partially covered case the uncovered part contributes more to ΔIsc than the covered part. The fill factor (FF) of the PV module first increases and then decreases with R, as the equivalent resistance of the covered cell increases rapidly with R, which replaces the wire resistance in dominating the series resistance of the PV module when R > 0.6. This work is of great theoretical significance in analyzing the output characteristics of PV modules under real conditions.

Effect of Sand and Dust Shading on the Output Characteristics of Solar Photovoltaic Modules in Desertification Areas

Photovoltaic power generation is rapidly developing as a kind of renewable energy that can protect the ecological environment. The establishment of photovoltaic power stations in desertification areas can play a very important role in desert windbreaks and sand fixation as well as improve the ecological environment. The realization of the effective integration of photovoltaics and deserts can have multiple benefits for the economy, society, and ecology. However, the deposition of sand and dust caused by environmental factors in desertification areas can seriously affect the power generation efficiency of PV modules. In this study, the output characteristics of photovoltaic modules were tested under three wind speed conditions (5 m/s, 10 m/s, and 15 m/s), with different sand densities, sand particle sizes, and inclination angles. The experimental study showed that the module’s output power gradually decreased with an increase in the density of accumulated sand; the sand accumulation density on the surface of the photovoltaic module increased from 0 to 40 g/m2, and the maximum output power decreased by 32.2%. As the sand particle size increased, the maximum output power of the module rose and was gradually stabilized in the three wind speed groups. As the sand particle size increased, the maximum output power of the module increased and gradually stabilized in the three wind speed groups. When the wind speed was 15 m/s, the component output power of the angle had the largest drop; the tilt angle was 60° when the relative output power rate reached the minimum (i.e., 86.5%); that is, there was electrical energy loss of approximately 13.7%. The sand particle size and accumulated sand density were the control variables related to the module temperature and the transmittance of the proportion of the impact of the module filling factor differences. According to the curve analysis of the filling factor in different sand accumulation densities, the filling factor first increased and then decreased. In this test, the filling factor at the sand accumulation density of 35 g/m2 (module temperature valley) reached the peak value. The change trend for the component filling factor under different sand particle sizes fluctuated.

Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems Through Simulation and Design Using MATLAB

During the operation of photovoltaic systems, a large amount of converted energy, according to various parameters, does not participate in the consumer power supply. As a result, the efficiency of solar installations and the reliability of electric power supply are reduced. This happens for various reasons, but primarily due to the imperfect operation of automatic control systems for photovoltaic installations. These systems are controlled by the information equipment of the entire installation based on software and control algorithms. The imperfection of these algorithms does not allow the full use of solar generation of photovoltaic panels and degrades the quality of operation of all the main and auxiliary equipment of the power generating complex. In the presented work, studies were carried out to improve the operation of the solar power supply system and increase its reliability. The proposed solutions were based on the use of new methods for tracking the maximum power point using high-tech algorithms to control the photovoltaic generating system. In this paper, a generalized Matlab-Simulink solar cell operation model was proposed. The basis of the proposed model is a simple mathematical equation to simulate the operation of a solar photovoltaic cell, since the output characteristics of photovoltaic modules are non-linear. The output I-V and P-V properties of a photovoltaic cell depend on the temperature of the cell and solar radiation. The physical characteristics of a particular solar photovoltaic cell can be modeled as a function of temperature and solar radiation. Numerous models use various software platforms that are available in the literature. This simulation model is very simple and easy to use. Simulation results in Matlab Simulink demonstrate the functionality and dynamic behavior of the provided solar module. Based on the study, it was found that the proposed algorithms can significantly improve the efficiency of photovoltaic installations, taking into account the use of new control methods. The power generated from solar energy converters was used more efficiently, and the photovoltaic system operated at a high conversion rate.

Modeling and Analysis of Simplified PV Module With Various Temperature And Irradiance Inputs Using MATLAB Simulink Algorithm

Photovoltaic (PV) systems offer a potential solution to the global energy crisis. Modeling study and analysis involving solar PV module is an important task in a PV system to be more user friendly, improve reliability and performance. However, the output characteristics of PV modules are nonlinear, since they are dependent on environmental conditions such as solar irradiance and temperature, as well as local climate conditions such as humidity and wind. The various methods used have some common gaps as the absence of step-by-step procedure which causes difficulties to understand. Indeed, accurate modeling of PV modules is important to provide a better understanding of their operation and output characteristics, since simulations can be used to understand the behavior of PV modules under various operating conditions. The objective of the project is first, to build and model a solar photovoltaic (PV) module algorithm using Matlab/Simulink. Second, to simulate and analyze the behavior of the model in various temperature and irradiance input conditions. Third, to validate the results obtained from the simulations by comparing the output characteristics with the manufacturer’s datasheet. The methodology used by presenting the principles of detailed modeling of PV modules using Matlab/Simulink software. The constructed model is taken from the equations obtained from the equivalent circuit of a single diode model. The PV Module block is a five-parameter model using a light-generated current source (IL), diode, series resistance (Rs), and shunt resistance (Rsh) to represent the irradiance and temperature-dependent I-V and P-V characteristics of the module. This method provides a simple, reliable, and highly flexible method to adapt PV modules to different environmental conditions such as irradiance, temperature and physical parameters of the solar modules such as resistance, current, voltage, ideality factors and others. The simulation results and data obtained show that the block module developed and simulated using Matlab/Simulink with various input values ​​of temperature and irradiance is almost identical to the real PV module and user-friendly.

Modeling of Photovoltaic modules under shading condition and an error evaluation criterion

Energy is the focus of recent years. As one of the most representative new energy sources, solar energy has the characteristics of large reserves and no pollution. The main way to use solar energy is photovoltaic (PV) power generation, and the PV module in the PV power generation system is the component that converts solar energy into electric energy. In the actual power generation process, PV modules often receive uneven solar illumination due to the shadow caused by clouds, trees, buildings, etc., resulting in changes in the output characteristics of PV modules and reduced output efficiency. Therefore, modeling of PV modules under shading condition is very important. This paper presents two simple methods for solving the parameters of PV module models, which require few parameters and are easy to obtain. A modeling method of PV modules under shading condition is also presented. And then the modeling method is verified with the experiment result. Finally, an error criterion for PV module modeling under shading condition is proposed to measure the goodness of the modeling. Combining with the two parameter solving methods, the errors of this PV module modeling method under shading condition of the error criterion proposed in this paper are 3.24% and 2.51%, respectively, which meet the requirements for engineering use.

Research on the parameter identification of PV module based on fuzzy adaptive differential evolution algorithm

The rapid and accurate acquisition of model parameters of photovoltaic (PV) modules is of great significance for the efficient operation and maintenance of photovoltaic power plants under the background of the development of new power systems. To solve the problems of poor accuracy and slow velocity of identification of traditional PV modules model parameters, this paper proposed an identification of parameter method based on fuzzy adaptive differential evolution algorithm (FADE). In the proposed method, based on the I–V output characteristics of PV modules, a DE/current-to-SP-best/1 variation strategy is constructed to increase the local search capability of module model parameter identification; In addition, fuzzy selection strategy and an adaptive parameter adjustment strategy are introduced to effectively control the crossover probability and mutation factors to avoid the discrimination into local optimum while improving the convergence of the algorithm. The performance of the proposed method has been verified by extracting classical polycrystalline and monocrystalline modules parameters, The solution results of the polycrystalline module Photowatt-PWP201 (2.42507E−3), STP6-120/36 (1.66006E−2) and monocrystalline module STM6-40/36 (1.72981E−3) comprehensively show that FADE has better accuracy and robustness compared with other algorithms.

An improved method for PV output prediction using artificial neural network with overlap training range

Efficient and accurate photovoltaic (PV) modeling is significant for ensuring the stable operation of the power grid. The nonlinear output characteristics of PV modules are usually described by current–voltage (I–V) curves or power–voltage (P–V) curves. Traditional models normally include a diode model and an analytical model. The process of model parameter's extraction is complex and inconvenient because the equations of the diode model and analytical model are non-linear. In traditional extraction methods using a neural network, all irradiance training data are input into the neural network, which suffer from long training time and insufficient accuracy. In this paper, two neural networks with different training ranges are proposed to replace the whole neural network for predicting I–V curves, P–V curves, and maximum power of the analytical model. Each neural network consists of three layers. In detail, the input is the value of solar irradiance and module temperature, and the output is the shape parameters of the analytical model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by massive experimental data of different PV modules. The output performance estimation of the proposed method is better than that of other methods.

Effects of marine environment on electrical output characteristics of PV module

In the context of green ships, solar photovoltaic (PV) as an important clean energy technology has attracted the attention of many scholars in the shipping industry. To ensure the stable electrical output of PV modules is the premise for the effective use of solar photovoltaic technology on ships. Different from the terrestrial environment, the disturbance of marine environmental factors to the electrical output characteristics of PV modules should be considered. It is clear that salt spray and seawater are the most important marine environmental factors that affect the electrical output characteristics of PV modules, and the corresponding mechanism is analyzed. A marine environment simulation experimental platform for PV modules is built, and experiment verification is carried out. The results show that salt spray and seawater have different perturbations on the electrical output characteristics of PV modules, and the effects will change with the change of salt spray and seawater. The combined influence of salt spray on the electrical output of the PV module is a maximum power reduction of about 6%, and the combined influence of seawater on the electrical output of the PV module is a maximum power increase of about 20%. The experiment results can provide the research basis for further research on environmental disturbance suppression methods for PV modules.

Investigation on Photovoltaic Array Modeling and the MPPT Control Method under Partial Shading Conditions

On the basis of a five-parameter photovoltaic (PV) mathematical model, a multipeak output model of a PV array under partial shading conditions (PSCs) is obtained by MATLAB simulation. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the model can simulate the performance curves of the PV array under the PSCs. Optimized particle swarm optimization (OPSO) is used to control the multipeak output model that can quickly and accurately track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of PV modules under PSCs. Its main idea is to determine the initial position of particles and remove the acceleration factor and random number in traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Additionally, according to the distance between two consecutive peak points, the maximum value of velocity is obtained. The advantages of the OPSO include the following: compared with the traditional PSO algorithm, the computing time is greatly shortened; and it is easy to achieve the MPPT with a low-cost microprocessor. In addition, a PV optimizer is designed to improve the output power of PV modules under PSCs, and simulation and experimentation have compared the output characteristics of PV modules in traditional control mode and optimized control mode under PSCs. The experimental results show that the PV optimizer improves the output power of the PV modules by 13.4% under the PSC.

PSO-Based Modeling and Analysis of Electrical Characteristics of Photovoltaic Module Under Nonuniform Snow Patterns

In this article, a novel universal multi-zone approach of photovoltaic (PV) modeling is proposed to determine the electrical characteristics of PV modules covered with nonuniform snow patterns under partial shading conditions. A precise estimation of the penetrating light into the snow layer on the surface of PV modules is obtained through the theory of Giddings and LaChapelle based on the physical and optical properties of the accreted snow. The single-diode-five-parameter equivalent circuit model of the PV unit is considered as the platform for the modeling approach. Original contributions are brought through: (1) the use of a contour-based discretization methodology that can separate any nonlinear PV characteristics to the multiple linear ones; (2) a swarm-based optimization methodology that is adapted to instantaneously update and evaluate the output characteristics of PV modules and (3) a power loss equation to represent the performance of non-uniformly-covered snowy PV panels. The proposed model was successfully tested using three different commercial types of PV technologies commonly used in North America. The accuracy of the proposed modeling approach for power loss determination was validated by processing real data of a 12-MW grid-connected PV farm. Due to the high extent of snow impact on the PV losses, the proposed model of PV modules could be regarded as a basis not only for analyzing PV plant performance, but also for optimizing the power converter design.

Study on the electrical performance of underwater photovoltaic modules

Light intensity directly affects the output current of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The output characteristics of underwater photovoltaic modules are directly affected by light intensity. In this paper, utilizing the matrix simulation of light, and solar module analyzer (PROVA) test equipment, the electrical parameters of polycrystalline silicon PV modules are tested underwater. The relationship between the output characteristics of the PV module and water depth is analyzed. The results show that the output characteristics of PV modules is insensitive to increasing water depth. For the vertically irradiated photovoltaic module, the short-circuit current of the silicon photovoltaic module decreased by 2.39 A, the power decreased by 2.57 W, and the efficiency decreased by 5% when the water depth was increased by 1 cm. Similarly, the when the dip angle is 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, with an increase of water depth by 1cm, the PV module of short-circuit current, power and efficiency were decreased by 2.05 A, 2.1 W, 8%; 1.85 A, 2.07 W, 6.93%; 1.05 A, 0.74 W, 3.67%, respectively. Relative to the 0 degree angle, when the dip angle is 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees angle, the percentage drop in PV module of short circuit current is14%, 23%, 56% and the power is 18.3%, 19.5%, 71.2% respectively.

Analysis of the Reliability of Measurement Monitoring of the Power Output of Photovoltaic Modules

A method for analyzing measurements of the normalized output characteristics of photovoltaic modules is described along with a system for monitoring their power output. The statistical characteristics of the probability distributions of the normalized parameters and the errors in their estimated values are determined. A mathematical model for the probabilities of type I and type II errors is formulated that depends on the standard uncertainties of the three major normalized photoelectric parameters. The standard uncertainties of the photoelectric parameters are determined for specified levels of reliability monitoring (total risk to the consumer).

Output characteristics of PV module considering partially reverse biased conditions

In this paper, a mathematical model for the output characteristics of a photovoltaic (PV) module including shaded solar cells in series is proposed. The proposed model was developed using a general one diode solar cell model and is useful for predicting the output of a partially reverse biased module. To obtain an appropriate model for output of a PV module under partially shaded conditions, we applied three key factors to the one diode solar cell model. First, the equation for the avalanche effect is altered in order to include a parameter to relate the number of shaded solar cells to the number of non-shaded solar cells. Second, a resistance component is added in order to express the variable current originating from the avalanche effect depending on the different resistances in the PV module. Third, a compensational voltage source is included to reduce the difference in current near open circuit voltage. A special PV module that can easily change the number of solar cells in series was fabricated to validate the proposed model. By comparing the theoretical results with the measured data, we confirmed that the newly proposed equation is valid showing a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 2.37%.

Model and Analysis of the Output Characteristics of Photovoltaic Module

The model based on matlab S-function of the photovoltaic module describes the relationship between temperature and light intensity of the output characteristics of PV module from the UI and PU curves; This paper further analyzes and discusses the mechanism of hot spot phenomenon of the PV modules and gives reasonable solutions for different situations.

A new model for the current-voltage output characteristics of photovoltaic modules

A computer program (PVCURVE) has been developed to simulate the d.c. output current-voltage ( I–V) characteristics of a photovoltaic module, as a function of three characteristics data points which are usually provided by the manufacturer. These data points are: the open-circuit voltage ( V oc), the short-circuit current ( I sc), and the voltage and current at the maximum power point ( V m, I M) for the module measured under standard test conditions of 1 kW/m 2 solar radiation and 25 °C cell temperature. The program can prepare plots of the I–V curves and determine the maximum power voltages and currents for the module under varying radiation levels and cell temperatures. If required, the I–V data points can also be given in a tabular form. The proposed model has been found to simulate the I–V characteristic of photovoltaic modules with a high degree of accuracy making it well suited for photovoltaic system design and performance analysis.