Outflow Side Research Articles

Effect of fluid scour on stress distribution of film-substrate system

Under strong fluid scour in special service environment, the film-substrate system is prone to weaken its mechanical properties due to the additional shear stress by fluid, resulting in film debonding. The present study establishes a mechanical model incorporating the fluid shear stress for a film-substrate system with partial debonding. The debonding length, scour strength and thermal mismatch are considered in the model, respectively. Fluid induces compressive stress on inflow side and tensile stress on outflow side. Potential debonding behavior of film by the additional shear stress is qualitatively analyzed. Results show that the compressive stress by fluid releases part of the tensile stress of thermal mismatch, may mitigate surface cracking of film. The surface scour effect is amplified by the partial debonding, and is further enhanced with the increase of debonding length. The unevenness of stress distribution at the interface is intensified by the debonding and fluid scouring. The fluid scour poses a potential threat to the film-substrate system.

Anti-adhesive Properties of Epoxy-Treated Xenopericardium Modified with Polyvinyl Alcohol: in vitro Study of Leukocyte Adhesion in the Pulsatile Flow Model.

Fragments of unmodified (control) and modified with polyvinyl alcohol epoxy-treated bovine pericardium were incubated in the dedicated chambers connected to a pulsatile flow system (Ibidi GmbH, Germany). During 48 h incubation was conducted in whole donor plasma containing 3·106 of mononuclear fraction cells. To simulate plasma flow, the shear stress on the inflow and outflow sides of of bioprosthetic heart valve in the aortic position was set to 50 and 20 dynes/cm2, respectively. After the experiment was completed, the surface of the studied samples was subjected to scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence using antibodies to the pan-leukocyte marker CD45. Adhesion of leukocytes (CD45+) was seen for both the serous (outflow side) and fibrous (inflow side) surfaces of the control epoxy-treated bovine pericardium, whereas both surfaces of the material modified with polyvinyl alcohol were clear of immune cells. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the adhesion of leukocytes to intact biological tissue: the cells on the surface of the control xenopericardium were of an irregular shape and formed numerous pseudopodia. The suggested modification of epoxy-treated bovine pericardium with polyvinyl alcohol prevents the adhesion of immune cells to the implant surface and can potentially protect bioprosthetic heart valves from immune rejection.

Capital outflow restrictions and dollar drainage

This paper identifies foreign cross-listings as a potential drain on reserves and a source of vulnerability to capital reversals for host nations. Simulations of a reasonably calibrated portfolio choice model demonstrate that restrictions on the outflow side of capital markets are most effective in mitigating this vulnerability for Jamaica. A panel data and Jamaica specific empirical analysis that distinguishes between outflow and inflow restrictions shows that it is inflow, and not outflow, restrictions that are negatively related to the total amount of capital in the economy. Outflow restrictions, therefore, are preferable to inflow restrictions as they prevent reserve drainage without stunting capital market growth. Institution-level evidence, however, indicates that outflow restrictions limit local financial institutions’ ability to hedge local and global risks.

Opposing Mixed Convection in an Open Parallelogram Cavity with the Horizontal Channel: Effects of the Heat Source Length and Location

In this work, a numerical simulation was used to investigate the impact that the length and positioning of the heat source had on the mixed convection opposing flow that occurred within the horizontal channel that included an open parallelogram cavity. When the wall being heated is facing away from the direction of the incoming force. Different placements of the heat source along the cavity's sidewalls were explored, with the length of the heat source set at (ε) (0.25<ε<1). The cool, steady-speed air came in through the sides of the canal. All other walls are adiabatic, while the vertical walls on the inflow and outflow sides are isothermal. The governing equations were solved using the finite element technique. For several different values of the Richardson number (Ri=0.1-100), we estimated the flow and heat fields. While the Prandtl number is held at 0.71 and the Reynolds number is maintained at 100. The average Nusselt values, as well as the findings of the flow and temperature fields, were reported. The findings demonstrate that both the Richardson number (Ri) and the distance from the heat source (ε) positively affect the heat transfer rate. It was also determined that for all Richardson numbers, the highest average Nusselt number is attained at the higher portion of the right wall of the hollow.

A transient numerical approach for phase change material effect on mixed convection in an open cavity

The effects of heated wall locations on mixed convection flow in a 2-D rectangular open cavity are investigated numerically using ANSYS-Fluent software. The flow is supposed to be a two-dimensional laminar and is regulated by parameters such as Reynolds, Re (100 and 200), and Richardson numbers, Ri (1, 5, 10, 15 and 20). One of the walls is heated uniformly, while the others are adiabatic. The heated wall might be vertical on the inflow and outflow sides or horizontal on the bottom of the cavity. The flow is stable at all Re and Ri values except at Ri = 20 and Re = 100 for bottom heated wall. It is found that using phase change material (PCM) reduces flow variations in the cavity. Further, the mixed convection effects are developed with increased Richardson number. This pushes the recirculating zone upstream and creates an unstable flow behavior. According to the results, the condition that minimized the fluctuations in the flow direction was the application of PCM to the bottom heated wall case. Therefore, thermal control of the flow is most efficient in this condition. The PCM melting rate is quite high for the Re = 200 condition as there is higher convective heat transfer in all cases than the Re = 100. Dimensionless wall temperature values with PCM case are lower than without PCM case for all conditions. The decrease of this parameter in bottom heated case is about 18.8% while 43.1% and 56.3% for left and right heated case, respectively. Additionally, the highest average Nusselt number is found for the bottom heated case for the same Re, with and without PCM cases.

Mechanisms for Employee Mobility Between Organizations: A Network Analysis of Faculty Turnover in Communication, 2013 to 2022

Organizations compete for scarce resources such as talent. The mobility of employees between organizations means that the inflow side acquires resources at the expense of the outflow side. This study understands employee turnover from one place to another as a mobility network where directed edges indicate migration flows between organizations. Using observational data on the turnover of tenure-line communication faculty in 129 U.S. universities from 2013 to 2022, this paper investigates the formation mechanisms of the interorganizational mobility network. The results show that the creation of migration flows is driven by transitive closure, but not by cyclic closure. Community cohesion is not a driving force of network formation. While low-prestige universities are more likely to be sources of faculty mobility than high-prestige universities, migration flows are commonly observed between organizations with similar levels of prestige. Additionally, the probability of faculty mobility between universities first decreases and then increases with their geographic distance.

Seasonal variation of distribution and removal of high-risk tetracycline resistance genes in constructed wetland.

Livestock wastewater is an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with high environmental risks. We investigated the seasonal variations of distribution and removal of swine wastewater originated high-risk tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The effects of exogenous addition of tetracycline (TC) and copper ion (Cu2+) on the abundance of TRGs in effluent with single and combined pollution of antibiotic and heavy metal were studied. The results showed that all the three high-risk TRGs (tetM, tetO and tetW) were detected in swine wastewater. Wetlands could effectively reduce the ARGs, with the absolute abundance of TRGs in effluent being decreased by 1.1-2.4 and 1.7-2.9 orders of magnitude in summer and winter compared with the influent, respectively. The abundance of TRGs in wetland soils showed the characte-ristics that the outflow side was lower than the inflow side, the non-rhizosphere area was lower than the rhizosphere area, and lower in winter than in summer. In summer and winter, single and combined pollution of TC and Cu2+ in swine wastewater would increase the abundance of TRGs in effluent compared with that in the control. The constructed wetland is suitable for controlling the environmental diffusion of ARGs in livestock wastewater.

Acute Pump Thrombosis Within 1 Hour Of Heartmate 3 Implantation.

<h3>Introduction</h3> HeartMate 3 (HM3) and HeartWare (HVAD) are the most commonly used centrifugal Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) in the current era. Pump thrombosis is a serious adverse event in LVAD patients. The earliest reported case of HM3 pump thrombosis was on the 3rd-day post-implantation. We present a rare case of pump thrombosis within the first hour of implantation. <h3>Case</h3> 39-year-old male with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (LVEF 20-25%) was referred to our center for advanced heart failure therapies. He was transferred on milrinone 0.25 mcg/kg/min and urgent right heart catheterization was performed: RA 12, PA 46/30 with mean of 30, PCWP 30 mmHg, CO 3.17 L/min and CI 1.5 L/min/m². He was noted to be in cardiogenic shock with INTERMACS 2 profile. After multidisciplinary team discussion, urgent HM3 implantation was done. A thoracotomy and hemi-sternotomy approach was utilized. Before LVAD implantation, the LV cavity was examined and noted to be free of any clot. Heparin was reversed with standard protamine at the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass. No blood products or pro-coagulants were administered. Approximately 60 minutes after the end of the surgery, low flow alarms started. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram was still in place and revealed no pericardial effusion or tamponade. Maneuvers including ramping speed and increasing dose of inotropes had no effect; the patient's right ventricular function was adequate, but his aortic valve could not be closed. After sternal reopening, the absence of tamponade was confirmed and there was no kinking of the outflow graft. <h3>Decision Making</h3> Given the acute persistent drop in pump flow despite the above corrective measures, there was a strong suspicion of pump thrombosis. Patient's chest was re-opened. The pump was unlocked from the sewing ring and inspected. The inflow cannula had fresh, nearly occlusive thrombus present (Figure 1). Thrombus involved all centered surfaces and also the outflow side of the pump. Pump exchange without reversal of heparin was performed. The pump was sent to the manufacturer for inspection. Histological analysis confirmed the pump thrombus. The patient's subsequent hypercoagulable workup was negative. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This case represents a unique instance of a very early pump thrombosis and should be kept in mind if new, low flow alarms are encountered immediately post-implant.

Whistler waves generated by nongyrotropic and gyrotropic electron beams during asymmetric guide field reconnection

Using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of asymmetric reconnection with a guide field whose strength is 0.3 times the reconnecting magnetic field, we study electron distribution functions and wave intensities in the diffusion region, focusing on the electron diffusion region (EDR). Wave activities with frequencies below the electron cyclotron frequency are observed, and these are whistler waves propagating almost anti-parallel to the magnetic field. The waves are concentrated near the magnetospheric separatrix away from the X line, but the wave activity also spreads through the EDR near the X line. The reconnection outflows are asymmetric in the outflow direction in the magnetospheric side, and the wave intensity is stronger in the side of the faster electron outflow. We study the whistler waves using the fast Fourier transform, analyses of electron velocity distribution functions, and the dispersion solver calculation. Along the magnetospheric separatrix in the stronger outflow side, highly anisotropic electron beams exist with super-Alfvénic drift speeds. The dispersion analysis shows that there are two modes: a temperature anisotropy mode and a beam mode. Outside the EDR, the whistler wave intensity is highest near the separatrix, but the wave intensity decreases if we move away from the separatrix toward the magnetic neutral line because of the increase in the electron population near zero parallel velocity. In the EDR, in the velocity plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, ring/crescent electron distribution functions are observed. Near the X-line, the wave power is enhanced where nongyrotropic electrons contribute to increase the perpendicular temperature anisotropy.

Understanding flooding in poljes: A modelling perspective

Poljes are large flat closed depressions that can be found in most karst areas around the world. They are prone to regular flooding, which occurs after abundant rainfall or snowmelt events. The floods can form several meters deep intermittent lakes that can persist for months. Human settlements around poljes have been traditionally positioned above the level of the most severe floods. However, many neighbouring villages expanded during the last decades to areas that might be endangered by large flood events. In addition, a recent study has shown that several poljes encountered floods of more severe amplitude in mid-Holocene due to a prevailing humid climate. As current knowledge of polje’s hydrology appears to be still insufficient, further research is needed. This work aims to identify the factors controlling polje flooding and evaluates their impact on the flood amplitude and duration. To do so, a list of parameters potentially controlling flooding is established. The relevance of each parameter is tested by using two idealized numerical models. The first one considers exclusively the polje from the springs to the ponors, whereas the second integrates the aquifer adjacent to the polje outflow side. First results show the usefulness of simple numerical models to identify the effect of each parameter on the flood amplitude and duration. The findings are combined to simulate a flood of medium intensity and long duration that occurred on a typical polje. A comparison of the results with real data demonstrates that the aquifer draining the polje needs to be considered to understand properly the flooding dynamics. The approach presented within this work has the potential to be used in other poljes encountering similar hydrological situations, but also lays foundation for flooding modelling in other karst areas.

Evaluation of the structure and hemodynamics of internal jugular veins by ultrasound in normal population

Objective To investigate the structure and hemodyanmics characteristics of internal jugular veins (IJV) in normal population. Methods A total of 126 individuals for stroke screening and IJV ultrasound examination from Oct 2017 to May 2018 in our hospital were enrolled.The the level of IJV influx into innominate vein (J1), the level of superior thyroid vein influx into IJV (J2) and the level of the segment equal to from the bifurcation of common carotid artery to out of skull(J3) of IJV were evaluated by ultrasound. The parameters included the maximum diameters of the three segments during the smooth respiration period, cross section area (CSA), the maximum velocity (Vmax), mean flow volume (FVm) and the maximum pressure gradient (PGmax). The parameters of bilateral IJVs were compared. The effects of gender and age on these parameters were analyzed. Results The structures and hemodynamics parameters of left IJV were lower than those of right IJV (all P 0.05). With aging, the left/right ratio of Vmax and PGmax were decreased, especially at J1 segment (P<0.05). Conclusions Color Doppler flow imaging can evaluate the IJV structures and hemodynamics by assessing the diameter, CSA, Vmax, FVm and PGmax. Right IJV is the dominated outflow side in normal population. With aging, the drainage of left IJV is decreased. Key words: Ultrasonography; Jugular vein; Hemodynamics; Structure; Normal population

Hemodynamic Evaluation of Avalon Elite Bi‐Caval Dual Lumen Cannulas and Femoral Arterial Cannulas

Translational research is a useful tool to provide scientific evidence for cannula selection during extracorporeal life support (ECLS). The objective of this study was to evaluate four Avalon Elite bi-caval dual lumen cannulas and nine femoral arterial cannulas in terms of flow range, circuit pressure, pressure drop, and hemodynamic energy transmission in a simulated adult ECLS model. A veno-venous ECLS circuit was used to evaluate four Avalon Elite bi-caval dual lumen cannulas (20, 23, 27, and 31 Fr), and a veno-arterial ECLS circuit was used to evaluate nine femoral arterial cannulas (15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 Fr). The two circuits included a Rotaflow centrifugal pump, a Quadrox-D adult oxygenator, and 3/8 in ID tubing for arterial and venous lines. The circuits were primed with lactated Ringer's solution and packed human red blood cells (hematocrit 40%). Trials were conducted at rotational speeds from 1000 to 5000RPM (250rpm increments) for each Avalon cannula, and at different flow rates (0.5-7L/min) for each femoral arterial cannula. Real-time pressure and flow data were recorded for analysis. Small caliber cannulas created higher circuit pressures, higher pressure drops and higher M-numbers compared with large ones. The inflow side of Avalon dual lumen cannula had a significantly higher pressure drop than the outflow side (inflow vs. outflow: 20 Fr-100.2 vs. 49.2 mmHg at 1.1L/min, 23 Fr-93.7 vs. 41.4 mmHg at 1.6 L/min, 27 Fr-102.3 vs. 42.8 mmHg at 2.6L/min, 31 Fr-98.1 vs. 44.7mmHg at 3.8L/min). There was more hemodynamic energy lost in the veno-arterial ECLS circuit using small cannulas compared to larger ones (17 Fr vs. 19 Fr vs. 21 Fr at 4L/min-Medtronic: 71.0 vs. 64.8 vs. 60.9%; Maquet: 71.4 vs. 65.6 vs. 62.0%). Medtronic femoral arterial cannulas had lower pressure drops (Medtronic vs. Maquet at 4L/min: 17 Fr-121.7 vs. 125.0 mmHg, 19 Fr-71.2 vs. 73.7 mmHg, 21 Fr-42.9 vs. 47.4 mmHg) and hemodynamic energy losses (Medtronic vs. Maquet at 4L/min: 17 Fr-43.6 vs. 44.4%, 19 Fr-31.0 vs. 31.4%, 21 Fr-20.8 vs. 22.4%) at high flow rates when compared with the Maquet cannulae. The results for this study provided valuable hemodynamic characteristics of all evaluated adult cannulas with human blood in order to guide ECLS cannula selection in clinical practice. Use of larger cannulas are suggested for VV- and VA-ECLS.

Nasal dilation effects on olfactory deposition in unilateral and bi-directional deliveries: In vitro tests and numerical modeling

The human nose can expand either actively or passively to increase airflow. Nasal dilation may alter drug delivery efficiencies in the nasal airway or olfactory region. However, the dosage enhancement from nasal dilations has not been quantified. The mechanisms underlying the dilation-induced deposition variation are also not clear. This study aims to quantify the nasal dilation effects on drug delivery in the nasal airway and olfactory region using in vitro tests and numerical analysis. Two variants of an existing normal nasal airway model were developed with different levels of airway dilation. Airway dimensions were quantified in terms of hydraulic diameter, cross-sectional area, and surface area to volume ratio. Sectional nose casts were prepared using a 3-D printer for visualizing deposition patterns and quantifying delivered dosages. A well-validated computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) model was utilized to understand the underlying mechanisms in the unilateral and bi-directional deliveries. In vitro tests show that nasal dilation lowered the total dosage in the nose but increased the dosage to the olfactory region in both the unilateral and bi-directional deliveries. Compared to the normal nose with unilateral delivery, nasal dilation enhanced the olfactory deposition by a factor of 2.2, while nasal dilatation with the bi-directional delivery increased by a factor of 4. Complementary numerical analyses revealed the growth of a recirculation zone in the middle meatus of dilated noses, which induced lower pressure and increased ventilation to the upper nose. In bi-directional deliveries, a significantly higher fraction of airflow was ventilated to the upper airway in the outflow side of the nose and contributed to the elevated olfactory dosage. Nasal dilation in combination with the bi-directional delivery is recommended over the conventional unilateral method for olfactory targeting.

Full-scale experiments in forced-air precoolers for citrus fruit: Impact of packaging design and fruit size on cooling rate and heterogeneity

Forced-air cooling (FAC) is a widely applied postharvest technology to rapidly remove the field heat of packed fresh fruit. The cooling uniformity of the fruit in different pallets and cartons during FAC is critical but often remains unknown in commercial operations. This study investigated the cooling rate and heterogeneity of packed citrus fruit in a full-scale, forced-air precooler with 40 pallets of fruit. The influence of package design (package type and wrapping) and fruit size on the precooling performance was quantified in several experiments with three types of citrus fruits (‘Navel’ orange fruit, ‘Nova’ mandarin fruit and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit). Results showed that the cooling heterogeneity mainly occurred along the flow direction. Cooling was uniform between horizontal regions at the same side of the pallets and between the different heights in the precooler. High resolution measurements with 25–30 sensors in a single pallet gave an even better insight in this heterogeneity. Fruit wrapping induced a much slower cooling rate and larger cooling heterogeneity, especially in the cartons at the outflow side of the pallet. The ‘Nova’ mandarin fruit in Opentop cartons cooled 24% (at the inflow side of the pallet) and 42% (at the outflow side of the pallet) faster than the ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit with similar fruit size in Supervent cartons, showing the impact of packaging design. These experiments quantified the cooling heterogeneity of the commercial precoolers.

Hydrologic Controls on Nitrogen Cycling Processes and Functional Gene Abundance in Sediments of a Groundwater Flow-Through Lake.

The fate and transport of inorganic nitrogen (N) is a critically important issue for human and aquatic ecosystem health because discharging N-contaminated groundwater can foul drinking water and cause algal blooms. Factors controlling N-processing were examined in sediments at three sites with contrasting hydrologic regimes at a lake on Cape Cod, MA. These factors included water chemistry, seepage rates and direction of groundwater flow, and the abundance and potential rates of activity of N-cycling microbial communities. Genes coding for denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and nitrification were identified at all sites regardless of flow direction or groundwater dissolved oxygen concentrations. Flow direction was, however, a controlling factor in the potential for N-attenuation via denitrification in the sediments. Potential rates of denitrification varied from 6 to 4500 pmol N/g/h from the inflow to the outflow side of the lake, owing to fundamental differences in the supply of labile organic matter. The results of laboratory incubations suggested that when anoxia and limiting labile organic matter prevailed, the potential existed for concomitant anammox and denitrification. Where oxic lake water was downwelling, potential rates of nitrification at shallow depths were substantial (1640 pmol N/g/h). Rates of anammox, denitrification, and nitrification may be linked to rates of organic N-mineralization, serving to increase N-mobility and transport downgradient.

Effect of heated wall position on heat transfer and entropy generation of Cu–water nanofluid flow in an open cavity

This paper reports the numerical results of the mixed convection and entropy generation of Cu–water nanofluid flow in an open cavity heated from different sides with non-uniform temperature distribution. The finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations. The analysis is carried out by a range of Richardson numbers, 0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 10, at a nanoparticle volume fraction of 0 ≤ [Formula: see text] ≤ 0.1, and Reynolds number Re = 200, with a cavity aspect ratio of L/H = 2. Three heating modes are considered: (A) the left wall is heated (inflow side, assisting flow); (B) the horizontal bottom wall is heated; and (C) the right wall is heated (outflow side, opposing flow). The results show that the heat transfer and the entropy generation increase with increasing Richardson number and nanoparticle volume fraction. The highest heat transfer and entropy generation are obtained with heating mode C (opposing flow). The contribution of heat transfer and fluid friction irreversibilities in the entropy generation depends on Richardson number and the heater position. The present investigation shows that the configuration with non-isothermal heater located at the bottom wall (B) has the highest performance in terms of heat transfer enhancement with minimum entropy generation.

Plasma waves around separatrix in collisionless magnetic reconnection with weak guide field

AbstractElectrostatic and electromagnetic waves excited by electron beam around the separatrix region are analyzed in detail during the collisionless magnetic reconnection with a weak guide field by using 2‐D particle‐in‐cell simulation with the adaptive mesh refinement. Broadband electrostatic waves are excited both in the inflow and outflow regions around the separatrices due to the electron bump‐on‐tail, two‐stream, and Buneman instabilities. In contrast, the quasi‐monochromatic electromagnetic waves are excited only in the inflow side of the separatrices due to a beam‐driven whistler instability. The localization of the whistler waves is attributed to the nonuniformity of the out‐of‐plane magnetic field By. The whistler instability is suppressed in the outflow side where By is too small for the oblique propagation. The electrostatic waves with distinct speeds can explain the in situ spacecraft observations. From the causality point of view, the waves are generated as the consequence of the electron bulk acceleration to thermalize the particles through wave‐particle interactions. These simulation results provide guidance to analyze high‐resolution wave observations during reconnection in the ongoing and upcoming satellite missions, as well as in dedicated laboratory experiments.

Effect of Dopant Configuration on Oxygen Shielding Properties of Polycrystalline Alumina

The oxygen permeability of polycrystalline α-alumina wafers, which served as model alumina layers, under an oxygen potential gradient ΔPO2 was evaluated at a temperature of 1873 K. When mutual grain boundary (GB) diffusion of oxygen and aluminum occurred in wafers subjected to a steep ΔPO2, the oxygen and aluminum fluxes at the inflow side of the wafer were significantly smaller than those at the outflow side. It was noteworthy that Lu and Hf segregation at the GBs selectively reduced the mobility of oxygen and aluminum, respectively. It was found that a wafer with a bilayer structure, in which a Lu-doped layer was exposed to a low partial oxygen pressure (PO2) and a Hf-doped layer was exposed to a high PO2, exhibited excellent oxygen shielding properties at high temperatures.

Control of Oxygen Permeability in Alumina under Oxygen Potential Gradients at High Temperature by Dopant Configurations

The oxygen permeability of polycrystalline α‐alumina wafers, which served as models for alumina scales on alumina‐forming alloys, under steep oxygen potential gradients () was evaluated at 1873 K. Oxygen permeation occurred by the grain‐boundary (GB) diffusion of oxygen from the higher‐oxygen‐partial‐pressure () surface to the lower‐ surface, along with the simultaneous GB diffusion of aluminum in the opposite direction. The fluxes of oxygen and aluminum at the outflow side of the wafer were significantly larger than at the inflow side. Furthermore, Lu and Hf segregation at the GBs selectively reduced the mobility of oxygen and aluminum, respectively. A wafer with a bilayer structure, in which a Lu‐doped layer was exposed to a lower and an Hf‐doped layer was exposed to a higher , decreased the oxygen permeability. When the sign of was reversed, however, the oxygen permeability of the wafer was comparable to that of a nondoped wafer. Co‐doping with both Lu and Hf markedly increased the oxygen permeation, presumably because the Lu‐stabilized HfO2 particles that were segregated at the GBs acted as extremely fast diffusion paths for oxygen through the large number of oxygen vacancies introduced by the solid solution of Lu in the particles.

Change of Indonesian Throughflow outflow in response to East Asian monsoon and ENSO activities since the Last Glacial

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) links upper ocean waters of the west Pacific and Indian Ocean, modulates heat and fresh water budgets between these oceans, and in turn plays an important role in global climate change. The climatic phenomena such as the East Asian monsoon and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exert a strong influence on flux, water properties and vertical stratification of the ITF. This work studied sediments of Core SO18462 that was retrieved from the outflow side of the ITF in the Timor Sea in order to investigate response of the ITF to monsoon and ENSO activities since the last glacial. Based on Mg/Ca ratios and oxygen isotopes in shells of planktonic foraminiferal surface and thermocline species, seawater temperatures and salinity of both surface and thermocline waters and vertical thermal gradient of the ITF outflow were reconstructed. Records of Core SO18462 were then compared with those from Core 3cBX that was recovered from the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP). The results displayed that similar surface waters occurred in the Timor Sea and the WPWP during the last glacial. Since ∼16 ka, an apparent difference in surface waters between these two regions exists in salinity, indicated by much fresher waters in the Timor Sea than in the WPWP. In contrast, there is little change in difference of sea surface temperatures (SSTs). With regard to thermocline temperature (TT), it increased until ∼11.5 ka since the last glacial, and then remained an overall unchanged trend in the WPWP but continuously decreased in the Timor Sea towards the late Holocene. Since ∼6 ka, thermocline waters have tended to be close to each other in between the Timor Sea and the WPWP. It is indicated that intensified precipitation due to East Asian monsoon and possible ENSO cold phase significantly freshened surface waters over the Indonesian Seas, impeding the ITF surface flow and in turn having enhanced thermocline flow during the Holocene. Consequently, thermocline water of the ITF outflow was cooling and thermocline was shoaling towards the late Holocene. It is speculated that, in addition to strengthening of East Asian winter monsoon, increasing ENSO events during the late Holocene likely played an important role in influencing thermocline depth of the ITF outflow.