Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Services Research Articles

Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Programs in the United States.

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) regimens typically prioritize ease of antimicrobial administration, tolerability, safety, and accessibility over using the narrowest-spectrum antimicrobial. In light of this, OPAT providers often utilize different techniques to promote antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in their OPAT programs. This study aims to characterize the AMS practices of OPAT programs across the United States that might meet The Joint Commission requirements for outpatient AMS metrics. This is a cross-sectional electronic survey of the Vizient AMS network. A total of 95 possible questions were designed to inquire about demographics, OPAT program structure, AMS initiatives, performance metrics, and resources. Seventy-four survey responses were received, with 58 (78.4%) of the respondents indicating their institution offered OPAT services. Respondents reported having at least 1 AMS protocol and tracking at least 1 metric in 91% and 74% of OPAT programs, respectively. Only 40% of programs reported billing for OPAT-related services. Approximately 45% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that their OPAT program had the resources needed to care for the population it serves. Respondents identified data analytics (69%), funding for expansion of services (67%), and pharmacists (62%) as resources of greatest need for their OPAT programs. This survey collectively describes the AMS practices currently employed by OPAT programs across the United States. The results provide specific examples of AMS initiatives, metrics, and resources that institutions may reference to advance the practices of their OPAT programs to meet The Joint Commission Outpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship standards.

Current practices and challenges of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: a narrative review.

Extended hospitalization for infection management increases inpatient care costs and the risk of healthcare-associated adverse events, including infections. The growing global demand for healthcare, the diminishing availability of hospital beds and an increasing patient preference for care within their own home have been the primary drivers of the expansion of hospital-in-the-home programmes. Such programmes include the use of IV antimicrobials in outpatient settings, known as outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT). However, OPAT practices vary globally. This review article aims to describe the current OPAT practices and challenges worldwide. OPAT practice begins with patient evaluation and selection using eligibility criteria, which requires collaboration between the interdisciplinary OPAT team, patients and caregivers. Depending on care requirements, eligible patients may be enrolled to various models of care, receiving medication by healthcare professionals at outpatient infusion centres, hospital clinics, home visits or through self-administration. OPAT can be used for the management of many infections where an effective oral treatment option is lacking. Various classes of parenteral antimicrobials, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, fluoroquinolones and antifungals such as echinocandins, are used globally in OPAT practice. Despite its benefits, OPAT has numerous challenges, including complications from medication administration devices, antimicrobial side effects, monitoring requirements, antimicrobial instability, patient non-adherence, patient OPAT rejection, and challenges related to OPAT team structure and administration, all of which impact its outcome. A negative outcome could include unplanned hospital readmission. Future research should focus on mitigating these challenges to enable optimization of the OPAT service and thereby maximize the documented benefits for the healthcare system, patients and healthcare providers.

A Qualitative Review of Patient Feedback for the OPAT (Outpatient Antimicrobial Therapy) Service in Bristol.

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) aims to deliver intravenous antimicrobials to medically stable patients with complex infections outside of a hospital setting. There is good evidence to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of OPAT in the literature. Anecdotally, the feedback from patients has been positive, but only a few studies evaluate this topic in detail. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine patients' experiences with and feedback on the OPAT service in Bristol, United Kingdom, which was established in 2021. A total of 92 patient feedback surveys were reviewed retrospectively, and thematic analysis was undertaken. Feedback from OPAT patients in our centre was overwhelmingly positive. The key themes identified were benefits to the patients, their friends, and family, and positive feedback about OPAT staff. The mean overall satisfaction score for OPAT was 9.6 out of 10. Areas to improve included communication between the OPAT and parent teams, improving OPAT capacity, and expansion of the service.

Improving antimicrobial treatment in terms of antimicrobial stewardship and health costs by an OPAT service.

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a standard for antimicrobial therapy internationally. With this prospective cohort study, we aimed to assess the impact of an OPAT service as part of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) and evaluate the safety and efficiency of the program while illuminating the financial benefit for the hospital. Socio-demographic data, treatment regimen and outcomes were prospectively recorded for all patients assigned to the program of the OPAT unit of the University Hospital of Zurich between November 2018 and September 2022. In total, we recorded 303 OPAT assignments of which 260 resulted in effective OPAT episodes. The 260 OPAT episodes were further optimized toward the choice of antimicrobial agent (n = 18) and length of therapy (n = 6). Moreover, OPAT resulted in alteration of patient assessment and care led by AMS strategies in 247 of 260 episodes (95%). While the bed days saved per year increased consistently with time, a total of 3934 in-hospital treatment days were saved amounting to a cost saving of 9,835,000 CHF over 47months. Adverse events were recorded in 46 cases whilst only two of these have been the reason for readmission during OPAT treatment. Clinical cure was noted in 77% (199/260) and was negatively associated with Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; OR per 1 unit higher 0.85 (95% CI 0.78-0.93)). This study demonstrates the impact of an OPAT service in the framework of AMS as well as its benefits for the hospital whilst preserving safety and efficacy for the patient's parenteral antimicrobial treatment.

Clinical Effectiveness of Continuous Infusion Flucloxacillin in the Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) Setting in a UK Hospital: A Service Evaluation.

The availability of stability data for the use of continuous intravenous flucloxacillin in an elastomeric device has enabled the treatment of serious Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in the outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) setting. This service review aimed to evaluate current standard of care to establish the clinical effectiveness and complication rates associated with its use since its introduction at our institution. A retrospective review of clinical outcomes and adverse events/complications, was undertaken for all patients who received continuous infusion flucloxacillin for complicated MSSA infection between January 2019 and July 2022 via our OPAT service. Thirty-nine patients were included. An OPAT treatment outcome of 'Treatment aim attained uncomplicated' was achieved in 29/39 (74%) patients. Two patients had an OPAT treatment outcome of treatment aim not attained, both of which required unexpected hospital re-admission. An adverse event/complication occurred in 8 patients. There were two relapses in the 12-month follow-up period. Our review supports the assertion that continuous infusion flucloxacillin is clinically effective and well tolerated for the treatment of complicated MSSA infection in the OPAT setting.

Evaluation of the stability of aciclovir in elastomeric infusion devices used for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

ObjectivesTo investigate the stability of aciclovir solutions in elastomeric devices used for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT).MethodsTriplicates of two elastomeric devices, Accufuser and Easypump II, were filled with a solution...

P32 Assessing outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) referrals to determine number of bed days saved in secondary care

Abstract Background Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a safe and effective service to manage infections in patients.1 OPAT allows medical admission avoidance for stable patients and allows for early discharge for patients with ongoing IV antimicrobial therapy needs. OPAT therefore allows the optimization of hospital bed management and relieve pressures on the NHS.2 The primary aim of this audit is to determine the number of bed days saved in secondary care through early discharge and admission avoidance by the OPAT service which is completed by Cornwall Foundation Trust’s Acute Care at Home (ACAH) Team. This study did not require ethics approval. Objectives (i) To quantify the total number of bed days saved by referral to OPAT; (ii) to determine the total number of days of each IV antibiotic received by patients under the OPAT service and (iii) to compare treatment course lengths for infections being managed by the OPAT service against nationally reported data. Standards 100% of patients must be receiving IV antibiotics with an indication whilst under OPAT. 100% of patients must have an IV antibiotic dose, frequency and administration method documented. 100% of patients must have an acceptance date by the OPAT team. Methods Patients were identified from daily handover documents from the ACAH team for the period of 1 February to 28 February 2023. Data collection was obtained using the clinical recording and electronic health recording system, RiO and Maxims, and the electronic prescribing and medicine administration (EPMA) system. The number of bed days saved is calculated from the acceptance date to OPAT to the discharge date from OPAT for each patient. Results A total of 70 patients were captured during initial data gathering, of which 41 patients met the inclusion criteria for the audit. Of these 41 patients meeting the audit criteria, 21 (51.2%) patients were referred from primary care and 20 (48.9%) patients were referred from RCHT. The total sum of bed days saved was 343 days, and the total sum of OPAT treatment days was 302 days. The most prescribed antibiotic was Ceftriaxone, with 27 patients (%) receiving this antibiotic; other antibiotics included the following: Tazocin (n = 5), ertapenem (n = 5), flucloxacillin (n = 2), gentamicin (n = 1), meropenem (n = 1) and teicoplanin (n = 1). The recorded indications were recorded, and when compared with the average treatment duration for each infection type against the NORS 2015–2020 data,3 the average treatment days in this audit were within range. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the OPAT service utilized by RCHT has a significant impact on bed utilization, through reducing hospital admissions and facilitating early discharge. Course lengths are in keeping with the national reported average indicating that patients are receiving comparable course lengths to other OPAT providers; further work to compare these course lengths against national best practice would be useful. There are limitations to the results, as the number of bed days saved was capped to the end of the audit data collection period. Recommendation to improve would be to re-audit with a longer data collection time frame.

First-Dose Antimicrobial Infusion Reactions in Patients Enrolled in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Services.

After receiving a monitored first-dose antimicrobial infusion at an infusion center, 6 of 93 (6%) patients enrolled in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy services experienced an immediate reaction, none of which were consistent with immunoglobulin E-mediated reactions. These findings suggest it would be reasonable to forgo monitoring for most patients receiving first-dose intravenous antimicrobials outpatient.

Best practices, implementation and challenges of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy: results of a worldwide survey among healthcare providers.

Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) is considered a patient-friendly and cost-effective practice. Patients in the OPAT service can be at risk for developing adverse events. Due to extensive variations in practice, guidelines have been developed to minimize the risks. In this first worldwide survey on OPAT, we explored the current OPAT services around the world, adherence to recommendations and identified best practices and challenges from different perspectives. An e-survey was conducted and consisted of questions about demographics, characteristics of the OPAT service, role of pharmacy, future developments, and respondents' views on improvements as well as best practices. A total of 126 responses from 28 countries were included. Seventy-eight percent (78%) of the respondents stated that their facility provides antimicrobial therapy in the outpatient setting, whereas 22% did not. Forty-two percent (42%) of the hospitals with OPAT services had a specialized OPAT service, while 14% lacked specialized services and 22% had a partially specialized team in place. In facilities with a specialized OPAT service, the number of mandatory infectious disease (ID) consultations before discharge and clinical monitoring by an ID specialist or OPAT team member, the frequency of monitoring, and the availability of an OPAT registry were higher. A multidisciplinary team's presence was commonly noted as best practices. On the other hand, respondents experienced difficulties with reimbursement and lack of standardization in the screening, follow-up and monitoring of patients. This survey provides a better understanding of the implementation and practices of OPAT services globally and describes best practices and the challenges from different professionals.

Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Practice in United Kingdom: A Single-center Experience.

This study sought to analyze the outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services provided by a tertiary hospital, in terms of types and duration of antimicrobials administered, and assess whether these services were in line with current good practice recommendations. The electronic healthcare records of all stable patients with infectious diseases, aged ≥ 18 years, who received OPAT services between January 2019 and March 2021, were analyzed. For statistical analysis, the patients were divided into younger (< 65 years) and older (≥ 65 years) adults and the difference between them, in terms of healthcare resources utilization, was assessed. Over 27 months, 199 patients received OPAT services, resulting in saving of 7514 bed-days. Bone and joint infections (38.7%) were the predominant diagnoses. The median actual OPAT duration was significantly greater than the planned duration for the total study population, younger adults, and older adults (p < 0.050). Of 28 (14.1%) patients with adverse events, 25 were related to antimicrobials while the remaining three were associated with catheters. There were no significant differences between younger and older adults in the characteristics evaluated, except for the higher incidence of Staphylococcus aureus (p < 0.001) and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcal spp., Streptococcal spp., and Pseudomonas spp. (p =0.003) infection in older adults. The actual median duration of OPAT therapy was significantly longer than planned, with suboptimal adherence to the principles of antimicrobial stewardship. OPAT has been shown to be safe for both younger and older adults.

My patient needs home IV antibiotics–Now what? Assessing OPAT involvement at a Veterans’ Affairs hospital

Background: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) involves the administration of intravenous antimicrobial therapy outside the hospital. The literature suggests that inpatient providers are often unaware of OPAT programs and may not engage this multidisciplinary group in a timely fashion, leading to potentially inappropriate OPAT use. However, few studies have directly addressed this issue. We characterized current practices for coordinating OPAT and assessed provider understanding of OPAT services. We also conducted an exploratory analysis of placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) consultation prior to an infectious disease (ID) consultation as a proxy for potentially avoidable OPAT use. Methods: This study was conducted between September and December 2021 at the Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System. All charts (n = 212) in which a consultation for a PICC was placed between January and September 2021 were reviewed, including free-text data entered by patient teams and inpatient progress notes in the days leading up to and following PICC consultation. Additionally, inpatient providers were surveyed using an online format regarding knowledge, utilization, and perceptions of OPAT. Results: Of the 212 charts reviewed, 108 patient encounters resulted in PICC placement; 80 (74.1%) were placed for the indication of home IV antibiotics. Of these, 3 (4.0%) had the PICC consult placed prior to the ID consultation. Of the 104 PICC consultations that were cancelled, 9 (8.7%) were cancelled because the ID staff did not recommend home IV antibiotics. Other reasons for cancellation included alternative device placement, duplicate order, referral to interventional radiology, failure to meet criteria, or unsuccessful placement. Of the 285 inpatient providers sent the electronic survey, 121 (46.9%) completed at least some portion. Overall, 17 respondents (14.0%) were familiar with the acronym OPAT; however, only 10 were able to expand the acronym correctly. Of the 118 respondents asked about their familiarity with the OPAT program at the local institution, 98 (83.1%) were not familiar at all or were only slightly familiar with the program. In contrast, 7 respondents (6.0%) were very or extremely familiar with the OPAT program. Conclusions: Further education and structural interventions are necessary to improve inpatient providers’ awareness and early engagement of local OPAT programs to ensure appropriate OPAT use. An educational intervention with an informative flowchart diagramming the steps for engaging the OPAT team could raise awareness and improve engagement when potential OPAT needs are identified (Fig. 1).Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Survey of delivery of parenteral antimicrobials in non-inpatient settings across Europe

Delivery of parenteral antimicrobials in non-inpatient settings (DPANS) may be through a dedicated outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) service, co-ordinated by hospital- or community-based specialised teams, or via an infusion service involving community-based health professionals (nurses, general practitioners) without centralised hospital oversight, or through ad hoc arrangements. DPANS varies among countries. Our objective was to describe how DPANS is organised at a national level in European countries. A survey (65-item self-administered questionnaire) was conducted from February-June 2019 among infection specialists in 34 European countries on behalf of the ESCMID Study Group for Antimicrobial Stewardship (ESGAP) and the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) OPAT initiative. Most countries (28/34; 82.4%) participated in the survey. DPANS was available in almost all (27/28; 96.4%) responding countries. DPANS was predominantly provided either via specialised OPAT services (17/28; 60.7%) or via infusion services (16/28; 57.1%), with 11 countries (39.3%) providing both services. A formal OPAT team structure with specifically trained staff was reported in only six countries (6/17; 35.3%). Some countries (4/28; 14.3%) had no structured services but practiced DPANS via ad hoc arrangements. The costs of all stages of the process were covered for patients managed by specialised OPAT/infusion services, either completely, partially or for specific patient groups in the majority (20/28; 71.4%) of countries. The main barriers to implement OPAT/infusion services were lack of organisational structure or guidelines. In conclusion, DPANS with respect to availability and organisation is highly heterogeneous in Europe. National/European guidelines may help improve and standardise DPANS.

Community delivered outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy in Qatar

Background: For some time, paramedics and nurses of the National Ambulance Service in Qatar provided outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) to patients with the support of Family Physicians. Like in many other countries of the Middle East, there is a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance which makes treating infectious conditions challenging. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients referred to the Ambulance Service – Mobile Healthcare Service from a public hospital acute facility for OPAT over 6 months in 2015. The study&apos;s primary aim is to determine whether the OPAT service had comparable outcomes to international reports with respect to unplanned hospital visits for acute care within 30 days of OPAT referral. A secondary aim of this work is to determine the effect of body fluid culture results on that outcome by comparing subgroups within the OPAT population, and the documentation of prevalence and types of antimicrobial resistance. Results: Between the 1st of March and the 30th of August 2015, 232 OPAT referrals were received. The most common referral diagnoses are reported in Table 1. Within 30 days of OPAT referral, 24.1% - 30.7% of patients required an unplanned hospital visit. This is at the high end of the range reported internationally for OPAT services.1,2 Patients with resistant bacterial infections isolated from body fluid cultures experienced the worst outcomes. The prevalence of significant drug resistance among OPAT referrals was 28.0%, mostly extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Conclusion: OPAT can be provided in the community.3 The rate of return to hospital for acute care within 30 days of OPAT referral was relatively high, however much of this can be accounted for by patients with resistant infections. They had worse outcomes than patients with non-resistant infections or those treated on an empiric basis. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was comparable with other recent Middle Eastern reports.

Safety of prolonged outpatient courses of intravenous antibiotics: a prospective cohort study

ObjectivesThe perceived need for prolonged intravenous antibiotic courses has become a major driver behind the growth of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services. Several recent randomized controlled trials demonstrate noninferiority of an early switch to oral therapy and highlight the need to accurately quantify harms associated with OPAT. MethodsWe conducted a 10-year prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital OPAT service. Adults admitted to the service between 1 June 2009 and 30 June 2019 who received an intravenous antimicrobial agent were included. Adverse events (AEs) attributable to intravenous antibiotics or intravenous access were recorded in a prospectively maintained database and analyzed. ResultsThere were 4160 admissions (median length of stay: 20 days) and a total of 88 432 patient-days of observation; 135 patients (3.3% of admissions) experienced at least one major AE (1.54 per 1000 patient-days; 95% CI, 1.29–1.82). The risk of a major AE peaked in the second week of OPAT admission, with acute kidney injury (43 of 136; 32%) and severe cytopenia (42 of 136; 31%) being the most common. At least one minor AE occurred in 38.3% of admissions (1592 of 4160; 26.4 per 1000 patient-days; 95% CI, 25.4–27.5), with central venous catheter-related complications accounting for 71% of AEs (1658 of 2338). DiscussionThe incidence of major AEs during long courses of intravenous antibiotics is low, peaking in week 2 and tailing off thereafter. These results should inform decisions concerning the choice of intravenous versus oral antimicrobials.

620. Identifying the Role for a Pharmacist on an Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) Team in an Academic Teaching Hospital

BackgroundOutpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is currently an emerging practice to continue effective treatment after hospital discharge for patients requiring parenteral (IV) treatment. Pharmacists can collaborate with outpatient services like home infusion services to allow for safe administration and monitoring of IV antibiotics. The role of pharmacists in an OPAT team has been shown to improve patient outcomes such as optimizing antimicrobial therapy and reducing hospital length of stay and readmissions. We sought to define the utility of an OPAT pharmacist at an academic teaching hospital that currently does not have an OPAT service.MethodsPatients receiving IV therapy via home infusion from 1/4/21 to 3/4/21 were screened for inclusion and excluded if antimicrobials were not prescribed. Infection characteristics and antimicrobial therapy were recorded. Interventions on day of and after discharge were noted. Duration of therapy (DOT) was calculated by the difference between start and stop dates of appropriate antibiotics. Discharge delays due to OPAT-related reasons were recorded. Continuous data are expressed as median (IQR). Categorical data are expressed as frequencies (%).ResultsOf the patients screened, 77 of 123 patients met inclusion criteria. Most patients were treated for a bone/joint infection (29/77, 38%). Ceftriaxone (18/82, 22%) and vancomycin (13/82, 16%) were the most frequently prescribed agents. The median DOT was 30 days (IQR 15, 42). On day of discharge, 52 opportunities for a pharmacist initiated intervention were identified with majority being clarifying DOT (19/52, 37%), streamlining or escalating antibiotic (8/52, 15%), and optimizing drug dose (8/52, 15%). OPAT-related discharge delays resulted in an excess of 58 hospital days and over 25% of patients (20/77) were readmitted 30 days after discharge. The most common post-discharge issues (n=56) were worsening infection (11/56, 20%), PICC line issues (9/56, 16%), and drug related adverse events (8/56, 14%). ConclusionA pharmacist on a dedicated OPAT service can assist with antimicrobial selection, treatment duration, and drug monitoring to promote patient safety in patients discharged on antimicrobials. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Subcutaneous ertapenem delivered by an Australian outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy service: a retrospective comparative efficacy study.

Subcutaneous (SC) administration of ertapenem in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services may be a practical alternative to intravenous delivery for complicated infections. The clinical features and outcomes according to route of administration were compared from a large Australian OPAT service. Chronic renal impairment was more common in the SC group, reflecting an opportunity for route of administration as a vein preservation strategy. Adverse events were uncommon and successful outcomes were not different between the groups.

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) versus inpatient care in the UK: a health economic assessment for six key diagnoses

ObjectivesTo compare costs associated with different models of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) delivery with costs of inpatient (IP) care across key infection groups managed via OPAT in the UK.DesignA...

Assessment of ceftolozane/tazobactam stability in elastomeric devices and suitability for continuous infusion via outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy.

ObjectivesTo investigate the stability of ceftolozane/tazobactam 5 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL solutions for infusion in two elastomeric devices: FOLFusor LV10 (Baxter Healthcare) and Easypump® II (B. Braun Medical Ltd) and determine if an extended shelf life of up to 8 days storage at 2–8°C plus 24 h ‘in use’ at 32°C was achievable.MethodsTesting was as per the latest NHS Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Committee Yellow Cover Document (YCD) requirements. A stability-indicating LC method was used for assessing the stability of solutions of ceftolozane/tazobactam at 5 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL (combined concentration of both actives) respectively, tested in two batches in triplicate (n = 3) at five timepoints according to the requirements of the YCD.ResultsCeftolozane/tazobactam, diluted in 0.9% w/v sodium chloride at 5 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL, degraded during in-use storage at 32°C with <95% remaining after 18 h for some device/concentration combinations and all device/concentration combinations at 24 h, respectively. The data does support extended storage of up to 8 days at 2–8°C plus 12 h at 32°C ‘in-use’ when using either FOLFusor LV10 or Easypump® II devices and is compliant with YCD.ConclusionsSolutions of ceftolozane/tazobactam can be administered in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) services following refrigerated storage for up to 8 days, when limited to a 12 h infusion at in-use temperature of 32°C. For UK OPAT services where twice daily dosing is feasible, our data provides another treatment option for challenging infections. In countries where a 10% loss of ceftolozane/tazobactam is acceptable, a 24 h infusion is supported by the data.

Risk factors for catheter related thrombosis during outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) delivery using peripherally inserted central catheters is associated with a risk of catheter related thrombosis (CRT). Individualised preventative interventions may reduce this occurrence, however patient selection is hampered by a lack of understanding of risk factors. We aimed to identify patient, infection or treatment related risk factors for CRT in the OPAT setting. Retrospective case control study (1:3 matching) within OPAT services at two tertiary hospitals within Australia. Over a 2 year period, encompassing OPAT delivery to 1803 patients, there were 19 cases of CRT, giving a prevalence of 1.1% and incidence of 0.58/1000 catheter days. Amongst the cases of CRT, there were nine (47%) unplanned readmissions and two (11%) pulmonary emboli. Compared to controls, cases had a higher frequency of malposition of the catheter tip (4/19 (21%) vs 0/57 (0%), p = 0.003) and complicated catheter insertion (3/19 (16%) vs 1/57 (2%), p = 0.046). Although CRTs during OPAT are infrequent, they often have clinically significant sequelae. Identification of modifiable vascular access related predictors of CRT should assist with patient risk stratification and guide risk reduction strategies.

Paediatric Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT): An e-survey of the experiences of parents and clinicians.

BackgroundLittle evidence exists about parental satisfaction and their influence on referral to paediatric Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT).AimThis study aimed to examine the experiences of parents, children and clinicians of OPAT at a large tertiary children’s hospital.MethodA prospective e-survey, using closed and open questions, of parents (n = 33) of 33 children who had received OPAT (3 children completed a survey), and clinicians (n = 31) involved in OPAT at a tertiary hospital. Data were collected September 2016 to July 2018.ResultsData were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. The results show that OPAT offered benefits (less stress, re-establishment of family life) compared to hospital-based treatment for parents and children, although some were anxious. Clinicians’ referral judgements were based on child, home, and clinical factors. Some clinicians found the process of referral complex.ConclusionMost parents and children were satisfied with the OPAT service and preferred the option of home-based treatment as it promoted the child’s comfort and recovery and supported family routines.