Outdoor Use Research Articles

Step recognition using LiDAR and navigation considering step entry direction for skid-steer robots

In recent years, studies on autonomous mobile robots for outdoor use have been actively conducted. In these studies, skid-steer robots such as crawler robots are often used. These mechanisms are not good at diagonally entering steps such as curbs, so it is necessary to consider the step entry direction for navigation of these robots. However, there are few previous studies that deal with detection of low height steps on the ground, path planning that considers the step entry direction, and tracking control, in a unified manner. In this study, we present a ground surface classification using LiDAR scan characteristics, a path optimization using quadratic programming with the step entry direction constraint, and a tracking control using TOPP to accurately follow the path. As a result of the experiment, we confirmed that it was able to detect 0.1 m height steps and climb over them by entering perpendicularly to the steps.

Superhydrophobic magnetically responsive fabric heater with triple thermal conversion for all-weather anti-icing/deicing

Incorporating innovative technology into functional fabrics extends their utility and addresses the daily challenges posed by fabric icing. Identifying effective anti-icing/deicing strategy is essential to mitigate the associated inconveniences. In this study, polypyrrole (PPy), Fe3O4 particles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are used as the raw materials to design an all-weather anti-icing and deicing functional fabric PDMS/Fe3O4/PPy@PET, presenting the photothermal/electrothermal and electromagnetic induction thermal functions. This functional fabric exhibits excellent hydrophobic performance with the contact angle of 152° and effectively delayed the droplet freezing for 181 s on a −10 ℃ cold table. The photothermal effect can reach an equilibrium temperature of 74.3 ℃ at 1 sunlight intensity and melt a 3 mm thick ice layer in 841 s. The electrothermal performance reaches to 72.2 ℃ at 10 V voltage and the ice layer is melted within 1436 s. The excellent electromagnetic induction thermal performance can reach to 71.4 ℃ in 5 min at 8 V voltage, and completely melt the ice layer in 444 s. In addition, the fabric offers excellent durability, abrasion resistance and UV resistance, allowing for long-term outdoor use. This opens up new ideas for the development of anti-icing and deicing functional fabric.

Advancement of nanofiller reinforced fused filament fabrication polymers: A path to sustainable, weather-resistant 3D printing materials

Recent studies have focused on developing new materials capable of withstanding diverse environmental or weathering conditions, including sunlight, temperature, moisture, and chemicals, for various outdoor applications. Nowadays, nanotechnological advancements have opened possibilities for the development of polymer nanocomposites, which exhibit superior mechanical and weathering properties over traditional materials. However, there is limited literature available that summarizes the improvements in the mechanical and weathering properties of nanocomposites specifically for FFF. This paper provides a concise review of composite material development through the incorporation of nanofillers (NFs) to enhance product strength and durability. The primary focus is on examining the effect of the inorganic nanofillers, especially metal oxides NFs (TiO2, ZnO, SiO2), on the mechanical and weathering properties of the polymers in different manufacturing processes. Paper also covered the challenges and opportunities along with the applications of metal oxide-based polymer nanocomposites for outdoor use.

Influence of cryogenic CO2 on wood-plastic composite (WPC) turning-performance characteristics: a comparison with dry machining

ABSTRACT Wood plastic composite (WPC) is an environmentally friendly wood material widely used to manufacture wood products for indoor and outdoor use. In traditional WPC cutting, a built-up edge is easily generated in the cutting zone, which negatively affects the machined surface quality. Cryogenic cutting technology can effectively suppress the formation of built-up edges in the cutting zone and improve machining quality. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the cryogenic cutting properties of WPC. Cryogenic turning tests and dry turning tests were carried out on WPC, and cutting temperature, cutting force, and surface roughness were compared and analyzed. The results showed that cryogenic CO 2 airflow improved heat dissipation in the cutting zone and effectively reduced the temperature. Under the effect of cryogenic CO 2 , the strength of WPC increased, resulting in a higher cutting force for cryogenic turning than that for dry turning. Cryogenic cutting of WPC resulted in a smoother surface than dry cutting. During the WPC cryogenic turning process, increasing cutting depth and feed rate causes an increase in cutting temperature, cutting force and surface roughness. Increasing cutting speed also cause an increase in cutting temperature, but the reduction in cutting forces and surface roughness is beneficial. In summary, cryogenic cutting of WPC can achieve better surface quality than dry machining, and these results can contribute to practical guidelines for industrial applications.

Use of Natural Areas among Latinxs Living in South Carolina

The Latinx population in the United States (US) is growing. While Latinxs have historically been present in US cities and southwestern states, there is a notable surge in migration to new destination states, including South Carolina (SC). As the Latinx population grows and extends to new geographies, there is a need to examine the evolution of Latinxs’ outdoor recreation patterns. Exploring their changing preferences regarding public spaces can inform park management planning and policy. This study examines outdoor recreation use among SC-based Latinxs, exploring three central questions: 1. What are the outdoor recreation preferences among Latinxs living in SC? 2. What constraints do Latinxs face while engaging in outdoor recreation? 3. What are Latinxs’ primary motivations in visiting natural areas? This study employs a convergent parallel mixed method design. The quantitative phase consists of a cross-sectional sampling approach via online surveys, while the qualitative phase utilizes focus groups. Analyses of survey results include descrip-tive statistics and ANOVA and Chi-square tests for select variables. Qualitative analyses are based on a priori open coding with thematic development. Quantitative and qualitative data were first examined separately and later compared. Results suggest that walking/hiking is the primary outdoor recreation activity in which Latinxs engage. Focus-group participants also mentioned a variety of land- and water-based outdoor recreation activities. The most prevalent motivations for recreation experiences included relaxation, escape, and improved health. The top five factors preventing survey respondents from visiting natural areas were tiredness after work, insufficient time off work, insufficient time and money to visit natural areas, and proximity to natural areas. Focus group participants also reported various constraints hindering their visits to natural areas, including time, cost, safety, inadequate on-site amenities, weather, and Latinx-specific constraints. The findings indicate that natural resource agencies wanting to improve Latinx outdoor recreation experiences should have bilingual front-line staff and provide communicative media, such as website information or on-site signage, in Spanish. Our findings also underscore the importance of Latinx-focused social media groups as useful tools for disseminating information.

Finite Element Analysis of CFFT and CFDTS Columns as a Replacement for CFST Columns in Composite Construction by Using ABAQUS

In the field of composite construction of steel and concrete, concrete filled steel tube CFST columns have been proven to be greater performance structural members. The properties of steel and concrete are used efficiently. But CSFT columns are prone to corrosion in outdoor structures as the outer encasing tube is made up of steel. The outdoor use of CFST column due to its high risk of corrosion requires frequent maintenance and may prove costly. Hence, the possible replacement of steel tubes with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) Tubes has to be investigated. FRPs are the most suitable material for encasing concrete columns due to its orthotropic behaviour. In solution to this, the paper is aimed at numerical study of CFST, CFFT and CFDTS short columns to study the axial compression behavior of these short columns analytically and examine the best suitable alternatives of CFST column. The concrete in-fill double tube section CFDTS with better axial compression, stiffness and ductility are also investigated as a suitable replacement of CFST columns. For these three different specimens of CFST columns of steel tube thickness 3mm, 4.5mm and 6mm, CFFT columns of GFRP tube thickness 3mm, 4.5mm and 6mm and CFDTS column with GFRP outer tube of thickness 3mm, 4.5mm and 6mm as well as inner steel tube of thickness 1.5mm, 2mm and 2.5mm are analyzed and compared. Consequently, CFDTS columns, with 1872 kN are proven to be superior to CFST columns with axial capacity 1653 kN and CFFT with axial capacity 689 kN columns. The confinement effect in CFDTS is more than CFST and CFFT column.

An Investigation of Water Resource Management in the Beverage Industry

According to studies, industrial water use comprises production processes, auxiliary processes, kitchen use, and outdoor use. Reducing industrial water use is dependent on the implementation of administrative, engineering, mechanical, and human controls. The objectives of this research were to assess the water use of a Soft Drink Plant; determine the water use ratio for a two-year period; and determine the plant’s compliance with local and international regulations for wastewater discharge. We also determined the level of success of implementing a water minimisation plan, whether there was an improvement in the Water Use Ratio, and compliance of the industry with local and international discharge regulations. The sequential transformative strategy was used to collect and analyse data so as to ascertain water usage and disposal, and a semi-structured interview was conducted to validate the non-existence of heavy metals in the wastewater discharged from the soft drink plant. The Soft Drink Plant’s Water Minimisation Plan 2013-2016 achieved a high level of success overall, with 74.42% of the activities implemented by the assigned completion dates. However, three of the five measures implemented recorded low levels of success. Paired sample t-tests revealed statistically significant differences in the water use ratio obtained for the periods 2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2013-2015, although the differences were relatively small (t (df)=2.242, p=0.047; t (df)=2.592, p=0.025; and t (df)=6.250, p=0.000) for the respective periods. Six of the eleven tested parameters were statistically different when compared to the Coca-Cola Operating Requirements and Environmental Protection Agency standards, indicating a high variation in effluent discharge.

Research progress of multifunctional anti‐icing composites materials

AbstractThe accumulation of ice and snow will have a great impact on industry and people's lives. People usually adopted active deicing method for deicing in the past, which is characterized by high energy consumption, low efficiency, and high cost. Passive anti‐icing materials are the most widely used due to their low icing adhesion strength and energy saving, but passive anti‐icing materials tend to lose anti‐icing performance after mechanical damage or following exposure to harsh environments resembling low temperatures, high humidity. Recently, new anti‐icing materials have been rationally designed through the combination of passive and active anti‐icing, exhibiting high‐efficiency and energy‐saving anti‐icing properties. The design idea is that low surface energy polymers combine photothermal and electrothermal particles to achieve photothermal and electrothermal superhydrophobic anti‐icing. Anti‐icing materials are easily damaged after long‐term outdoor use, so the self‐healing capabilities of the materials are important. This review briefly introduces the ice formation mechanism and anti‐icing methods, focusing on the recent progress in the structural design of superhydrophobic, photothermal, electrothermal, and self‐healing anti‐icing materials. The design of the new generation of anti‐icing materials will be a combination of active and passive anti‐icing, which can achieve ideal all‐weather anti‐icing and deicing and repair the damage during long‐term use.

Sows and piglets adjust their use of an outdoor paddock with season and piglet age during the first weeks of life in an organic farm

Few studies have examined sows and piglets' use of outdoor access during their first weeks of life, when reared with access to a hut and a pasture as in the organic system. We studied whether the age of the piglets and the season of the year influenced the use of an outdoor area by piglets and the sow, and the use of indoor spaces. For this, the localisation of sows and their piglets inside and outside the hut was analysed on 16 sows and their litters during the summer and 16 others during the winter, by scan sampling, on days 2, 7 and 13 after parturition in an organic herd in Denmark. When inside the hut, the number of piglets in the creep area, next to the sow or other piglets was noted. All parameters were analysed by linear mixed-effects ANOVA models. Sows were less often observed outside the hut in the wintertime and during the mornings compared to later times of the day (P<0.001). Furthermore, the sows increased their outdoor use with the age of their litter (P<0.001). The season also influenced the piglet use of outdoor areas (winter < summer; P<0.001). Piglets that were observed outside for the first time were older (8.9±0.9 d) during winter than during summer (3.5±0.5 d). The proportion of piglets observed outside increased with age, with a significant Season x Age interaction (P<0.001). The proportion of observations where the sows and piglets were outdoors together increased with the piglets’ age (P < 0.001). Sows’ outing was correlated with summer (R=0.3) and winter (R=0.2) temperatures, unlike piglets, where outings were correlated only with summer temperatures (R=0.3, P<0.001). The proportion of piglets observed in the creep area was significantly affected by the age with a Season x Age interaction effect (P<0.001). Piglets were rarely observed lying alone inside the hut. The proportion of piglets in contact with the sow and other piglets inside the pen was influenced by a significant Age x Season interaction effect (P<0.001). We showed that piglets given access to an outside paddock gradually increase their use with age and don’t go outside right away. Their first exit and the proportion of piglets outside depended also on the season. In general, a higher proportion of sows and piglets were observed indoor during the wintertime. Thus, sows and piglets adjust their use of outdoor paddock with season and piglet age during the first weeks of life.

Review of the Polymeric Material Composite, Optimization for Industrial Application

Polyethylene, a widely used polymeric material, has garnered attention for its light weight and some properties. This review focuses on high-density polyethylene (HDPE), a type of PE recognized for its strength, durability, and ease of processing. HDPE is synthesized through low-pressure polymerization of ethylene, resulting in a material that is resistant to acids and alkalis, non-toxic, and cost-effective. It is used in various applications, from everyday products to construction and medical devices. However, HDPE's susceptibility to UV-induced ageing limits its outdoor use. To address this, researchers have explored incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) into HDPE, enhancing its UV resistance and mechanical properties. The review paper highlights the potential of HDPE/TiO2 composites for outdoor applications, highlighting the need for further research to optimize these materials for long-term stability and performance. The ongoing research aim to create composites that can resist prolonged UV exposure without degradation, making them suitable for a generous range of industrial uses.

Artificial-weathering test requirements for fire-retardant-treated wood to reproduce optimal chemical retention and moisture conditions

Despite the increasing outdoor use of fire-retardant-treated wood, methods for predicting its service life remain poorly established. With the aim of establishing a method to predict chemical losses from fire-retardant-treated (FRT) wood caused by humid atmospheres and rain outdoors, this study examined the preferable conditions for artificial-weathering tests and demonstrated the acceleration coefficients in these tests (i.e., the ratio of equivalent time to reach the same retention of chemicals in artificial weathering and outdoors) based on the EN927-6 standard. To determine the moisture absorption and desorption levels of FRT exposed to outdoor conditions, an outdoor exposure experiment was conducted. The moisture content was higher in the FRT wood than in untreated wood, regardless of the type of coating, and ranged between 11% (in March) and 50% (in September) of the untreated wood’s weight. EN927-6 artificial weathering tests were performed on two groups of specimens with initial moisture contents of 0% and 25%. Retention rates of fire-retardant chemicals after a 2520-h test were compared with those retrieved from 4-year outdoor exposure reported elsewhere. Comparison of these two experiments demonstrated that the acceleration coefficients were 4.1–11.3 in the case of specimens with 0% initial moisture content and 5.1–11.4 in the case of specimens with 25% initial moisture content. The higher initial moisture content produced a more uniform acceleration coefficient. Nevertheless, larger acceleration coefficients were derived from specimens with penetrating or semi-film-forming coatings in both cases. The relationships between the uniformity of this acceleration coefficient and the initial moisture content are discussed from the moisture absorption experiment under constant temperature and humidity and under condensation conditions.

Strong-bonding hole-transport layers reduce ultraviolet degradation of perovskite solar cells

The light-emitting diodes (LEDs) used in indoor testing of perovskite solar cells do not expose them to the levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that they would receive in actual outdoor use. We report degradation mechanisms of p-i-n–structured perovskite solar cells under unfiltered sunlight and with LEDs. Weak chemical bonding between perovskites and polymer hole-transporting materials (HTMs) and transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) dominate the accelerated A-site cation migration, rather than direct degradation of HTMs. An aromatic phosphonic acid, [2-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (EtCz3EPA), enhanced bonding at the perovskite/HTM/TCO region with a phosphonic acid group bonded to TCOs and a nitrogen group interacting with lead in perovskites. A hybrid HTM of EtCz3EPA with strong hole-extraction polymers retained high efficiency and improved the UV stability of perovskite devices, and a champion perovskite minimodule—independently measured by the Perovskite PV Accelerator for Commercializing Technologies (PACT) center—retained operational efficiency of &gt;16% after 29 weeks of outdoor testing.

Chemical Experimentation for Solar Pain Reliever

The Solar Pain Reliever is a cutting-edge device that combines renewable energy and therapeutic relaxation. By harnessing the power of the sun, the Solar Pain Reliever utilizes small solar panels to convert sunlight into heat energy to provide gentle and comforting heat therapy. This innovative device offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional massagers by reducing reliance on electricity grids. The project is a result of thorough research on menstrual and general abdominal pain, its remedy, need for a solution, market survey and technical aspects like use of renewable energy, chemical experimentation, electrical design and ergonomics of product design. It is designed to provide users with a soothing massage experience, relieving muscle tension and promoting relaxation. Its versatile nature allows for indoor and outdoor use, catering to individual preferences and providing flexibility in various settings. With an emphasis on sustainability, it encourages eco-conscious living while enhancing personal well-being. In summary, the Solar Pain Reliever offers a subtle and sustainable solution for relaxation. The product provides users with a therapeutic heat and massage experience while attempting to minimize environmental impact. Keywords: Solar Energy, Electric Energy, Power generation, therapeutic experience

Is It Worth Buying a Second-Hand Shell Jacket? An Evaluation of Shell Jackets’ Functionality and Price over Time

Global textile production and consumption has increased steadily over the past 15 years, which has caused significant impacts on the climate and the environment. In 2022, the EU launched a strategy for sustainable and circular textiles, stating that extending the life of textile products is the most efficient way to reduce their impact on the climate and the environment. Shell jackets for outdoor use are textile products that are frequently discarded by their first users and re-sold on the second-hand market. This study evaluates the performance of 16 second-hand shell jackets from three second-hand stores in Sweden via material testing of four key functional aspects. Comparing the results with the jackets’ original performance, this study describes the change in functionality over time. The results indicate that air permeability does not change significantly, whereas water repellency, water penetration resistance, and breathability decrease over time, although they do so at different rates. With the aim of promoting circularity and encouraging longer product use, this study also compares the price evolution of jackets with their functionality over time. The results reveal that the resale price of the jackets is lower than could be expected based on the level of remaining functionality in the jackets.

Investigating the Congestion Levels on a Mesoscopic Scale During Outdoor Events

In event management, preventing excessive overcrowding is not only essential for providing comfort but also crucial for ensuring safety. However, understanding the crowd dynamics of participants in outdoor events can be challenging. One of the primary reasons is the limited availability of sensing systems suitable for outdoor use. Challenges include the need for power outlets and adapting to dynamic environmental conditions and unclear event boundaries. Consequently, there is still uncertainty about which measurements can be conducted to scientifically manage crowding based on sound principles. Therefore, there is a need for systems that are capable of discerning spatial and temporal heterogeneity in density and accurately estimating the number of people in regions of interest in both sparse and congested areas. In this study, we propose a novel approach for measuring and understanding crowd states at outdoor events. We designed a highly portable measurement system utilizing Bluetooth technology to monitor crowd density in real time, ensuring uninterrupted data collection even in remote event locations. This system stands out for its ability to operate effectively under diverse weather and lighting conditions without power outlets, making it highly adaptable to various outdoor settings. In our experiments, conducted at four distinct outdoor event locations, we used a 360° camera and LiDARs to validate the system. For instance, we deployed the system at 40-m intervals in a shopping district during a high-density parade. This deployment enabled us to capture the movement of the crowd and estimate the total number of people within the district. A key finding was the system’s capability to detect temporal and spatial congestion in both sparse and crowded areas. The system’s potential to estimate crowd sizes and manage diverse outdoor events marks an advancement over traditional methods like cameras and LiDARs.

Exploring potential trade-offs in outdoor water use reductions and urban tree ecosystem services during an extreme drought in Southern California

In Southern California cities, urban trees play a vital role in alleviating heat waves through shade provision and evaporative cooling. Trees in arid to semi-arid regions may rely on irrigation, which is often the first municipal water use to be restricted during drought, causing further drought stress. Finding a balance between efficient water use and maintaining tree health will be crucial for long-term urban forestry and water resources management, as climate change will increase drought and extreme heat events. This study aimed to quantify how urban tree water and carbon fluxes are affected by irrigation reductions, and how that relationship changes with tree species and temperature. We used an ecohydrologic model that mechanistically simulates water, carbon, and energy cycling, parameterized for 5 common tree species in a semi-arid urban area. We simulated a range of irrigation reductions based on average outdoor water use data from the city for a recent extreme drought as well as with warmer temperatures. We then analyzed the response of model outcomes of plant carbon fluxes, leaf area index (LAI), and water use. Results show that reducing irrigation up to 25%, a comparable amount as the California state mandate in 2014, has minimal effects on tree primary productivity and water use efficiency. We found that transpiration was linearly related to irrigation input, which could lead to a short-term loss of evaporative cooling with irrigation reductions during drought. However, primary productivity and LAI had a nonlinear response to irrigation, indicating shade provision could be maintained throughout drought with partial irrigation reductions. Results varied across tree species, with some species showing greater sensitivity of productivity to both irrigation reductions and potentially warmer droughts. These results have implications for water resources management before and during drought, and for urban tree climate adaptation to future drought.

Investigating the impact of 1 hour of daily outdoor access on the gait and hoof health of nonclinically lame cows housed in a movement-restricted environment

Tiestalls, known for restrictive housing, can reduce cows' locomotor skills over time. While outdoor access benefits clinically lame cows, its effect on nonclinically lame cows is less known. This study evaluated 1 h daily outdoor access on gait and hoof health of nonclinically lame Holstein cows in tiestalls. Thirty cows, blocked by parity and DIM, were assigned to exercise (1 h outdoor access 5 d/wk for 5 wk) or nonexercise groups. Visual scoring assessed 6 gait attributes and overall gait (on scales of 0–5 and 1–5, respectively) at pre-trial, post-trial, and 8-wk follow-up stages. A total of 15 cows (9 exercise, 6 nonexercise) underwent visual gait scoring, with logistical challenges and exclusion criteria leading to this selection. Hoof health for all 30 cows was evaluated during pre-trial and follow-up hoof trims, documenting claw lesions. Hoof thermography captured dorsal coronary band views in wk 1 and 5. No significant gait score changes were observed, but exercise cows showed a 1-point improvement in overall gait score and 3 gait attributes after 5 wk of outdoor access, which persisted at follow-up. Sole hemorrhages were the only claw lesions observed, and their prevalence and severity remained consistent between pre-trial and follow-up for both groups. Thermography showed consistent coronary band temperature metrics across groups and over time. In conclusion, brief outdoor sessions resulted in noticeable, albeit not statistically significant, improvements in the gait of nonclinically lame cows in restrictive housing settings without adverse hoof health effects. Further studies should evaluate different outdoor access benefits and use precise gait and hoof health analysis technologies for a more accurate detection of subtle changes.

A review on positioning techniques of mobile robots

In this article, we have reviewed the available positioning, localization and navigation techniques for mobile robots. Different localization techniques based on diverse technologies are compared with one another, along with diverse algorithms and techniques for analyzing this information. The article highlights algorithms based on odometry, triangulation, visual analysis, and marker detection. The analysis included global, local, and personal location. One acquires knowledge on which method is suitable for indoor use and which for outdoor use, as well as the appropriate environmental conditions for each. The accuracy of the individual methods was compared with that of integrated systems consisting of several methods. For practical knowledge, it is possible to determine whether a particular method is cost-effective for a particular solution and to compare the expenses involved.

Electro-Magnetic Induction - Free Electricity Generator : Improving Durability and Portability for Practical Outdoor Use

Electro-Magnetic Induction - Free Electricity Generator : Improving Durability and Portability for Practical Outdoor Use

Comparing the effects of three neonicotinoids on embryogenesis of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis

Neonicotinoids (NEOs) are widely used insecticides that are ubiquitous in agricultural use. Since NEOs are found in natural waters as well as in tap water and human urine in regions where NEOs are widely used, NEOs pose a potential hazard to non-target organisms such as animals and humans. Some of the commonly detected NEOs are imidacloprid (IMD), thiamethoxam (TMX), and its metabolite clothianidin (CLO). Although previously published scientific information, including an assessment of the environmental risks, particularly for bees, had resulted in a ban on the outdoor use of these three NEOs in the EU – their use is now only permitted in closed greenhouses – these NEOs continue to be used in agriculture in many other parts of the world. Therefore, a detailed study and comparison of the effects of NEOs on the embryonic development of non-target organisms is needed to further define the risk profiles.Embryos of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis, a well-established aquatic model, were exposed to different concentrations of IMD, TMX, or CLO (0.1–100 mg/L) to study and compare the possible effects of a single contaminant in natural water bodies on early embryogenesis. The results included a reduced body length, a smaller orbital space, impaired cranial cartilage and nerves, and an altered heart structure and function. At the molecular level, NEO exposure partially resulted in an altered expression of tissue-specific factors, which are involved in eye, cranial placode, and heart development.Our results suggest that the NEOs studied negatively affect the embryonic development of the non-target organism X. laevis. Since pesticides, especially NEOs, pollute the environment worldwide, it is suggested that they are strictly controlled and monitored in the areas where they are used. In addition, the question arises as to whether pesticide metabolites also pose a risk to the environment and need to be investigated further so that they can be taken into account when registering ingredients.