Outer Court Research Articles

The Central Political Situation and Transformation of Power after the Shaoxi Abdication

<p>紹熙五年（1194）七月「紹熙內禪」至慶元元年（1195）二月發動「慶元黨禁」為止之政局，既有研究多著眼於道學集團與反道學集團的政治衝突。本文認為道學內部衝突，才是激化黨派政爭的關鍵因素。此時道學集團內部競爭關係，植根於推動內禪過程的關係網絡。趙汝愚（1140-1196）憑藉徐誼（1144-1208）、葉適（1150-1223）、蔡必勝等溫州士人在外廷與內朝的聯繫與合作，成功推動內禪，不僅形塑以趙汝愚為核心之「內外一體」（外廷與內朝相互合作）的權力運作，也奠定溫州士人在道學陣營的優勢。隨著孝宗陵寢選址、廟制爭議、外戚俸祿等事件逐次發生，道學陣營內部衝突加劇，撼動了趙汝愚維持「內外一體」運作的正當性。朱熹（1130-1200）標舉反對近習旗幟，抨擊趙汝愚與溫州士人違反道學陣營政治立場，迫使後者轉變原本有條件與近習合作的態度。此一發展嚴重削弱以韓侂冑等近習對趙汝愚的信任，導致以趙汝愚為核心之「內外一體」的崩解，取而代之則是以韓侂冑為核心、內朝領導外廷的「內外一體」局面。</p> <p> </p><p>Past research on the political situation from July 1194, when the “Shaoxi Imperial Abdication” occurred, to the “Qingyuan Faction Ban” of February 1195 has mostly focused on the political conflict between Daoxue groups and anti-Daoxue groups. In contrast, this article argues that internal conflicts within Daoxue were the key to the intensification of partisan political disputes. The internal competition within the Daoxue group during this period originated from the relationship network between the individuals who promoted the abdication. Zhao Ruyu made contacts and established cooperation between the outer court and the inner court through his relationships with Xu Yi, Ye Shi, Cai Bisheng and other Wenzhou scholars, successfully promoting the abdication, which not only shaped the power operation of “the integration of the inner court and the outer court” (the cooperation between the outer court and the inner court) but also established the advantage of Wenzhou scholars in the Daoxue group. As controversies over the choice of the location of Xiaozong’s mausoleum, the ancestral temple system, and the salary of imperial relatives occurred one after another, the internal conflicts in the Daoxue group intensified, shaking the ability of Zhao Ruyu to maintain internal and external unity. Zhu Xi held up the banner of opposing imperial favorites and criticized Zhao Ruyu and the Wenzhou scholars for violating the political stance of the Daoxue group, forcing the latter to change their original attitude of conditional cooperation with the favorites. The development of this situation caused a serious decline in the trust favored officials represented by Han Tuozhou had in Zhao Ruyu, leading to the collapse of the “integration of the inner court and the outer court” political situation with Zhao Ruyu as the core. Replaced by Han Tuozhou, the inner court came to lead the outer court in a situation of “internal and external integration.”</p> <p> </p>

Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.)

Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.

A reexamination of the offices of Three Excellencies in the final years of the Western Han, and Four Advisers under Wang Mang’s Xin Dynasty

<p>秦至西漢本以丞相為宰相，到東漢演變成地位相等的三公並列宰相。西漢晚期至新朝是從獨相制變化為多相制的關鍵時期，本文旨在釐清三公官制成立的過程。西漢晚期的兩次三公官改制，目標是以中朝的大司馬與外朝的丞相、御史大夫並列宰相。將大司馬改造成和外朝的丞相具有相同職能的職官，是三公官改制的關鍵。大司馬本來是一個頭銜，由輔政的將軍兼任，沒有印綬、官屬。經歷兩次改制後，大司馬獲得印綬、官屬，得到宰相的辦事機構及監督百官執行權，也要承擔調和陰陽、安輯百姓的責任。在選任上，大司馬本來常以任近侍官的外戚擔任，選任丞相、御史大夫則重視循序漸進的任官資歷。改制後，過去任官資歷足以擔任丞相的一般官吏也能任大司馬。儘管大司馬經過兩次改制逐漸「外朝化」，它始終未失去在宮中「領尚書事」輔政的權力，與另外二公並非同質的職官。直到王莽建立新朝時，大司馬才失去輔政權，完成外朝化，三公也確立分職，改制遂告完成。不過三公官似乎不能滿足王莽對宰輔的想像，他以古制為基礎，另設高於三公的四輔。四輔不但與三公一起管理全國政事，也在宮中輔政，為兼攬內、外的宰相。東漢僅繼承三公官，兼治內外的四輔則未被採用。</p> <p> </p><p>In the periods of Qin and Western Han dynasties, Imperial Chancellors (chengxiang 丞相) served as chief aides to the emperor – zaixiang (宰相), a role later ceded to the Three Excellencies (san gong 三公) by the time of the Eastern Han. Between the end of the Western Han, and the establishment of the Xin Dynasty, a pivotal change occurred in the role of the chief aide – it went from being held by a single chancellor, to a collective function. This study aims to expound the formation of the latter, embodied in the system of Three Excellencies. The nature of the Three Excellencies was reformed twice in the final years of the Western Han, with the aim of endowing the Marshal of State (dasima 大司馬) in the Inner Court alongside the Imperial Chancellor (chengxiang 丞相) and the Imperial Counsellor (yushi dafu 御史大夫) of the Outer Court with the function of zaixiang. A key change in the process of reforming the system of Three Excellencies was making the functions of Marshal of State identical to those of Imperial Chancellor. Marshal of State was originally an official title given to generals tasked with assisting the ruler, but individuals holding it were not given imperial seals, or subordinate bureaucrats. After two reforms, Marshals of State received imperial seals, and subordinates, and were given administrative, and supervisory powers of zaixiang, as well as tasked with maintaining a cosmic balance, and peace among the populace. Originally, the individuals selected for the position of Marshal of State were often distaff relatives of personal imperial attendants, while those tapped for positions of Imperial Chancellor, and Imperial Counsellor were qualified public officials advancing through the ranks. After reforms, officials qualified to hold the post of Imperial Chancellor could also become Marshals of State. Although the responsibilities of Marshal of State have gradually moved from the Inner to the Outer Court following the two reforms, this position never entirely lost its ‘internal’ prerogatives of the Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (ling shangshushi 領尚書事), which set it apart from the other two Excellencies. Only with the establishment of Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang did the Marshals of the State lose their function of assisting the ruler, and their prerogatives were moved entirely to the Outer Court, which coincided with a clear separation of responsibilities between the Three Excellencies. The process of systemic reform was thus complete. However, the Three Excellencies did not seem to fulfill Wang Mang’s expectations for chief aides. The new emperor based the mode of his rule on ancient examples, and established the offices of Four Advisers (sifu 四輔), superior to the Three Excellencies. The new group held the reins of state administration alongside the Three Excellencies, on top of assisting the emperor as zaixiang, thus combining Inner, and Outer Court functions. The ensuing Eastern Han Dynasty continued the appointment of the Three Excellencies, but abandoned the combined internal-external office of Four Advisers.</p> <p> </p>

RESOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTE WITH MEDIATION METHOD

Dispute the Environment is a dispute between two or more parties that posed the presence or suspected presence of contamination and / or destruction of the environment. Dispute settlement environment in the outer court was held to reach an agreement regarding the form and amount of compensation and/or for specific actions to ensure the will not the occurrence or recurrence of a negative impact on the environment. In the settlement of disputes environment outside the court can use the services of a third party, both of which do not have the authority to take decisions and who has the authority to take decisions, to help resolve disputes environment. Mediation is one form of dispute resolution environment outside the court. In order to resolve the dispute the environment outside the court, then the mechanism is the use of Alternative Dispute resolution as stipulated in Law No. 30 of 1999 on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute resolution. The mediation can also be used to resolve environmental disputes in Court that the mechanism is based on the PERMA No. 1, 2008 on the Procedure of Mediation in the Court

Wiederhergestellter Gottesdienst: Eine Deutung der zweiten Tempelvision Ezechiels (Ez 40-48) am Beispiel der Aufgaben der Priester und Leviten

Wiederhergestellter Gottesdienst: Eine Deutung der zweiten Tempelvision Ezechiels (Ez 40-48) am Beispiel der Aufgaben der Priester und Leviten

Metamorphosis and the Shang State: Yi 異and the Yi ding異[fang方

Despite a long tradition of scholarship on Shang religion, a clear and comprehensive account of that religion has proven elusive. Many scholars have relied on written accounts from the much later Warring States and Han eras purporting to describe Shang beliefs and practices, and have been misled into describing the Shang religion as bureaucratically institutionalized and characterized by tension between inner court and outer court worship of ancestral and nature deities. Other scholars have generalized about the nature of divinity in Shang time and have recognized the position of the king who as one with Di was divine. Rather than act as an intermediary between the living and dead, the Shang king was divine and equivalent to Di. The present study follows research recognizing that the Shang king ruled over a state system which I label “institutionalized metamorphism”. By “institutionalized metamorphism” a belief is implied in the metamorphic power of the Shang king that allowed him identification with and to a certain extent control over numinous spirits.

Reconstrucción virtual del exterior del complejo funerario de Sarenput I (QH36)

El complejo funerario de Sarenput I (QH36) destaca por ser el único de los construidos en la necrópolis de Qubbet el-Hawa, que fue completamente terminado. Además, destaca por ser uno de los escasos ejemplos de la arquitectura funeraria privada del Reino Medio, junto con las monumentales tumbas de Qaw el-Kebir y de Assiut que, de manera simplificada, sigue la estructura de los complejos funerarios reales con escalera ascendente, patio exterior, capilla funeraria y cámaras de enterramiento. En este artículo se aporta la reconstrucción gráfica “ideal” de los espacios exteriores de QH36, conservados parcialmente, basándonos en dos niveles de conocimiento: los elementos arquitectónicos y otras evidencias arqueológicas existentes en el recinto exterior que nos permiten su reconstrucción garantizando su autenticidad y la falta de algunos de éstos que nos obliga a tomar decisiones interpretativas que, basadas en el estudio de ejemplos de la arquitectura egipcia contemporánea, garanticen un modelo con rigurosidad y veracidad histórica.

Efficacy of intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab (IVR) for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods The data of 62 eyes of 32 cases of threshold or prethreshold ROP from Dec. 2015 to Mar.2017 were analyzed retrospectively. All the infants received IVR ( 0.25mg) within 48 h after diagnosis.Follow-up examinations were performed every week at the first month after injection. The follow-up plan was made according to review results. Infants with no response or recurrence after injection, received the second time IVR or combined laser photocoagulation. The follow-up time was 8-23 weeks. Results The injection was effective in 60 eyes of 31 cases (96.77 %). Among them 23 cases only received IVR .One case without obvious improvement was referred, and the second time IVR combined retinal photocoagulation were performed in the outer court. Recurrence with retinal proliferation in 8 cases were referred in outer court and received photocoagulation.There were 3 cases of retinal hemorrhage after IVR. No other complication was observed. Conclusion IVR is safe and effective for ROP infants. For the cases with bad general condition and who seems hardly to tolerate anesthesia, IVR has a distinct advantage. Some cases of recurrence or no response need combined retinal photocoagulation. Key words: Ranibizumab, intravitreal injection; Retinopathy, prematurity

Zu den Toponymen Lithostroton und Gabbatha in Joh 19,13. Mit einem Lokalisierungsversuch des Prätoriums des Pilatus

Abstract: This study examines two toponyms that only occur in the story of Jesus’ Passion in the Gospel of John (19,13), Λιθόστρωτον and Gabbatha. Based on a range of sources the argument is made for their definition as and their location at the outer court of the Gentiles of the Temple (λιθόστρωτον; cf. 2Chron 7,3; Josephus, Bell. 6,85.189) on Mount Zion (Gabbatha; presumably deriving from ,גִּבְעָתָהּ „her [Zion’s] hill“ from Isa 31,4). The result has also consequences for the location of Pilate’s Praetorium at Jerusalem in so far as it is topographically connected to the above mentioned toponyms. Hence the locality where the flagellation, interrogation and trial of Jesus took place was the Fortress Antonia which stood directly adjoined to the Temple plateau at its north-west corner – at least if we follow the Gospel of John.

"The Sin of the Sanctuary” and the Referent of מקדש in Ezekiel 44

Abstract In Ezekiel 44, foreigners are prohibited from entering the sanctuary of Ezekiel’s visionary temple. Past scholars have often read this passage in view of postexilic xenophobic developments in the Israelite attitude toward the foreigner, especially noting the foreigners’ total exclusion from the later Herodian temple precincts, the violation of which was punishable by death. However, I argue that in keeping with common Priestly tradition, Ezekiel reserves the term “sanctuary” (מקדש) for the realm of the Levites and Zadokite priests, that is, specifically the inner court of the temple complex. In light of this interpretation, Ezekiel 44 cannot be read to represent any especial polemic against the foreigner, pagan, or proselyte. Rather, I assert that the traditional place of the foreigner within the cultus of the first temple is understood to be among the native Israelite laity within the outer court of the temple complex.

Analysis of Injuries Among Children in Kindergartens During Physical Activities

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the opinions of educators about the occurrence of injuries in children of different ages during organized and non-organized physical activities in kindergarten. Methods. Our sample included 322 teachers from 53 kindergartens in Slovenia. We calculated the frequencies and performed a chi-square test. Results. Most of the children have organized physical activity in kindergarten 1 to 2 times per week; for children in the first age group, it usually lasts for 20 minutes or less; for children in the second age group, it lasts for 20 to 30 minutes. Most physical activities take place in the playroom, where the majority of injuries also occur. Injuries most frequently occur when running and jumping and less frequently during other physical activities. During free play, children are often injured in the outer court between 9 and 12 a.m. Boys are more often injured than girls. Educators indicate unforeseen situations as the most common cause of injury. The most common injuries are bumps on the head, especially in younger children, who stay at home for a few days as a result of these injuries. Parents of younger children are not as satisfied with the actions of educators when injuries occur as parents of older preschool children. Educators rehabilitate the children’s injuries themselves and inform parents about it. Only one third of the educators make a record of injuries, and half of them only when a serious injury has occurred. Conclusions. The analysis results showed statistically significant differences between children of different ages according to the cause of injury, time of injury, the place where the child was injured during organized physical activity, type of activity at the time of injury, injured part of the body, and parental satisfaction with the action of the educator. Based on the results, we proposed some actions to reduce injuries in preschool children in kindergarten.

Geophysical investigations of historic buildings—A case study of the Great Church of St. Sophia

As part of a structural restoration project in 2010, I conducted a 3D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey at the Great Church of St. Sophia to investigate the foundations of the present structure. I inferred from the time slices the geometry of the foundation remnants of the previous structure that existed at the same site, mixed with the landfill, which I know exists at the site from the construction history of the current structure. I further delineated the geometry of the cistern, which I discovered beneath the inner narthex during a previous 2D reconnaissance GPR survey. The cistern is approximately 60 m long and 5 m wide at a depth of 1 m below the ground level. I also discovered a water pipe that approaches the cistern in the perpendicular direction from the outer court of the church grounds. The cistern may be connected with this pipe to the Great Cistern of the Byzantine period, approximately 500 m away from the church grounds.

Reading the Temple Warning as a Greek Visitor

AbstractThe interpretation of the temple warning (CIJ 2.1400) has focused on the question of authorship rather than of readership. The present paper seeks to redress this oversight. The question is approached in terms of Hellenistic practice, Herod’s architectural innovations and the inscription’s language. It is argued that the inscription shows no trace of “translation” Greek, but rather that in terms of pragmatics, grammar and lexicography, the reader would naturally assume that its concepts are those of Hellenistic law. The reader’s assumption would be further confirmed by the architecture of the outer court. In other words, the Greek visitor would assume that the inscription was issued on the authority of the king, and not that of the priest.

The Two Screens: On Mary Douglas's Proposal for a Literary Structure to the Book of Leviticus

In the middle volume of her recent trio of monographs devoted to the priestly source in the Torah, Mary Douglas proposes that the book of Leviticus bears a literary structure that reflects the layout and configuration of the Tabernacle. ! This short note is intended to supply further support to this proposal, though first I present a brief summary of the work, its major suppositions, and its principal finding. The springboard for Douglas's assertion is the famous discovery of Ramban2 (brought to the attention of modern scholars by Nahum Sarna3) that the tripartite division of the Tabernacle reflects the similar tripartite division of Mount Sinai. As laid out in Exodus 19 and 24, (a) the people as a whole occupied the lower slopes; (b) Aaron, his two sons, and the elders were permitted halfway up the mountain; and (c) only Moses was allowed on the summit. In like fashion, according to the priestly instructions in Exodus 25-40 and the book of Leviticus, (a) the people as a whole were allowed to enter the outer court of the Taberna-

Evidence for the Dissolution of Thorney Abbey: Recent Excavations and Landscape Analysis at Thorney, Cambridgeshire

THE FIRST significant archaeological excavation within the village of Thorney, Cambridgeshire, has revealed a sequence of occupation deposits associated with the former Benedictine abbey and reflecting some 600 years of use. Thorney Abbey was surrendered at the Dissolution of the Greater Monasteries in 1539 and over successive years many of the buildings were demolished and the stone removed for re-use elsewhere. As a consequence very little is known of the abbey's layout and organisation. In the Middle Ages Thorney was surrounded by fen wetland and the excavations reported on here were located near the northern edge of the former island, slightly to the north of the abbey church and suspected location of the main abbey precinct. The long sequence of deposits offered an important insight into the changing character of fen-edge life on Thorney from the 11th century onwards. Occupation remains and a sequence of contemporary structures indicated that despite the apparently peripheral location of the site in relation to the main abbey complex, life was rarely static on the island's northern edge. It is suggested that the structures and related remains were once part of the abbey's outer court. Dissolution deposits reflected the dismantling of windows and the salvage and recycling of lead came. A re-used architectural fragment, possibly a pillar base, had been converted into a lead recycling hearth and the immediately surrounding area was covered with the remains of the leadworking as well as a large assemblage of broken, high-quality painted window glass, the end result of the lead removal. Late 16th-century structural evidence on the site has also shed light on some of the earliest secular occupation on the island following the Dissolution. A combination of the finds assemblages recovered during the work and documentary research has enabled a picture of life at medieval Thorney to be drawn for the first time. Documentary and cartographic work has also helped to understand the wider fenland context.

The Bordesley Abbey Project Reviewed

The Bordesley Abbey Project has widened its horizons as it has developed, linking the core excavation of the abbey church with archaeological fieldwork, both in the outer court and beyond the precinct boundary on the abbey's granges, and with architectural and documentary research. Exceptional preservation is the key to Bordesley's importance—the survival of its precinct as a complete set of earthworks and of the unusually deep and complex stratification, yielding data and artefacts which are both very rich and extensive, and very well stratified, within a finely divided chronology. This review is a preliminary attempt to integrate the different elements, and to highlight the potential of the data now and for the future.

Wind against the Mountain: The Crisis of Politics and Culture in Thirteenth-Century China

Richard Davis has expertly crafted a stirring narrative of the last years of Song, focusing on loyalist resistance to Mongol domination as more than just a political event. Davis convincingly argues that Song martyrs were dying for more than dynasty alone: martyrdom can be linked to other powerfully compelling symbols as well. Seen from the perspective of the conquered, the phenomenon of martyrdom reveals much about the cultural history of the Song. Davis challenges the traditional view of Song martyrdom as a simple expression of political duty by examining the phenomenon instead from the perspective of material life and masculine identity. He also explores the tensions between the outer court of militant radicals and an inner court run by female regents--tensions that reflect the broader split between factions of Song government as well as societal conflict. Davis reveals the true magnitude of the loyalist phenomenon in this beautifully written, fascinating study of Song political loyalty and cultural values.

The Decorative Plasterwork at Ormond Castle: A Unique Survival

Here is my Lord of Ormond’s house, daintily seated on the river bank, which flows even to the walls of his house, which I went to see, and found in the outer court three or four haystacks, not far from the stable door; this court is paved. There are also two other courts; the one a quadrangle. The house was built at twice. Sir William Brereton’s description is the earliest account of Ormond Castle, Carrick on Suir (Fig. 1). It was the favourite house of Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond. Inside the building a unique decorative scheme in plaster of mid-sixteenth-century date has survived. The castle, now known as Ormond Castle, takes it name from its former owners, the powerful Anglo-Norman family of Butler, who came to Ireland in 1185 with King John. James Butler (d. 1338) was created Earl of Ormond in 1315. In the seventeenth century another James Butler, 12th earl, was elevated to a dukedom of Ormonde after the restoration of Charles II.

The Buildings and Topography of St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury

The well-known site of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury has been uncovered in many intermittent campaigns, with most attention being paid to the Anglo-Saxon churches at the core of the site. This paper looks at the topography and buildings of the later medieval abbey in the light of new discoveries in the outer court area. Documentary sources and building stone are also surveyed.

The Tomb of Maya and Meryt: Preliminary Report on the Saqqâra Excavations, 1987–8

During two seasons of work the EES-Leiden expedition excavated the tomb of Maya and Meryt. It is similar to the neighbouring tomb of Horemheb, except that the outer court is not furnished with a complete peristyle. The reveals of the pylon are decorated with reliefs to a height of 3.33 m, including scenes with Maya adoring Osiris, offering bearers, and an autobiographical text. The main courtyard appears to be unfinished. More reliefs were found in the inner court and on the reveals of the entrances to the cult chapel and flanking chapels. Some of these were recorded by Lepsius during his 1843 expedition, but some have since disappeared. The substructure is on two levels. The upper was reused for late burials, but the lower is exclusively the burial complex of Maya and his wife. Three finely decorated rooms survive here, though much was pulled down or smashed by ancient plunderers. New light is thrown on the mortuary cult of the tomb owners, and among the surviving textual material is a new hymn to Osiris. Many objects and enormous quantities of closely contexted pottery, some with hieratic dockets, were recovered. The skeletal remains will be examined in a forthcoming season.