Outer Plate Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of the Axial Load Capacity of Bilateral Helix-Stiffened Cement Mixing Piles in Soft Marine Soil

Bilateral helix-stiffened cement mixing piles (BHCMPs) are a new type of robust composite pile. In this paper, the influence of design parameters, such as the diameter of inner helix plates and the number and size of outer mixing helix plates, on the vertical bearing performance of the pile foundation and the behavior of the pile diameter are investigated through laboratory model tests. The results indicate that incorporating a reverse-mixing process in the pile formation of helix-stiffened cement mixing piles can enhance the overall ultimate bearing capacity and strengthen the soil-cement of the piles. In the case of the same double-blade inner drill pipe, for every 22 mm increase in the blades, its ultimate compressive load-bearing capacity was increased by 10% to 25%, and its pullout load-bearing capacity was increased by 15% to 45%. With further increases in the blades, the percentage increase in the compressive and pullout load-bearing capacity was reduced. With an increase in the number of external mixing blades, its compressive load capacity increased in the range of 5% to 20%, and the elevation load capacity increased in the range of 10% to 25%. Increasing the number of reverse-mixing helix plates on the outer casing enhances the soil-cement strength of the pile body by approximately 15–20% for each additional plate. The average strength of the pile-body soil-cement for each additional plate is estimated to be 1 to 1.4 times that of the previous set, indicating that increased mixing iterations can enhance the perimeter soil-cement strength of the pile. The average bond diameter of soil-cement piles with double-blade internal drilling rods could be seen from the diameter of the piles formed, which was 1.02 to 1.21 times the diameter of the blades.

Taxonomic Exploration of Rare Amphipods: A New Genus and Two New Species (Amphipoda, Iphimedioidea, Laphystiopsidae) Described from Seamounts in the Western Pacific

During two expeditions to the seamounts in the Yap-Caroline area of the Western Pacific, a new genus, Phoxirostus gen. nov., in the family Laphystiopsidae Stebbing, 1899, is erected for two new species, P. longicarpus sp. nov. (type species) and P. yapensis sp. nov. The new genus can be distinguished from the other three laphystiopsid genera by the acute rostrum not overreaching the distal end of the first peduncular article of antenna 1, the outer plate of maxilla 1 bearing 10–11 spines, and the elongated carpus of pereopods 3–7 being distinctly longer than half the length of the propodus. Phoxirostus longicarpus sp. nov. differs from P. yapensis sp. nov. by the shape of the eyes and coxa 4, the presence of posterodistal protrusions on pleonite 1, and the number of posterodistal protrusions on pleonite 2. Generic analysis of one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear (H3) gene using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference clarified the phylogenetic position of the Laphystiopsidae within the superfamily Iphimedioidea Boeck, 1871.

A long-pulse small edge-localized-mode high-confinement plasma with detachment feedback control by floating potential in an experimental advanced superconducting tokamak in a metal wall environment

Abstract One of the key challenges facing the magnetic fusion research is to demonstrate the compatibility between high confinement and radiative divertor in long-pulse discharges with a metal wall environment. A small edge localized mode (ELM) high confinement plasma is obtained in the upgraded lower divertor of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with an energy confinement factor H98~1.1 and a Greenwald density fraction fGW ~ 0.65 maintained for 26 s, and periodical detachment is achieved through active control of neon impurity seeding in this long-pulse discharge. For the divertor region, partial detachment is achieved periodically on the outer divertor target plates with the plasma temperature near the outer strike point decreased to below 5 eV and peak surface temperature on the outer divertor target plates maintained below 350C. The peak heat flux of the lower outer divertor decreases significantly and its profile along the target becomes very flat in the detached state. Two low-frequency (<10 kHz) fluctuations that are related to rippling mode caused by a resistive instability appear in the detached state. For the pedestal region, the electron pressure profile is flatter and ELM amplitude is smaller in the detached state than that in the attached state. Edge coherent mode (ECM) appears in the attached state and disappears in the detached state. To achieve this experimentally, a new impurity seeding feedback control scheme is applied, where the floating potential measured by divertor Langmuir probes is used as the feedback sensor, which is more reliable in the long-pulse discharges with high heat fluxes, thus more suitable for application in future devices. This work provides a new approach for the actively controlled radiative divertor as a solution to the divertor heat loads of the future fusion reactors.

TECXY simulations of the power exhaust in the multi-impurity plasma of DTT reactor

Reduction of the heat load to plasma-facing components is a crucial problem for future fusion reactors like Divertor Test Tokamak (DTT). Mitigation of the power load via increased plasma radiation with the use of puffed ions of impurities would be one way to mitigate power in the scrape-off layer. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the impact of seeded impurities on the radiation pattern and the power load to the divertor plates of the high-field DTT reactor in the single null (SN) configuration. The simulations have been done with the use of the TECXY code, which solves multi-species plasma transport equations for multiple impurity species simultaneously and all associated ionization stages in a two-dimensional poloidal geometry. TECXY represents the model of plasma transport in the scrape-off layer region by a classical set of transport equations of multi-species plasma derived by Braginskii. The paper aims to compare the mitigation capabilities of neon and argon impurities seeded in the plasma of the DTT device and to obtain a significant energy flux reduction to the target plate at the smallest possible impurity concentration. Performed investigations showed the effects of neon and argon impurities seeding separately for constant electron density at the separatrix. It has been found that the decrease in electron temperature on the divertor plates up to 3 eV at the outer and the inner divertor plates and the peak power load below 15 MW m−2 at the outer divertor plate can be achieved with argon seeding and much lower impurity concentration than that in the case of neon impurity seeding. Studies have shown the complexity of the effect of neon and argon impurities on the boundary plasma. It was found that the reduction of temperature and the power on both divertor plates was the most effective for the high upstream plasma densities. The results show also that diffusive perpendicular transport strongly affects impurity radiation and thus plasma condition at divertor plates.

Computational model of the human cochlea with motion of the layered osseous spiral lamina.

In the base of the human cochlea, the partition anatomy is distinct from the commonly recognized anatomy of laboratory animals. The human features a radially wide, osseous spiral lamina (OSL) and a soft-tissue bridge region that connects the OSL to the basilar membrane proper. In addition to the basilar membrane, the human OSL and bridge move considerably. We investigated the complex cochlear partition in human emphasizing the layered structure of the OSL with a finite element model. Model results were calibrated with experimental measurements of motion from optical coherence tomography. The box model contained two fluid chambers separated by a cochlear partition and a helicotrema. Model geometrical and material properties either came from literature, measurements, or were tuned to produce a frequency-place map for the passive human cochlea as well as motion results similar to experimental measurements. The model motion results of the cochlear partition were similar to experimental results mostly within 5 dB but with differences at the high frequencies in both magnitude and phase beyond the best frequency. Around the best frequency location, the radial profile of cochlear partition motion was generally similar in both shape and magnitude. Sensitivity analysis, changing material-property parameters of the middle layer where the cochlear nerve fibers run between the layers of OSL plates, produced small changes in the model response and also showed negligible stress compared to the outer OSL plates. These results suggest that the layered OSL anatomy is favorable as a conduit and protection for the nerve fibers while simultaneously functioning as a mechanical lever.

Steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite cable-pylon anchorage of cable-stayed bridges: horizontal bearing capacity

Steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite cable-pylon is preliminarily applied to bridge engineering due to its excellent mechanical properties and high degree of assembly. However, the stress behavior of the steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite cable-pylon anchorage zone under the strong horizontal component force of the cable force is relatively unknown. In this paper, a 1:4 scaled-down steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite cable-pylon model test under horizontal force is designed and carried out to investigate the strain distribution in inner and outer steel plates, and the horizontal displacements in the pylon wall, and the crack development in the concrete pylon wall. Subsequently, a simplified analysis method is proposed for facilitating the calculation of the load distribution ratios of both steel plates and concrete, and the pylon wall stresses are obtained based on the force method. Furthermore, aiming to improve the problem of excessive stress in the anchorage region of the outer steel plate, the effects of various parameters on the mechanical properties of the anchorage region are investigated through parametric analysis, and the investigated parameters include the diameter of the reinforcement bar, area of the bearing plate, concrete strength, the thicknesses of the steel plate and perfobond ribs. The results indicate that increasing the diameter of the reinforcement bar is insignificant in improving the stress distribution and value of the outer steel plate, and appropriately increasing the bearing area, concrete strength, thicknesses of the steel plate and perfobond ribs can reduce the stress peak value of the outer steel plate, among which changing the thickness of the steel plate and bearing area is the most significant effect. The research results can provide experimental data and theoretical support for the design and optimization of steel-concrete-steel sandwich composite cable-pylon anchorage zones.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Stress Concentration Factors of Offshore Steel Tubular Column-to-Steel Beam (STCSB) Connections

Steel tubular column-to-steel beam (STCSB) connections are critical parts in offshore structures, where complex component connections and the stress concentration are of significant concern. This study conducted stress concentration tests on welded STCSB connections and subsequently developed a finite element (FE) model for the connections, with the experimental results validating the accuracy of the model. The discussion focused on the influence of parameters such as the width-to-diameter ratio of the beam to the column, the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column, the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column to the beam, and the height-to-thickness ratio of the beam web on the fatigue performance. The study proposed optimization methods including the addition of stiffeners and outer flange plates. The findings indicate that optimized connection configurations can effectively mitigate stress concentration in the connected areas, thereby enhancing the structural stability and fatigue life. The width-to-diameter ratio of the beam to the column and the diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column significantly affect the fatigue performance of welded STCSB connections, with an increased width-to-diameter ratio of the beam to the column or a reduced diameter-to-thickness ratio of the column leading to a substantial decrease in the maximum stress concentration factors (SCFs). The addition of stiffeners and adjustment of the outer flange plate can improve stress concentration effects in the connection area.

Effect of the Proximity of Roots to the Cortical Plate and Inclination of Incisors on External Apical Root Resorption.

External apical root resorption (EARR) is an unfavorable side effect of orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic treatment of patients with increased crowding could lead to the proclination of incisors and proximity of roots to the cortical plates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the proximity of the labial and lingual cortical plates and the inclination of incisors on EARR. Twenty-six patients (age: 13.39 years) with nonextraction fixed orthodontic treatment were evaluated at pretreatment and posttreatment (52 cone-beam computed tomographies). The maxillary and mandibular incisors (416 teeth) were evaluated for the pretreatment predictors such as the labial and palatal (lingual) cortical plate thickness, width of the mandibular symphysis/maxillary alveolus and cancellous bone, position of the root apex in cancellous/cortical bone, and treatment factors such as distance of root to the labial and palatal (lingual) outer and inner cortical plate and incisor inclination. Statistical analyses were performed with R software at a 0.05 significance level. Each parameter was compared between pretreatment and posttreatment by a paired t-test, and the association to root resorption was performed using a regression model. Clinically significant (>1 mm) root resorption was observed in 35% of all mandibular incisors and 52% of all maxillary incisors. Width of cancellous bone, position of the root apex in cortical bone, proximity of the root apex to the labial and palatal (lingual) outer cortical plate, lingual inner cortical plate, and proclination of incisors were significant factors associated with EARR. Proximity to the cortical plates and proclination of incisors are associated with increased EARR.

MSCT-semiotics of vertebrae in patients with cervical spine stenosis

Introduction The number of surgical interventions on the cervical spine for stenosis has been constantly increasing. This fact proves that there is a need for careful preoperative preparation that would consider the complexity of the intervention and the age of the patients.Purpose To substantiate the need to include the MSCT data processing algorithm of bone tissue density of vertebral bodies and arches to assess their quality for planning osteoplastic decompressive laminoplasty in patients with cervical spine stenosis due to degenerative changes.Material and methods This single-center retrospective study investigated qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the spine with radiography and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in 82 patients with degenerative diseases of the cervical spine and associated spinal canal stenosis (CSS).Results and discussion The data obtained indicate a tendency for the total density of the cervical vertebrae to increase from C3 to C5 and to decrease caudally, with minimal density in C7 without signs of osteoporosis. A similar trend is characteristic of trabecular bone. The density of the osteon layer of the vertebral arch cortex differs significantly from the density of the outer and inner plates. The total density of the compact layer of the vertebral arch cortex exceeds 785.15 ± 38.4 HU.Conclusion The data obtained justify the need to include the study of the density of vertebral bodies, vertebral arches, and its thickness in the MSCT data processing algorithm to develop a plan for surgical intervention in patients with cervical spine stenosis in order to obtain objective data on the quality of the bone.

Two new species of groundwater-inhabiting amphipods belonging to the genus Niphargus (Arthropoda, Crustacea), from Iran

In Iran, the Elburz and Zagros Mountain ranges include substantial karst regions housing numerous aquifers and groundwater resources. Niphargus Schiødte, 1849, a diverse subterranean amphipod genus, inhabits Western Palearctic groundwater environments, with Iran marking the eastern limit of its distribution. This study examined specimens collected from springs along the Elburz and Zagros Mountains, revealing two distinct taxonomic units through a combination of morphological observations and molecular analyses, utilizing COI and 28S rDNA genes. N. elburzensissp. nov. is characterized by produced epimeral plates I to III; a telson lobe with five distal, two lateral, and one mesial spine each, a rectangular shape of gnathopod II propodi with two L-setae on palmar corner and maxilla I outer plate spines with 2-2-1-1-3-0-1 denticles. N. zagrosensissp. nov. is distinguished by a triangular shape gnathopod II propodi, pereopod VI longer than pereopod VII, maxilliped outer plate less than half of palp article 2, and uropod III distal article exceeding 80% of the proximal article. Pairwise genetic distances between N. elburzensissp. nov. and other species ranged from 10.70% (N. fiseri) to 23.48% (N. daniali) for COI gene and 1.56% (N. urmiensis) to 10.98% (N. daniali) for 28S gene. Also, N. zagrosensissp. nov. exhibited COI gene distances from 5.73% (N. alisadri) to 20.66% (N. daniali) and from 0.13% (N. alisadri) to 11.36% (N. daniali) for 28S gene distances. Bayesian analysis suggests that the two newly discovered species are part of the expansive local Iranian clade. These species are supported phylogenetically by separate and independent lineages, as indicated by high bootstrapping values.

Corrosion models for steel plates in ship structure based on statistical data

To have a proper maintenance policy for ships and offshore structures, it is necessary to predict corrosion wastage accurately. It is the main aim of the present work to propose corrosion models for plates in ship structures. In total 66,480 data were collected from thickness measurements carried out by different classification societies. The data were sorted out based on the position of the plate, the age of the ship, the country where the ship was built, and the type of ship. Using regression analysis, some models were proposed as a function of the ship’s age and position of plate. Based on this study, the proposed models are checked against existing corrosion models in the literature and it is found that other corrosion models underestimate the corrosion rate in the inner bottom plates, and deck plates. However, they overestimate the amount of corrosion in the side plates of ships. The existing corrosion models are justified for the prediction of corrosion wastage in hatch-coaming plates. For corrosion of outer bottom plates, the existing corrosion models are applicable for ships under 20 years old. They overestimate corrosion wastage for ships older than 20 years. Also, existing corrosion models overestimate corrosion wastage of plates at the side structure of ships above the water line at the early age of ships and underestimate in older ships.

Generalised Couette flow of nanoliquid among two concentric channels with particles injection

In the presence of nanoparticle injection, buoyancy power, constant pressure gradient, variable viscosity coefficient, magnetic field, mass diffusivity of thermophoresis, and Brownian motion, the hydrodynamic nanoliquid conducted with electric current flows through the gap between two concentric cylindrical channels of infinite length. The focus of this article was on generalised Couette flow that is flow in which the outer channel plate moves at a uniform velocity while still being subjected to a pressure gradient. Here we use the RKF45 numerical method and the shooting technique to solve dimensionless momentum, energy, and concentration equations. How the obtained parameters controlled on flow rate, temperature and concentration of the fluid have been investigated and appearances through respective graphs. The high magnitude of nanoliquid flow rate with outer channel wall motion and pressure gradient parameters has been observed. The nanoliquid temperature declines with an annular gap parameter while amplified thermophoresis and magnetic parameter values enrich the fluid temperature. In addition, loftier values of variable viscosity and Brownian motion parameters boost the nanoliquid concentration.

Economics Data Analysis Device - Research on Enhancing the Efficiency of Economic Forecasting and Decision Making

This paper discusses an economics data analysis device, belonging to the technical field of data analysis devices, including a base plate and a universal wheel located at the bottom of the base plate, the top of the base plate is connected with a vertical column, the top of the vertical column is slidingly connected with a lifting column, the top of the lifting column is connected with an outer frame plate, the inner side wall of the outer frame plate is mounted with a display, the top of the base plate is mounted with an electric motor, the output end of the electric motor is connected with a screw rod, the screw rod of the motor is connected to a threaded rod, the outer side wall of the threaded rod is threadedly connected to a sleeve block, the outer side wall of the sleeve block is connected to a connecting block, and the outer side wall of the connecting block is slidingly connected to the outer side wall of the vertical column. The economics data analysis device, through the operation of the motor, the threaded rod is then rotated, and then through the use of the sleeve block and the connecting block, the lifting column is then moved, causing the height of the outer frame plate to change, so as to achieve the effect of facilitating the adjustment of the height of the display, and thus facilitating the observation and analysis of the data graph displayed on the display.

A new genus and one new species of the family Uristidae Hurley, 1963 (Amphipoda, Lysianassoidea) described from hydrothermal vent of the Okinawa Trough, NW pacific

A new genus of the family Uristidae Hurley, 1963 is proposed, Liuiuristis gen. nov., with new species L. thermalis sp. nov. as the type species based on specimens collected by the expedition to hydrothermal vents on the Okinawa Trough. The new genus is characterized by the shape of accessory flagellum liking cap, the outer plate of the maxilla 1 having 11 setal-teeth, the gnathopod 1 parachelate in female and subchelate in male, the rami of the uropod 3 without plumose setae and the telson not cleft. K2P divergences of the mitochondrial COI gene in taxa attributed to Liuiuristis gen. nov. is presented.

Experimental and numerical study of locking steel plate damper for seismic resistance

In this paper, a new metal energy dissipator named locking steel plate damper (LSPD) is proposed for structural seismic applications. The damper is easy to fabricate and convenient to install and replace. The LSPD consists of two locking steel plates with energy dissipating steel rings and an outer shell plate for peripheral restraint and steel ring reset. Experiments were conducted using a proposed static cyclic displacement loading regime, which loaded the two specimens. The results of experiment showed that the damper possessed excellent energy dissipation capability. Thirteen comparison models were designed by varying the radius, thickness and width of the ring and FE simulations were carried out. By comparing the simulation results of the 13 models, the effects of the steel ring design parameters on the energy dissipation capacity of the damper are summarized. Finally, the suggested formulas for the yield displacement and the practical formulas for the initial stiffness of the LSPD are presented through theoretical derivation and parametric analysis. The average error between theoretical and simulated values for the 13 models was 2.11%, with a maximum error of 7.33%, which provide reliable suggestions for the design and fabrication of the damper.

Cyclic loading behavior of novel internally stiffened double steel plate shear wall

In this paper, a novel Internally Stiffened Double Steel Plate Shear Wall (ISD-SPSW) is proposed based on the concept of improving the buckling mode of steel plates and enhancing the lateral resistance of steel plate shear wall (SPSW). The ISD-SPSW consists of double outer steel plates on both sides, inner stiffened rib plates, and boundary members. The seismic behavior of ISD-SPSW was investigated through tests and numerical simulations. Five ISD-SPSW specimens with different heights of the wall, thickness of the outer steel plate and boundary member, and different numbers of internally stiffened steel plates were investigated in cyclic loading tests. The performance indexes such as hysteresis curves, strain curves, and skeleton curves of ISD-SPSW were obtained. The finite element model of ISD-SPSW was established and verified by the test results. The test results reveal two distinct failure modes for the ISD-SPSW. The first mode involves the failure of diagonal tension bands, which is a result of local buckling in the outer steel plates. The second mode is characterized by the overall instability of the shear wall, resulting from the out-of-plane deformation of the boundary members. Lowering the height of the wall can markedly improve the load-bearing capacity and out-of-plane stability of ISD-SPSW. Increasing the thickness of the outer steel plate can improve the ultimate load-bearing capacity, but has adverse effect on the boundary members. Reducing the thickness of the boundary member can significantly reduce the load-bearing capacity and seismic performance. Reducing the number of inner stiffened rib plates decreases the shear load-bearing capacity and energy dissipation capacity. The ductility coefficient of most specimens is greater than 3.0, indicating that the ISD-SPSW has good ductility. In addition, the results of the established finite element model are in good agreement with the test results, which verifies the accuracy of the model.

Simplified analytical method for predicting the large deformation of stiffened plates with initial cracks under repeated impacts

The impact resistance capacity of structures can be affected by the formation of cracks. To address the issue of repeated impacts on structures with initial cracks, a relationship was established between cracks and the energy dissipation of stiffened plates based on rigid–plastic theory. A simplified analytical method was proposed to predict the large plastic deformation of stiffened plates with initial cracks. To verify the accuracy of the analytical method, repeated impact experiments and numerical simulations were conducted. The influences of crack length and position on the dynamic responses of stiffened plates were explored. The experimental, numerical, and analytical results were in good agreement. The research results showed that the permanent deformations of stiffened plates increases approximately linearly with increasing crack length on the outer plate. However, the influence of stiffener cracks on the permanent deformation of stiffened plates depends on whether the stiffener fractures. The influence of cracks on the load-carrying capacity of the structure is more pronounced when the crack is located in the stiffener.

Research on Key Technologies for Optimization of Forming Parameters of Aluminum Alloy Hood Outer Panel

At present, computer technology and finite element software analysis technology have been widely used in the stamping and forming process of aluminum alloy hood outer plate to predict the possible quality defects in the stamping process, and effectively improve the quality and production efficiency of parts. The stamping and forming of the outer plate of the automobile aluminum alloy hood is a highly nonlinear process, and its forming quality involves many forming factors, if the variable design is not reasonable, it may lead to quality defects such as wrinkles or cracks of the molded parts. Due to the relatively complex shape and structure of the aluminum alloy hood outer plate and its high requirements for the quality of forming, it is difficult to obtain the optimal process parameters in a short time if the finite element software simulation optimization is carried out manually. The machine learning algorithm is applied to the research on the stamping and forming of the outer plate of the aluminum alloy hood, and the multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the stamping process parameters of the covers, which can meet the maximum thinning rate of the formed parts and control the rebound of the formed parts to a certain extent. How to combine machine learning algorithms with finite element simulations to reasonably adjust the process parameters in the stamping and forming process by using machine learning algorithms to meet the forming quality requirements of aluminum alloy hood outer plate has always been a research hotspot and difficulty in the field of aluminum alloy hood outer plate stamping.

Free iliac crest grafting technology for the management of critical-sized tibial bone defect

ObjectiveTo introduce the method and experience of treating critical-sized tibial bone defect by taking large iliac crest bone graft.MethodsFrom January 2020 to January 2022, iliac crest bone grafting was performed in 20 patients (10 men and 10 women) with critical-sized tibial bone defect. The mean length of bone defect was 13.59 ± 3.41. Bilateral iliac crest grafts were harvested, including the inner and outer plates of the iliac crest and iliac spine. The cortical bone screw was used to integrate two iliac bone blocks into one complex. Locking plate was used to fix the graft-host complex, supplemented with reconstruction plate to increase stability when necessary. Bone healing was evaluated by cortical bone fusion on radiographs at follow-up, iliac pain was assessed by VAS score, and lower limb function was assessed by ODI score. Complications were also taken into consideration.ResultsThe average follow-up time was 27.4 ± 5.6 (Range 24–33 months), the mean VAS score was 8.8 ± 1.9, the mean ODI score was 11.1 ± 1.8, and the number of cortical bone fusion in the bone graft area was 3.5 ± 0.5. Satisfactory fusion was obtained in all cases of iliac bone transplant-host site. No nonunion, shift or fracture was found in all cases. No infection and bone resorption were observed that need secondary surgery. One patient had dorsiflexion weakness of the great toe. Hypoesthesia of the dorsal foot was observed in 2 patients. Ankle stiffness and edema occurred in 3 patients. Complications were significantly improved by physical therapy and rehabilitation training.ConclusionFor the cases of critical-sized tibial bone defect, the treatment methods are various. In this paper, we have obtained satisfactory results by using large iliac bone graft to treat bone defect. This approach can not only restore the integrity of the tibia, but also obtain good stability with internal fixation, and operation skills are more acceptable for surgeons. Therefore, it provides an alternative surgical method for clinicians.

Data-driven initial peak crushing force prediction of hybrid tubes

Accurately predicting the initial peak crushing force (IPCF) of the CFRP/metal hybrid structure is of great significance for the high-efficiency energy absorption of energy-absorbing elements and ordered deformation of combined energy-absorbing devices. Due to the significant differences in material properties between CFRP and metal and the high complexity of cross-sectional shape, a combined method of machine learning and mechanism analysis is proposed for predicting the IPCF of CFRP/Al hybrid energy-absorbing tube. First, a high-precision finite element model validated by the axial and oblique experiments is conducted to generate the dataset for predictive analysis. Second, a sample space through the design of experiment (DOE) is established for data fitting between structural parameters and IPCF based on traditional response surface model (RSM). It is found that traditional RSM method can successfully predict the IPCF of the single-cell hybrid tube, but cannot effectively predict the IPCF of the multi-cell tube due to the strong coupling effect between inner and outer plates. To address the issue of the lack of accurate correspondence between structural parameters and IPCFs in multi-cell hybrid tube, the indicator of relative density is proposed to characterize complex cross-sectional features. Surprisingly, there is a strong correlation between relative density and IPCF where multi-cell tubes with the same relative density have almost the same IPCF. Third, different artificial neural networks (ANN) are trained by a pre-simulated IPCF database of CFRP/Al hybrid energy-absorbing tube depending on the parameter characterization scheme based on mechanism analysis. In order to enhance the network's performance, the optimal configuration parameters of the neural network, including the number of layers and nodes, are ascertained through a combination of K-fold cross-validation and the Grid Search method. As a result, compared with the traditional RSM and Kriging model, the IPCF of CFRP/Al hybrid energy-absorbing tube can be predicted in small samples with high accuracy using the optimal ANN model. Finally, Through the comparative analysis of the IPCF of hybrid tubes with reported multi-cell configurations, it is found that the prediction model proposed in this paper has good generalization ability, which can be used to predict more complex types of multi-cell tube configurations. The present study offers important suggestions for the overall control of multi-materials hybrid energy-absorbing tube and the ordered deformation of combined energy-absorbing devices.