Outflow Features Research Articles

Артериальное и венозное кровообращение у пациентов с выраженным стенозом внутренних сонных артерий до и в разные сроки после проведения каротидной эндартерэктомии

In continuation of earlier studies of the features of venous outflow from the head and neck in patients with varying degrees of stenosis of the internal carotid arteries (ICA), in this article the authors present data on the features of arterial inflow and venous outflow in patients with a high degree of stenosis before and at different periods after carotid endarterectomy. Material and methods 30 patients with stenosis ˃ 60%, were examined before and after surgery at 10-14 days, 6 months and 1 year. The control group consisted of 30 patients without ICA stenosis and signs of systemic and regional phlebohypertension. The results were compared with the control and between the groups. Results The study has shown that venous outflow through the PV in orthostasis at different times after CEAE prevailed over venous outflow in clinostasis. The average values of the total volumetric blood flow through the PV statistically significantly increase after surgery in both clinostasis and orthostasis. Conclusions The presence of phlebohypertension with severe stenosis of the ICA may indicate a relationship between atherosclerotic lesions of the ICA and changes in venous outflow and the formation of systemic or regional phlebohypertension. When restoring blood flow through the ICA with stenosis ˃ 60% after CEAE, the predominance of venous outflow remains in the horizontal position along the IJV system.

CHANG-ES. XXXII. Spatially Resolved Thermal–Nonthermal Separation from Radio Data Alone—New Probes into NGC 3044 and NGC 5775

We have carried out spatially resolved thermal–nonthermal separation on two edge-on galaxies, NGC 3044 and NGC 5775, using only radio data. Narrowband imaging within a frequency band that is almost contiguous from 1.25 to 7.02 GHz (L band, S band, and C band) has allowed us to fit spectra and construct thermal, nonthermal, and nonthermal spectral index maps. This method does not require any ancillary Hα and IR data or rely on dust corrections that are challenging in edge-on galaxies. For NGC 3044, at 15″ resolution, we find a median thermal fraction of ∼13% with an estimated uncertainty in this fraction of ∼50% at 4.13 GHz. This compares well with the Hα mixture method results. We uncovered evidence for a vertical outflow feature reaching at least z ∼ 3.5 kpc in projection above the plane, reminiscent of M82's starburst wind. For the higher star formation rate galaxy, NGC 5775, at 12″ resolution, we find a median thermal fraction of 44% at 4.13 GHz with an estimated error on this fraction of 17%. Both galaxies show a change of slope (flattening) in L band. These results suggest that a radio-only method for separating thermal from nonthermal emission is not only feasible, but able to reveal new features that might otherwise be obscured in edge-on disks.

Multiple Jets in the Bursting Protostar HOPS 373SW

We present the outflows detected in HOPS 373SW, a protostar undergoing a modest 30% brightness increase at 850 μm. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of shock tracers, including SiO 8–7, CH3OH 7k–6k, and 12CO 3–2 emission, reveal several outflow features around HOPS 373SW. The knots in the extremely high-velocity SiO emission reveal the wiggle of the jet, for which a simple model derives a 37° inclination angle of the jet to the plane of the sky, a jet velocity of 90 km s−1, and a period of 50 yr. The slow SiO and CH3OH emission traces U-shaped bow shocks surrounding the two CO outflows. One outflow is associated with the high-velocity jets, while the other is observed to be close to the plane of the sky. The misaligned outflows imply that previous episodic accretion events have either reoriented HOPS 373SW or that it is an unresolved protostellar binary system with misaligned outflows.

Robust reinsurance contract and investment with delay under mean-variance framework

We consider a (non) zero-sum differential game between two insurers and determine a robust reinsurance contract from joint interests of the insurers and the reinsurer under the framework of Stackelberg differential game, that is, a hybrid stochastic differential game framework is introduced in this article. We assume that each party can invest in a financial market consisting of a risk-free asset and a risky asset whose price evolution follows a stochastic volatility model, and the reinsurer charges the premium according to both the expected value premium principle and the variance premium principle. Since the performance-related capital inflow or outflow feature is introduced, the insurers and reinsurer all aim to maximize their own time-inconsistent mean-variance criterion with delay. Using the dynamic programming approach, we derive the equilibrium investment strategy, the robust equilibrium reinsurance contract, and the corresponding equilibrium value functions under two premium principles with certain conditions, respectively. Some interesting properties of the equilibrium investment strategy are proved explicitly, and several numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are presented to demonstrate the effects of model parameters on the equilibrium reinsurance contract.

A transient ultraviolet outflow in the short-period X-ray binary UW CrB

ABSTRACT Accreting low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) are capable of launching powerful outflows such as accretion disc winds. In disc winds, vast amounts of material can be carried away, potentially greatly impacting the binary and its environment. Previous studies have uncovered signatures of disc winds in the X-ray, optical, near-infrared, and recently even the ultraviolet (UV) band, predominantly in LMXBs with large discs (Porb ≥ 20 h). Here, we present the discovery of transient UV outflow features in UW CrB, a high-inclination (i ≥ 77°) neutron star LMXB (NS-LMXB) with an orbital period of only Porb ≈ 111 min. We present P-Cygni profiles identified for Si iv 1400 Å and tentatively for N v 1240 Å in one 15 min exposure, which is the only exposure covering orbital phase ϕ ≈ 0.7–0.8, with a velocity of ≈1500 km s−1. We show that due to the presence of blackbody emission from the neutron star surface and/or boundary layer, a thermal disc wind can be driven despite the short Porb, but explore alternative scenarios as well. The discovery that thermal disc winds may occur in NS-LMXBs with Porb as small as ≈111 min, and can potentially be transient on time-scales as short as ≈15 min, warrants further observational and theoretical work.

Optimal reinsurance-investment strategy with thinning dependence and delay factors under mean-variance framework

In this paper, we study the optimal time-consistent reinsurance-investment problem for a risk model with the thinning-dependence structure. The insurer’s wealth process is described by a jump-diffusion risk model with two dependent classes of insurance business. We assume that the insurer is allowed to purchase per-loss reinsurance and invest its surplus in a financial market consisting of a risk-free asset and a risky asset. Also, the performance-related capital inflow or outflow feature is introduced, and the wealth process is modeled by a stochastic delay differential equation. Under the time-inconsistent mean-variance criterion, we derive the explicit optimal reinsurance-investment strategy and value function under the expected value premium principle as well as the variance premium principle by solving the extended Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) delay system. In particular, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the optimal strategy under the expected value premium principle. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the influence of model parameters on the optimal strategy.

Large-Scale Ejecta of Z CMa—Proper Motion Study and New Features Discovered

Z Canis Majoris is a fascinating early-type binary with a Herbig Be primary and a FU Orionis-type secondary. Both of the stars exhibit sub-arcsecond jet-like ejecta. In addition, the primary is associated with the extended jet as well as with the large-scale outflow. In this study, we investigate further the nature of the large-scale outflow, which has not been studied since its discovery almost three and a half decades ago. We present proper motion measurements of individual features of the large-scale outflow and determine their kinematical ages. Furthermore, with our newly acquired deep images, we have discovered additional faint arc-shaped features that can be associated with the central binary.

Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of the black hole transient 4U 1543–47 during its 2021 ultra-luminous state

We present simultaneous optical and near-infrared spectra obtained during the 2021 outburst of the black hole transient 4U 1543–47. The X-ray hardness-intensity diagram and the comparison with similar systems reveal a luminous outburst, probably reaching the Eddington luminosity, as well as a long-lasting excursion to the so-called ultra-luminous state. VLT/X-shooter spectra were taken in two epochs 14 days apart during the early and brightest part of the outburst, while the source was in this ultra-luminous accretion state. The data show strong H and He I emission lines, as well as high-excitation He II and O III transitions. Most lines are single-peaked in both spectra, except for the O III lines that exhibit evident double-peaked profiles during the second epoch. The Balmer lines are embedded in broad absorption wings that we believe are mainly produced by the contribution of the A2V donor to the optical flux, which we estimate to be in the range of 11–14% in the r band during our observations. Although no conspicuous outflow features are found, we observe some wind-related line profiles, particularly in the near-infrared. Such lines include broad emission line wings and skewed red profiles, suggesting the presence of a cold (i.e., low ionisation) outflow with similar observational properties to those found in other low-inclination black hole transients.

Analysis of the type of course of arteriovenous malformations of the brain on the basis of the evaluation of the personalized features of angioarchitectonics of venous drainages

Background. Arteriovenous malformations of the brain are a rare congenital vascular pathology. At the moment, the study of the venous component of arteriovenous malformations is a hot topic of many studies. Most authors believe that the angioarchitectural features of the venous link of arteriovenous malformations can have a significant impact on assessing the natural course of the pathology and determining the tactics of treating these patients. Objective. In our work, we conducted a assessment and compared the personalized features of venous drainage of arteriovenous malformations of the brain with the type of clinical course. Design and methods. We analyzed the results of a survey of 61 adult patients with arteriovenous malformations of the brain, observed in the neurosurgical department No. 3 of the RNSI n. a. prof. A. L. Polenov in the period from 2014 to 2021. Gender and age characteristics and neuroimaging data, as well as features of the venous outflow of arteriovenous malformations were analyzed. Groups of patients were composed according to the type of the course of the disease and a personalized analysis was carried out with the characteristics of the venous outflow, as well as their features. The male/female ratio was 1.5/1 (37/24). Patients under 45 years of age prevailed (77.1 %). By types of clinical course: hemorrhagic type — 18 cases (29.5 %); epileptic type — 24 patients (39.3 %); torpid type — 19 patients (31.2 %). Results. A correlation was found between the deep location of the body of the malformation, as well as drainage exclusively into the deep vein system, and the hemorrhagic type of course (p = 0.034), while the male gender and superficial localization of the malformation were more characteristic of the epileptic type (p = 0.01). The torpid flow type did not have significant relationships with the studied features. Conclusion. According to our data, an analysis of the personalized characteristics of venous drainage of cerebral arteriovenous malformations can help in assessing the clinical course, which will improve the treatment outcomes of these patients.

Gasdynamical flows in star forming regions

A review of gas-dynamical flows in astrophysics is given with an emphasis on accretion flows and outflows. Analytical estimates of the dependence of the velocity and density on the radius during spherical accretion are considered, as well as the rate of mass inflow and the corresponding luminosity of the accretion disk are also estimated. Some features of gas inflow and outflow near the star are mentioned, like mass-loading flows where source functions of mass and momentum are presented and analyzed. The velocities and radii of the ionization fronts of hot stars are considered. The Sedov-Taylor analytical formula on the dependence of the radius of the fireball on time during a strong explosion is given, where the explosion energy and density of the medium act as parameters. Examples of the use of dimensional theory in astrophysics, in particular, in accretion flows used above are considered. An example of a numerical solution of the interaction of an interstellar cloud with the solar wind is also given, followed by an estimate of the inflow of the cloud’s gas environment into the Earth’s atmosphere, which affects the terrestrial ozone content.

Anatomical and topographic features of lymphatic outflow of the heart in an Anglo‐Nubian goat

The lymphatic system of the heart is directly involved in the spread and development of many pathological processes in animals, particularly neoplasias of various etiologies. Precise knowledge of the lymphatic outflow pathways from the heart gives access to close study of pathogenesis. It allows to actively influence the elimination of the process through preventive and therapeutic measures. In this regard, our study aims to explore the anatomical and topographic features of the lymphatic outflow of the heart in an Anglo‐Nubian goat. The material for the study was fifteen corpses of Anglo‐Nubian goats aged from one to two years. The research methods were thin anatomical preparation, ink‐gelatin perfusion of lymphatic heart vessels, perfusion with Gerota's mass and yellow lead paint, and subsequent radiography of the material under study. It was established that subepicardial lymph nodes collect lymph from the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. In Anglo‐Nubian goats, the subepicardial lymphatic vessels of the left surface of the left ventricle and the caudal part of the left surface of the right ventricle merge in the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coronarius, forming lymphatic vessels of a higher order. After the fusion of the vessels, the left lymph collector of the heart is formed. It follows the ventral surface of a. pulmonalis, bends around it ventrally or dorsally, and then flows into the left tracheobronchial lymph node. Subepicardial lymphatic vessels of the cranial part of the left surface of the right ventricle and the right surfaces of the right and left ventricles merge in sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus and sulcus coronarius, also forming lymphatic vessels of higher orders named right lymph collector. The vessel passes under auricula dextra, goes to truncus brachiocephalicus, and is guided through it cranially until it flows into the cranial mediastinal lymph node, located in the Anglo‐Nubian goat at the beginning of a. subclavia sinistra. The outflowing lymphatic vessels leave the cranial mediastinal and left tracheobronchial nodes, flow either directly into the thoracic duct or into the common trunk of the mediastinal lymph nodes. The atrial lymphatic vessels of the Anglo‐Nubian goat flow either into the lymphatic vessel of sulcus coronarius or directly into the cranial mediastinal lymph nodes. Thus, according to the results of thу study, it was established that the lymphatic drainage of the heart in a goat of the Anglo‐Nubian breed is carried out in two main ways, dividing into the left and right halves of the heart. Also, according to the research data, in a goat of the Anglo‐Nubian breed, the possibility of varying the outflow of lymph from the atria in two ways was determined.

Impaired Sympathetic Neural Recruitment During Skeletal Muscle Metaboreflex Activation in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that is more prevalent in women than men and has been linked to an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Although the physiological mechanisms are unclear, it is thought that exaggerated neuro‐cardiovascular reactivity is partially responsible. Indeed, women with PTSD demonstrate exaggerated muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) responses at the onset of exercise. However, it is unknown whether PTSD modifies the underlying sympathetic action potentials (AP) coding patterns that comprise the integrated MSNA signal during fatiguing exercise in women. We therefore hypothesized that women with PTSD will exhibit exaggerated MSNA and AP recruitment compared to women without PTSD during fatiguing handgrip exercise. MSNA and AP discharge patterns (via microneurography and a continuous wavelet transform) were assessed in eleven women with PTSD (43±11 [SD] years) and thirteen women without PTSD (Controls; 40±8 years) during isometric handgrip exercise (IHG) to fatigue at 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, followed by 2 minutes of post‐exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO), and three minutes of recovery. The IHG time was divided equally into five stages. IHG duration (P=0.867) and MVC (P=0.226) were similar between both groups. PTSD did not modify the increase in MSNA and AP frequency or incidence during IHG and PECO (all group‐by‐stage interactions: P=0.294‐0.380). Conversely, throughout IHG and PECO, AP content per burst was greater in the Controls compared to women with PTSD (main effect of group: P=0.026). Furthermore, relative to Controls, women with PTSD were unable to increase the number of AP clusters per burst during the first (Controls: ∆1.3±1.2 vs. PTSD: ∆‐0.2±0.8 clusters/burst; P=0.016) and last minute (Controls: ∆1.2±1.1 vs. PTSD: ∆‐0.1±0.8 clusters/burst; P=0.022) of PECO, and recruited fewer subpopulations of previously silent axons during the first (Controls: ∆5±4 vs. PTSD: ∆1±2 clusters; P=0.020) and last minute (Controls: ∆4±2 vs. PTSD: ∆1±2 clusters; P=0.021) of PECO. Lastly, although an interaction effect was observed for the AP cluster size‐latency relationship during IHG and PECO (P=0.042), post‐hoc analyses revealed that PTSD did not modify this relationship (all P=0.658‐0.999). These data indicate that the central features of sympathetic outflow are impaired in women with PTSD during skeletal muscle metaboreflex activation.

Features of inviscid fluid microjets outflow into vacuum

The paper presents experimental results on ethanol microjets outflow from a capillary (vertical flow by gravity) and from a hole in the wall (horizontal flow). The long-term liquid microjet flowing into vacuum has been shown to be highly unstable with sudden changes in direction, structure and observable density and essentially differing from well-studied modes of outflow into the atmosphere as well as from the modes of short-term outflow into vacuum. The main specific features of the flows and conditions giving rise to instabilities are described. Possible explanation of the reasons for microjet destruction is given. Keywords: liquid microjet, barocapillary instability of flows, modeling of vacuum conditions, ethanol.

In-depth investigation of the physical origin of the soft X-ray excess in PG 1448+273

We present systematic X-ray spectral and variability analyses for the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLsy1), PG 1448+273, using the data from two long-exposureXMM-Newtonobservations of the source in the different flux states. These X-ray spectral analyses indicate that the two main-stream models of soft X-ray excess, the relativistically smeared reflection scenario and the warm corona scenario, show a similar statistical fit to the data sets. However, the warm corona scenario requires a black hole mass that is much larger than that estimated by the single-epoch optical spectroscopy and the X-ray variability scaling technology to alleviate the conflict between the X-ray and optical/ultraviolet data. The time-varying analyses reveal that PG 1448+273 has significant X-ray variability, especially in the low state. The features of X-ray spectra and variability show significant differences between the high and low states. At the low state, a highly variable ultra-fast outflow feature appears in the X-ray spectra, and the X-ray spectra show a very significant soft X-ray excess. At the high state, a ‘dip’, or oscillation, feature with ∼3.2σconfidence level emerges in the power spectral density atν ∼ 103.6Hz, which is a unique time signature of the reflected X-ray reprocessing. Meanwhile, we also detect a tentative soft lag. It is shown that these unique spectral features and variation behaviours can be explained self-consistently in the relativistically smeared reflection scenario, in which the geometric position of the corona changes. Our results suggest that PG 1448-273 can be used as an ideal object to further study the details of the relativistic reflection process.

INDUCED SEED TREATMENT WITH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) PROMOTES PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND SALT-TOLERANCE IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of exogenously applied six hydrogen peroxide H2O2 concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 µM) as seed primer on two wheat varieties (Khirman and Inqalab) under salt and non-salt water levels (0 and 100 mM NaCl). The oxidizing effects were measured and estimated using the wheat index of different salt and non-salt water levels, as well as H2O2 soaking seed at varying fixations and concentrations. The H2O2 as a seed primer impacted on growth, yield and physiological and biochemical aspects such as moisture content, sodium potassium substance and sodium potassium content under H2O2 and NaCl levels. The results revealed that the exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide was effective in increasing tolerance of wheat under salt stress. The Khirman and Inqalab varieties could be established and cultivated under saline conditions. 60?M treatment of H2O2 is seen with the strongest impacts. Progress has contributed to enhance physiological and biochemical features of stress outflow, which promote growth.

Morphological features of the venous bed of the heart of the Baikal seal

The article describes the features of venous blood outflow from the heart in the Baikal seal. The objects for the study were corrosion preparations of 11 hearts of the Baikal seal aged from 1 month to 10 years. In our research we used the methods of preparation, filling of vessels with the use of "Kudo" mounting foam, photographing and sketching the branching of vessels. It was established that in the Baikal seal, the outflow of venous blood occurs through the prominent coronary sinus and the large, intermediate, oblique vein of the left atrium, the middle and right heart veins that flow into it. In 18.2% of hearts, a coronary valve was found at the border of the great heart vein and the coronary sinus. The great heart vein begins above the apices of the heart and is formed from the fusing of the 6-11 collateral veins of the wall of the right ventricle, the venous pericardial plexus, and 9-16 branches on the side of the left ventricle. The most variable is the intermediate (marginal) branch, which in most cases has only one branch, however, in 18.2% of cases there are two ones or in 9.1% of cases, there are intermediate branches with a common trunk. The middle vein of the heart is located in the sub-sinus sulcus and anastomoses with the branch of the great vein of the heart, in 9.1% of cases, the valve of the coronary sinus was found at the border with the coronary sinus. The right veins of the heart have 5-6 branches, among which the marginal ones are the most prominent. 27.3% of Baikal seals have a venous sinus formed from the fusion of the middle and right coronary veins, as well as a duct connecting the large cardiac vein with this sinus.

Dying of the Light: An X-Ray Fading Cold Quasar at z ∼ 0.405

Abstract Cold quasars are a rare subpopulation observed to host unobscured, X-ray luminous active galactic nuclei (AGN) while also retaining a cold gas supply fueling high star formation rates. These objects are interpreted as AGN early in their evolution. We present new SOFIA HAWC+ far-infrared observations, far-ultraviolet to far-infrared (FUV–FIR) photometry, and optical spectroscopy to characterize the accretion and star formation behavior in a cold quasar at z ∼ 0.405 (CQ 4479). CQ 4479 is a starburst galaxy with a predominantly young stellar population and a high gas mass fraction of ∼50%–70%. The AGN component has yet to become the dominant component of the FIR emission. We also find AGN bolometric luminosity that varies as a function of observation method and AGN region probed. Finally, we identify a candidate outflow feature corroborating the hypothesis that cold quasars have energetic feedback. This object presents an intriguing look into the early stages of AGN feedback and probes the rare phase where an AGN and cold gaseous component coexist.

Erythrocyte-Mediated Angiography: Quantifying Absolute Episcleral Blood Flow in Humans

We introduce erythrocyte-mediated angiography (EMA) as a novel technique for quantifying absolute episcleral blood flow in humans. This technique is highly reproducible and may be a valuable quantitative tool for studying aqueous hemodynamics.

Searching for Molecular Outflows with Support Vector Machines: The Dark Cloud Complex in Cygnus

Abstract We present a survey of molecular outflows across the dark cloud complex in the Cygnus region, based on a 46.75 deg2 field of CO isotopologue data from the Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting survey. A supervised machine-learning algorithm, the support vector machine, is introduced to accelerate our visual assessment of outflow features in the data cube of 12CO and 13CO J = 1−0 emission. A total of 130 outflow candidates are identified, 77 of which show bipolar structures and 118 are new detections. Spatially, these outflows are located inside dense molecular clouds, and some of them are found in clusters or in elongated linear structures tracing the underlying gas filament morphology. Along the line of sight, 97, 31, and 2 candidates reside in the Local, Perseus, and Outer Arms, respectively. Young stellar objects as outflow drivers are found near most outflows, while 36 candidates show no associated source. The clusters of outflows that we detect are inhomogeneous in their properties; nevertheless, we show that the outflows cannot inject turbulent energy on cloud scales. Instead, at best, they are restricted to affecting the so-called “clump” and “core” scales, and only on short (∼0.3 Myr) estimated timescales. Combined with outflow samples in the literature, our work shows a tight outflow mass–size correlation.

VLT/X-shooter spectroscopy of massive young stellar objects in the 30 Doradus region of the Large Magellanic Cloud

The process of massive star (M ≥ 8 M⊙) formation is still poorly understood. Observations of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) are challenging due to their rarity, short formation timescale, large distances, and high circumstellar extinction. Here, we present the results of a spectroscopic analysis of a population of MYSOs in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We took advantage of the spectral resolution and wavelength coverage of X-shooter (300−2500 nm), which is mounted on the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope, to detect characteristic spectral features in a dozen MYSO candidates near 30 Doradus, the largest starburst region in the Local Group hosting the most massive stars known. The X-shooter spectra are strongly contaminated by nebular emission. We used a scaling method to subtract the nebular contamination from our objects. We detect Hα, β, [O I] 630.0 nm, Ca II, infrared triplet [Fe II] 1643.5 nm, fluorescent Fe II1687.8 nm, H22121.8 nm, Brγ, and CO bandhead emission in the spectra of multiple candidates. This leads to the spectroscopic confirmation of ten candidates as bona fide MYSOs. We compared our observations with photometric observations from the literature and find all MYSOs to have a strong near-infrared excess. We computed lower limits to the brightness and luminosity of the MYSO candidates, confirming the near-infrared excess and the massive nature of the objects. No clear correlation is seen between the Brγluminosity and metallicity. Combining our sample with other LMC samples results in a combined detection rate of disk features, such as fluorescent Fe IIand CO bandheads, which is consistent with the Galactic rate (40%). Most of our MYSOs show outflow features.