Outdoor Trail Research Articles

Do poles really "save the legs" during uphill pole walking at different intensities?

In sky- and trail-running competitions, many athletes use poles. The aims of this study were to investigate whether the use of poles affects the force exerted on the ground at the feet (Ffoot), cardiorespiratory variables and maximal performance during uphill walking. Fifteen male trail runners completed four testing sessions on different days. On the first two days, they performed two incremental uphill treadmill walking tests to exhaustion with (PWincr) and without poles (Wincr). On the following days, they performed submaximal and maximal tests with (PW80 and PWmax) and without (W80 and Wmax) poles on an outdoor trail course. We measured cardiorespiratory parameters, the rating of perceived exertion, the axial poling force and Ffoot. When walking on the treadmill, we found that poles reduced maximum Ffoot (- 2.8 ± 6.4%, p = 0.03) and average Ffoot (- 2.4 ± 3.3%, p = 0.0089). However, when outdoors, we found pole effect only for average Ffoot (p = 0.0051), which was lower when walking with poles (- 2.6 ± 3.9%, p = 0.0306 during submaximal trial and - 5.21 ± 5.51%, p = 0.0096 during maximal trial). We found no effects of poles on cardiorespiratory parameters across all tested conditions. Performance was faster in PWmax than in Wmax (+ 2.5 ± 3.4%, p = 0.025). The use of poles reduces the foot force both on the treadmill and outdoors at submaximal and maximal intensities. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude that the use of poles "saves the legs" during uphill without affecting the metabolic cost.

Training Evaluation Model of Outdoor Cross-Country Sports Tourism Project Based on Lagrangian Differential Equation Calculation

Abstract This paper uses Lagrangian differential equations to study the effect of road roughness on the average speed of outdoor trail running. The purpose is to analyze the dynamic model of off-road sports. In this paper, the longitudinal and cross-sectional data of the road are collected and pre-processed, mainly on gravel pavement. Then this paper proposes an approximate formula for the relationship between running speed and road surface roughness. Furthermore, this paper uses the Lagrangian differential equation to solve the road non-uniformity and running speed. Finally, this paper presents an off-road speed prediction method on random uneven road conditions. Finally, the simulation experiments demonstrate that the model based on the Lagrangian differential equation can comprehensively reflect various factors affecting the average outdoor off-road speed. The power spectral density of each sampling point of the model, load input, etc., are all meaningful. This model meets the needs of simulation experiments.

Development of a Hybrid Energy Management Solution for an Outdoor Trail Camera

This article describes the design of an energy management system for a stand-alone cellular-connected outdoor trail camera that can operate without a power grid connection for a long duration. The primary focus of the study is to increase the operational lifetime of the system while decreasing human interference and the demand for maintenance, thereby enhancing the user experience. This is achieved by actively hybridizing three different battery types and a charging circuit supplied by a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel to harvest additional energy. This article investigates different user types and energy requirements for a hunting application. Considering the heterogeneous energy demand and cost requirements of the different user types, the battery energy storage, and PV system size are flexibly adjusted to satisfy the demand of the different types of users. While the proposed energy management circuit comes with an incremental cost increase to the trail camera, it provides essential functionality that will sustain stand-alone operation for a total five years with at most eight maintenance visits, decreasing the maintenance demand of the camera considerably.

Gearing Up for the Future of Exercise

Background Exergames—which combine physical activity with elements of virtual interaction (e.g., “cyber-cycling”)—come in a wide range of styles and with an array of structural and environmental characteristics that are likely to influence a user’s experience, including their overall enjoyment. Aim The aim of the current study was thus to compare adolescents’ experience of flow and enjoyment across two cyber-cycling sessions that featured two unique styles of cycling exergames. Method Eighty-eight participants aged 11-13 participated in two cyber-cycling sessions spaced one week apart. Participants engaged in two unique conditions, one virtual game featuring the collection of coins to earn points and one a virtual simulation of an outdoor trail ride. The order of condition delivery was randomly selected. Results Participants reported experiencing greater flow and enjoyment when the cyber-cycling session was centered on a virtual gaming experience. Conclusion Adolescents find greater enjoyment from exergames that feature traditional gaming characteristics and features. Implications for the design and sustained adoption of exergames for adolescents are discussed.

Do GPS Capable Fitness Watches Accurately Measure Exercise Distances?

Fitness watches have become popular for assessing activity habits. Manufacturers of GPS capable activity monitors claim their devices provide valid and reliable measures of distances traveled. PURPOSE: To determine if six popular physical activity watches provide accurate measures of GPS recorded distances. METHODS: An Apple Watch (AW), Fitbit Ionic (FI), Fitbit Versa (FV), Garmin Vivosport (GVS), Garmin Vivoactive 3 (GVA), and a Garmin Forerunner 35 (GF) were all tested on indoor and outdoor oval tracks, an outdoor walking trail and a zig-zag pattern course. Twenty trials were performed on each course by the same researcher. An industrial TR 88016 FX Series collapsible measuring wheel established actual distance (200 m). Two watches were worn at the same time on the left arm. Each watch was set to walking and their GPS signal was turned on and connected. Distance measured by the wheel and each watch was recorded. Means, standard deviations, and percent relative error were calculated for the GPS distance of each watch. RESULTS: For the outdoor trail condition, the results showed distances ranging from 180.0 to 204.4 m (FI: 180.2 m, 10.4%, FV: 186.6 m, 7.6%, GVA: 200.7 m, 4.0%, AW: 201.1 m, 4.2%, GVS: 204.4 m, 4.8%, GF: 204.4 m, 4.4%). For the zig-zag course condition, the range was from 184.2 to 204.4 m (GVS: 184.2 m, 4.1%, GF: 189.0 m, 6.0%, FI: 189.8 m, 5.6%, FV: 197.9 m, 4.0%, AW: 197.9 m, 4.0%, GVA: 204.4 m, 4.1%). For the outdoor track, the range was from 179.3 to 204.4 (FV: 179.3 m, 10.8%, AW: 189.8 m, 5.6%, FI: 195.5 m, 4.8%, GVS: 200.3 m, 4.0%, GVA: 202.8 m, 4.0%, GF: 204.4 m, 4.1%). For the indoor track, the range was from 164.2 to 169.0 (FI: 164.2 m, 18.3%, AW: 169.0 m, 16%). All Garmin devices failed to record an indoor measurement. CONCLUSIONS: The least and most accurate measurements for each condition were: trail (FI and GVA), zig-zag (GVS and FV), outdoor track (FV and GVS) and indoor track (FI and AW), respectively. The Garmins were the most accurate for the outdoor track with all exhibiting a 4.0% error. Indoor, all devices were less accurate. Only AW and FI had functioning GPS indoor and showed their most error in this setting. Caution must be used when relying on physical activity monitors if accuracy is desired in measuring distance via GPS.

Evaluating The Validity Of Heart Rate Measured By The Suunto Spartan Sport Watch During Trail Running

PURPOSE: In the last decade or so, a plethora of fitness tracking devices have come to market. With this, use of these devices has increased exponentially. Among these devices’ many functions is the ability to monitor heart rate (HR). The purpose of this investigation was to determine if HR measured by the Suunto Spartan Sport watch was statistically comparable to that of our criterion, the Polar H7 HR monitor. METHODS: Twenty-one participants (male n = 11, female n = 10, age = 31±2 yrs [mean±SE], ht = 173±2 cm, wt = 76±3 kg) completed a two-mile trail run which included elevation changes of 48 m (McCullough Hills Trail, Henderson, NV), 55m (Three Peaks Trail, Cedar City, UT) or 104m (Bristlecone Trail, Mt Charleston, NV). Heart rate was obtained from the Suunto Spartan Sport watch with accompanying heart strap and the Polar H7 chest-worn heart rate monitor as the criterion reference. Validity was determined using the Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), Bland-Altman analysis with accompanying bias and Limits of Agreement (LoA), and single measures Intraclass Correlations (ICC). A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the validity measures with significance accepted at p<0.05. RESULTS: During uphill running, the MAPE was 1.46%, and the lower and upper LoA were -11.53 and 12.34, respectively. The single measures ICC was 0.95 with a 95% CI of 0.953 to 0.956 (F(14834, 14834) = 43.15, p < 0.000). During downhill running, the MAPE was 2.18% with the lower and upper LoA at -15.76 and 14.15, respectively. The single measures ICC was .94 with a 95% CI of 0.946 to 0.951 (F(9075, 9075) = 38.45, p < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a there was a very low percentage of error for the Suunto Spartan Sport watch in recording HR for both uphill and downhill running. This suggests that The Suunto Spartan Sport might be a valid and reliable option for consumers wishing to monitor HR during outdoor trail running activities.

Setting, Age, and Intensity Influence Responses to Exercise in Young Endurance Runners.

We investigated the effects of exercise setting (indoor treadmill vs. outdoor trail), age (17 middle school, 18 high school, and 13 college participants), and level of exertion (Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion of 10, 12, and 16 on a 22-point scale) on young male endurance runners’ heart rate (HR), running speed, attentive focus, and affect. Three-way analyses of variance revealed that on the outdoor trail (vs. indoor treadmill), HR and speed were higher ( p &lt; .001) and attentive focus was more dissociative ( p = .047). There were significant Age × Setting interactions for HR ( p = .047), speed ( p = .023), and attentive focus ( p = .002), with older participants exhibiting a greater increase in speed and HR and a greater shift toward dissociative focus on the outdoor trail. Three-way analyses of variance also yielded significant Age × Time interactions on components of the Physical Activity Affect Scale in that younger participants exhibited larger declines in positive affect ( p = .003) and tranquility ( p &lt; .001) and larger increases in fatigue ( p &lt; .001) as a result of the running session. Our data suggest that either runners develop more positive responses to exercise as they mature or those young runners who experience running more negatively tend to drop out of running so that the remaining older participants continuing to run are those who experience exercise positively.

How do transtibial residual limbs adjust to intermittent incremental socket volume changes?

Strategies to maintain prosthesis users' daily limb volume are needed. Test how intermittent incremental socket volume adjustments affect limb fluid volume and limb-socket distance. Repeated measures. People with transtibial limb loss walked on an outdoor trail wearing a motor-driven adjustable socket that they adjusted a small amount, approximately 0.3% socket volume, every 2 min using a mobile phone app. Limb fluid volume and sensed distance between the socket and a target in their elastomeric liner were monitored. A gradual socket enlargement phase was followed by a gradual socket reduction phase. An incremental socket enlargement significantly increased limb fluid volume (p < 0.001) but not sensed distance (p = 0.063). An incremental socket reduction significantly decreased both limb fluid volume (p < 0.001) and sensed distance (p < 0.001). Participants' residual limb fluid volume increases during ambulation compensated for incremental socket volume increases. For incremental socket volume decreases, residual limb fluid volume decreases did not compensate and the socket fit became tighter. Results support the hypothesis that for people without co-morbidities, intermittent incremental socket volume enlargements are an effective accommodation strategy to increase limb fluid volume while maintaining socket fit. Intermittent incremental socket volume reductions decreased limb fluid volume but also made the socket fit tighter.

Comparison Of Affective, Perceptual, And Heart Rate Responses To Self-paced Treadmill Versus Trail Running

The biophilia hypothesis describes the innate tendency of humans to seek connections with nature and living systems. Therefore, exercise in nature may allow more positive affective responses (AR) compared to exercise indoors, which may affect preferred intensity and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise. PURPOSE: To compare AR, RPE, heart rate (HR), and exercise time between self-paced indoor treadmill running and outdoor trail running conditions. METHODS: Ten college-aged men and women were recruited for two self-paced exercise sessions performed in a random, counterbalanced order. The indoor exercise was performed on a treadmill in the laboratory without view of nature. The outdoor exercise was performed on a wooded trail, immersed in nature. For both sessions, the first 0.25 mi was a self-paced walking warm-up, the next 1.5 mi was self-paced running, and the last 0.25 mi was a self-paced walking cool-down. AR (Feeling Scale), RPE (Adult OMNI Walk/Run Scale), and HR (Mio Alpha) were measured at the middle and end of the 1.5 mi of running. AR, RPE, and HR were compared between sessions using mixed-model ANOVA. Total exercise time was compared between sessions using a paired-samples t-test. RESULTS: A significant main effect indicated higher average AR during trail running compared to the treadmill (2.4 ± 0.6 v 0.6 ± 0.6, p < 0.05). A significant interaction effect (p < 0.05) indicated AR increased during trail running (2.2 ± 0.5 to 2.6 ± 0.6) yet decreased during treadmill running (1.0 ± 0.5 to 0.3 ± 0.5). Although average RPE values were similar between conditions, a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05) indicated that RPE was stable during trail running (5.4 ± 1.2 to 5.3 ± 1.6) yet increased significantly during treadmill running (4.7 ± 1.3 to 6.2 ± 1.0). HR increased similarly during both exercise sessions, yet exercise time was significantly less for trail compared to treadmill running (17.8 ± 3.5 min v 22.1 ± 4.5 min). CONCLUSIONS: For indoor treadmill running, RPE increased with HR as expected, yet AR declined. Outdoor trail running, although with similar increasing HR, produced stable RPE and increased AR. These results indicate that self-paced running immersed in nature can have more positive effects on mood while providing the same physiological benefit as indoor treadmill running.

Biomechanical Adaptations and Performance Indicators in Short Trail Running.

Our aims were to measure anthropometric and oxygen uptake (O2) variables in the laboratory, to measure kinetic and stride characteristics during a trail running time trial, and then analyse the data for correlations with trail running performance. Runners (13 men, 4 women: mean age: 29 ± 5 years; stature: 179.5 ± 0.8 cm; body mass: 69.1 ± 7.4 kg) performed laboratory tests to determine O2 max, running economy (RE), and anthropometric characteristics. On a separate day they performed an outdoor trail running time trial (two 3.5 km laps, total climb: 486 m) while we collected kinetic and time data. Comparing lap 2 with lap 1 (19:40 ± 1:57 min vs. 21:08 ± 2:09 min, P < 0.001), runners lost most time on the uphill sections and least on technical downhills (-2.5 ± 9.1 s). Inter-individual performance varied most for the downhills (CV > 25%) and least on flat terrain (CV < 10%). Overall stride cycle and ground contact time (GCT) were shorter in downhill than uphill sections (0.64 ± 0.03 vs. 0.84 ± 0.09 s; 0.26 ± 0.03 vs. 0.46 ± 0.90 s, both P < 0.001). Force impulse was greatest on uphill (248 ± 46 vs. 175 ± 24 Ns, P < 0.001) and related to GCT (r = 0.904, P < 0.001). Peak force was greater during downhill than during uphill running (1106 ± 135 vs. 959 ± 104 N, P < 0.01). Performance was related to absolute and relative O2 max (P < 0.01), vertical uphill treadmill speed (P < 0.001) and fat percent (P < 0.01). Running uphill involved the greatest impulse per step due to longer GCT while downhill running generated the highest peak forces. O2 max, vertical running speed and fat percent are important predictors for trail running performance. Performance between runners varied the most on downhills throughout the course, while pacing resembled a reversed J pattern. Future studies should focus on longer competition distances to verify these findings and with application of measures of 3D kinematics.

Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: is it all about energetics?

Humans have evolved the ability to walk very efficiently. Further, humans prefer to walk at speeds that approximately minimize their metabolic energy expenditure per unit distance (i.e. gross cost of transport, COT). This has been found in a variety of population groups and other species. However, these studies were mostly performed on smooth, level ground or on treadmills. We hypothesized that the objective function for walking is more complex than only minimizing the COT. To test this idea, we compared the preferred speeds and the relationships between COT and speed for people walking on both a smooth, level floor and a rough, natural terrain trail. Rough terrain presumably introduces other factors, such as stability, to the objective function. Ten healthy men walked on both a straight, flat, smooth floor and an outdoor trail strewn with rocks and boulders. In both locations, subjects performed five to seven trials at different speeds relative to their preferred speed. The COT-speed relationships were similarly U-shaped for both surfaces, but the COT values on rough terrain were approximately 115% greater. On the smooth surface, the preferred speed (1.24±0.17 m s-1) was not found to be statistically different (P=0.09) than the speed that minimized COT (1.34±0.03 m s-1). On rough terrain, the preferred speed (1.07±0.05 m s-1) was significantly slower than the COT minimum speed (1.13±0.07 m s-1; P=0.02). Because near the optimum speed the COT function is very shallow, these changes in speed result in a small change in COT (0.5%). It appears that the objective function for speed preference when walking on rough terrain includes COT and additional factors such as stability.

Role of environmental interaction in interdisciplinary thinking: from knowledge resources perspectives

This article examined the role of environmental interaction in interdisciplinary thinking and the use of different knowledge resource types. The case study was conducted with two classes (N = 40) of 8th-grade students, ages 13 to 14. The outdoor trail aimed to help students synthesize history, geography, and science knowledge. Two groups’ discourse from each class was audio-­recorded and transcribed for content analysis. We coded the discourse to examine: (i) the use of different knowledge resource types (i.e., contextual resource, new conceptual resource, prior knowledge resource); (ii) the relationship among these knowledge resource types; and (iii) evidences of interdisciplinary thinking. Findings showed that contextual resources enhanced students’ capacity to develop new conceptual resources and to activate prior knowledge resources. Further, about 80% of students’ discourse demonstrated interdisciplinary connections of two subjects.

Calf Compression Sleeves Change Biomechanics but Not Performance and Physiological Responses in Trail Running.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether calf compression sleeves (CS) affects physiological and biomechanical parameters, exercise performance, and perceived sensations of muscle fatigue, pain and soreness during prolonged (~2 h 30 min) outdoor trail running.Methods: Fourteen healthy trained males took part in a randomized, cross-over study consisting in two identical 24-km trail running sessions (each including one bout of running at constant rate on moderately flat terrain, and one period of all-out running on hilly terrain) wearing either degressive CS (23 ± 2 mmHg) or control sleeves (CON, <4 mmHg). Running time, heart rate and muscle oxygenation of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (measured using portable near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored continuously. Muscle functional capabilities (power, stiffness) were determined using 20 s of maximal hopping before and after both sessions. Running biomechanics (kinematics, vertical and leg stiffness) were determined at 12 km·h−1 at the beginning, during, and at the end of both sessions. Exercise-induced Achilles tendon pain and delayed onset calf muscles soreness (DOMS) were assessed using visual analog scales.Results: Muscle oxygenation increased significantly in CS compared to CON at baseline and immediately after exercise (p < 0.05), without any difference in deoxygenation kinetics during the run, and without any significant change in run times. Wearing CS was associated with (i) higher aerial time and leg stiffness in running at constant rate, (ii) with lower ground contact time, higher leg stiffness, and higher vertical stiffness in all-out running, and (iii) with lower ground contact time in hopping. Significant DOMS were induced in both CS and CON (>6 on a 10-cm scale) with no difference between conditions. However, Achilles tendon pain was significantly lower after the trial in CS than CON (p < 0.05).Discussion: Calf compression did not modify muscle oxygenation during ~2 h 30 of trail running but significantly changed running biomechanics and lower limb muscle functional capabilities toward a more dynamic behavior compared to control session. However, wearing compression sleeves did not affect performance and exercise-induced DOMS, while it minimized Achilles tendon pain immediately after running.

Reproducibility of performance and fatigue in trail running

This study aimed to test the reproducibility of running performance, neuromuscular fatigue markers and indirect muscle damage indicators in a field-based trail time-trial. Running performance and changes in classical physiological parameters were analysed in 11 experienced trail runners before and in the days following four bouts of outdoor trail running (15.6 km), 7 days apart. Heart rate, running time and lactate concentration were monitored in each running bout. Maximal voluntary contraction torque, counter movement jump height, plasma creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness were assessed before and 1, 24 and 48 h post-race. Within-bout changes were elucidated using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Inter-repetition reproducibility was examined using an intraclass correlation coefficient (R) and the mean intra-subject coefficient of variation at each measurement time point. Running time was longer (p<0.05) for the first bout compared with the other three bouts. Magnitude and time course of changes in counter movement jump height, creatine kinase activity and muscle soreness were similar among all four bouts (overall peak means: -17%, +35% and 54/100mm respectively). The acute reduction in maximal voluntary contraction torque (peak mean: -17%) was attenuated exclusively in the fourth bout (p<0.05). The two middle bouts showed good reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation) for running time, maximal voluntary contraction torque and counter movement jump height, but low to moderate for creatine kinase activity, muscle soreness, blood lactate and rate of perceived exertion. A short outdoor trail run is a reliable model for investigations of fatigue and muscle damage, but certain methodological precautions should be respected.

The effects of acute exercise on oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle and blood of yearling and mature horses

s / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33 (2013) 321-399 324 molasses to encourage consumption. Analysis of urine for ergot alkaloids confirmed levels high enough to elicit toxicosis. Horses were exercised 5 d/wk and subjected to four SET (1/horse/wk), in the third and fourth wk of each period. Each SET consisted of a 10 min warm up in an indoor arena followed byan outdoor trail ride covering 4,875m at the jog (2.1 m/s) and extended trot (3.9 m/s) that required 30-31 min to complete. Variables measured before, during and after the SET included rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), packed cell volume (PCV), blood lactate (BL), percent weight carried (%C), sweat production (SP) and skin temperature (ST) at the poll (STP), exterior forearm (STF) and inner gaskin (STG). One and five min post exercise measurements were taken outdoors with remainingmeasurements recorded indoors at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90,120 min. A composite of ambient air temperature, humidity and solar radiation (WBGT), was recorded during the SET and recovery. A horse effect (p<.05) was observed for HR during the SETand recovery, and for RR and RTexcept near the end of recovery.Regression analysis showed no effect of speed at the jog or extended trot on HR during the SET. Therewas no effect of %C on HR during the SET, however %C had an effect on RR at 90 min and STP at 60 min post SET (p<.02). Horses on TRT had lower HR (p<.05) at 8 of 12 observation points during the SET. Treatment did not affect SP during the SETor HR at 1, 5 and 10 min post exercise. Ergot alkaloids consumption did not affect RR at any time point. Values for RT and ST at 90 min of recovery did not differ from resting values. During the SET, WBGT had no effect on HR, however it did effect resting RT (p<.01) and RR at 10, 30 and 60 min post SET (p<.02). Results of the current study indicate that ergot alkaloids may affect the horse’s ability to perform during outdoor exercise and recover during hot humid

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Memoryscape: How Audio Walks Can Deepen Our Sense of Place by Integrating Art, Oral History and Cultural Geography

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Memoryscape: How Audio Walks Can Deepen Our Sense of Place by Integrating Art, Oral History and Cultural Geography

Hiking In The Outdoors: A Biomechanical Comparison Of Setting And Trekking Pole Use

Previous research has shown that trekking poles redistribute some of the forces placed on the lower extremities when walking downhill, however this research has primarily been conducted in a laboratory setting. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the use of an indoor ramp in comparison to an outdoor slope while hiking with and without trekking poles. METHODS: Ten participants walked downhill over four conditions at a slope of 15 degrees (indoor ramp and outdoor trail, with and without poles). Video was recorded from a sagittal view (60Hz). EMG (1000 Hz) was collected from five muscles in the lower extremity and back. Repeated measures ANOVAs (2 x 2 design; 〈 = 0.05) and effect sizes (ES) were calculated. RESULTS: The kinematics demonstrated differences when walking downhill in different settings. Hikers remained more upright, walked with a greater knee flexion, and moved their COM further from their base of support (both forward and back) when outside, and while using poles. Specifically, a statistically significant interaction was noted between setting and pole use on stride length (p=.03); stride length was most similar inside and outside, but only with pole use (p=.03). The COM position relative to foot touchdown and takeoff demonstrated main effects for both setting and pole use (p=.03; p<.01, respectively). The knee angle ROM was greater outside, regardless of pole use (p<.01). The back muscles and quadriceps showed reduced activity with poles outside, though not statistically significant, possibly reflecting the more upright posture and the stability due to the poles. Effect sizes for pole use regardless of setting were moderate to strong for all muscles except the gastrocnemius, however only the vastus edialis showed statistically significantly less activity with pole use (p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Pole use was advantageous in most cases, both indoors and out. Caution is warranted when examining the kinematics and muscle activity of hiking in a lab setting, since the poles are used differently on a simulated hill compared to a trail.

Memoryscape: How Audio Walks Can Deepen Our Sense of Place by Integrating Art, Oral History and Cultural Geography

AbstractThis article is concerned with the history and practice of creating sound walks or ‘memoryscapes’: outdoor trails that use recorded sound and spoken memory played on a personal stereo or mobile media to experience places in new ways. In this relatively new and rapidly evolving field, the author brings together works from music, sound art, oral history and cultural geography as a starting point to understanding how such trails can give us a more sophisticated and nuanced experience of places. He suggests that this might offer some exciting opportunities for practice‐based multimedia research and teaching.

Learning on the Trail: A Content Analysis of a University Arboretum's Exemplary Interpretive, Science Signage System

Research Article| January 01 2007 Learning on the Trail: A Content Analysis of a University Arboretum's Exemplary Interpretive, Science Signage System James H. Wandersee, James H. Wandersee Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Renee M. Clary Renee M. Clary Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (2007) 69 (1): 16–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/4452076 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation James H. Wandersee, Renee M. Clary; Learning on the Trail: A Content Analysis of a University Arboretum's Exemplary Interpretive, Science Signage System. The American Biology Teacher 1 January 2007; 69 (1): 16–23. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4452076 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.