Outdoor Sporting Events Research Articles

A systematic review on oral rehydration beverages for treating exerciseassociated dehydrationPart II. The effectiveness of alternatives to carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks.

Dehydration associated with exertion is a commonly encountered condition in the first aid setting, particularly at outdoor sporting events. Part I of this back-to-back review demonstrated that commercial sports drinks can be suggested for effective restoration of fluid balance in dehydrated persons. This systematic review was undertaken to compare alternative liquids, such as milk, beer, and coconut water, with water for effective oral rehydration after prolonged exercise. Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase were searched for relevant literature in June 2022. Controlled experimental and observational studies involving adults and children were included when dehydration was induced by physical exercise and oral rehydration fluids were administered and compared with regular water. No additional food intake accompanied the rehydration drinks or water. Articles in all languages were included if an English abstract was available. The study design, study population, intervention, outcome measures, and study limitations were extracted from each included article. Out of 3485 records, 11 studies were included comparing skim or low-fat milk, coconut water, and beer (0-5% alcohol) with water. Four studies showed that drinking skim or low-fat milk, without additional food intake, led to a statistically significant improved volume/hydration status when compared with drinking water. In three trials, no significant differences were shown at multiple timepoints for outcomes related to volume and hydration status following rehydration with fresh coconut water compared with water. Lastly, there is insufficient evidence to recommend beer for rehydration (0-5% alcohol). Consuming skim or low-fat cow's milk without additional food as compared with water appears to improve volume/hydration status in persons with exercise-induced dehydration. However, evidence is of very low certainty and should be interpreted with caution.

The Coaching Principles Self - Study: Outdoor Sports Events Coach Experiences

This qualitative descriptive study deals with the coaching principles of outdoor sports events as the coaches’ experience. The study was conducted at the Physical Education and Health Sciences of Chongqing Normal University in China. The researcher utilized 10 coaches of outdoor sports including volleyball, tennis, track and field, and football coaches who were chosen using the purposive sampling. The study therefore recommends that: 1) Coaches should prioritize their own development by staying updated with the latest coaching techniques, sports science, and research. 2) Adopting a student-centered approach involves understanding the unique needs and abilities of each individual on the team. 3) Coaches should develop well-structured training plans and set clear, achievable goals for both the team and individual athletes. 4) Coaches should foster a positive and supportive environment where athletes feel encouraged to learn and grow. 5) Coaches must conduct risk assessments and develop risk management plans to ensure the safety and well-being of their team. 6) Building strong team unity and positive relationships among team members can lead to improved cooperation and performance. 7) Recognizing that athletes have different learning styles and needs, coaches should tailor their teaching methods to accommodate individual differences.

Case-Control Study on the Routes of Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 after the Third Pandemic Wave in Tuscany, Central Italy.

The emergence of hyper-transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants that rapidly became prevalent throughout the world in 2022 made it clear that extensive vaccination campaigns cannot represent the sole measure to stop COVID-19. However, the effectiveness of control and mitigation strategies, such as the closure of non-essential businesses and services, is debated. To assess the individual behaviours mostly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, a questionnaire-based case-control study was carried out in Tuscany, Central Italy, from May to October 2021. At the testing sites, individuals were invited to answer an online questionnaire after being notified regarding the test result. The questionnaire collected information about test result, general characteristics of the respondents, and behaviours and places attended in the week prior to the test/symptoms onset. We analysed 440 questionnaires. Behavioural differences between positive and negative subjects were assessed through logistic regression models, adjusting for a fixed set of confounders. A ridge regression model was also specified. Attending nightclubs, open-air bars or restaurants and crowded clubs, outdoor sporting events, crowded public transportation, and working in healthcare were associated with an increased infection risk. A negative association with infection, besides face mask use, was observed for attending open-air shows and sporting events in indoor spaces, visiting and hosting friends, attending courses in indoor spaces, performing sport activities (both indoor and outdoor), attending private parties, religious ceremonies, libraries, and indoor restaurants. These results might suggest that during the study period people maintained a particularly responsible and prudent approach when engaging in everyday activities to avoid spreading the virus.

A multiple-UAV architecture for autonomous media production

Cinematography with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is an emerging technology promising to revolutionize media production. On the one hand, manually controlled drones already provide advantages, such as flexible shot setup, opportunities for novel shot types and access to difficult-to-reach spaces and/or viewpoints. Moreover, little additional ground infrastructure is required. On the other hand, enhanced UAV cognitive autonomy would allow both easier cinematography planning (from the Director’s perspective) and safer execution of that plan during actual filming; while integrating multiple UAVs can additionally augment the cinematic potential. In this paper, a novel multiple-UAV software/hardware architecture for media production in outdoor settings is proposed. The architecture encompasses mission planning and control under safety constraints, enhanced cognitive autonomy through visual analysis, human-computer interfaces and communication infrastructure for platform scalability with Quality-of-Service provisions. Finally, the architecture is demonstrated via a relevant subjective study on the adequacy of UAV and camera parameters for different cinematography shot types, as well as with field experiments where multiple UAVs film outdoor sports events.

Developing a population data science approach to assess increased risk of COVID-19 associated with attending large events

IntroductionIn summer 2021, as rates of COVID-19 decreased and social restrictions were relaxed, live entertainment and sporting events were resumed. In order to inform policy on the safe re-introduction of spectator events, a number of test events were organised in Wales, ranging in setting, size and audience. ObjectivesTo design and test a method to assess whether test events were associated with an increase in risk of confirmed COVID-19, in order to inform policy. MethodsWe designed a cohort study with fixed follow-up time and measured relative risk of confirmed COVID-19 in those attending two large sporting events. First, we linked ticketing information to individual records on the Welsh Demographic Service (WDS), a register of all people living in Wales and registered with a GP, and identified NHS numbers for attendees. Where NHS numbers were not found we used combinations of other identifiers such as email, name, postcode and/or mobile number. We then linked attendees to routine SARS-CoV-2 test data to calculate positivity rates in people attending each event for the period one to fourteen days following the event. We selected a comparison cohort from WDS for each event, individually matched by age band, gender and locality of residence. As many people attended events in family groups we explored the possibility of also matching on household clusters within the comparison group. Risk ratios were then computed for the two events. ResultsWe successfully assigned NHS numbers to 91% and 84% of people attending the two events respectively. Other identifiers were available for the remainder. Only a small number of attendees (<10) had a record of confirmed COVID-19 following attendance at each event (14 day cumulative incidence: 36 and 26 per 100,000, respectively). There was no evidence of significantly increased risk of COVID-19 at either event. However, the event that didn't include pre-event testing in their mitigations, had a higher risk ratio (3.0 compared to 0.3). ConclusionsWe demonstrate the potential for using population data science methods to inform policy. We conclude that, at that point in the epidemic, and with the mitigations that were in place, attending large outdoor sporting events did not significantly increase risk of COVID-19. However, these analyses were carried out between epidemic waves when background incidence and testing rate was low, and need to be repeated during periods of greater transmission. Having a mechanism to identify attendees at events is necessary to calculate risk and feasibility and acceptability of data sharing should be considered.

Protocol for a prospective quasi-experimental study on SARS-CoV-2 transmission during outdoor sports events in France: the COVID-ESO project

IntroductionThe spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in the community remains a major concern despite the application of control measures including the banning of mass sporting events. The circulation of...

Developing a population data science approach to assess increased risk of COVID-19 associated with attending large events.

IntroductionIn summer 2021, as rates of COVID-19 decreased and social restrictions were relaxed, live entertainment and sporting events were resumed. In order to inform policy on the safe re-introduction of spectator events, a number of test events were organised in Wales, ranging in setting, size and audience.ObjectivesTo design and test a method to assess whether test events were associated with an increase in risk of confirmed COVID-19, in order to inform policy.MethodsWe designed a cohort study with fixed follow-up time and measured relative risk of confirmed COVID-19 in those attending two large sporting events. First, we linked ticketing information to individual records on the Welsh Demographic Service (WDS), a register of all people living in Wales and registered with a GP, and identified NHS numbers for attendees. Where NHS numbers were not found we used combinations of other identifiers such as email, name, postcode and/or mobile number. We then linked attendees to routine SARS-CoV-2 test data to calculate positivity rates in people attending each event for the period one to fourteen days following the event. We selected a comparison cohort from WDS for each event, individually matched by age band, gender and locality of residence. As many people attended events in family groups we explored the possibility of also matching on household clusters within the comparison group. Risk ratios were then computed for the two events.ResultsWe successfully assigned NHS numbers to 91% and 84% of people attending the two events respectively. Other identifiers were available for the remainder. Only a small number of attendees (<10) had a record of confirmed COVID-19 following attendance at each event (14 day cumulative incidence: 36 and 26 per 100,000, respectively). There was no evidence of significantly increased risk of COVID-19 at either event. However, the event that didn’t include pre-event testing in their mitigations, had a higher risk ratio (3.0 compared to 0.3).ConclusionsWe demonstrate the potential for using population data science methods to inform policy. We conclude that, at that point in the epidemic, and with the mitigations that were in place, attending large outdoor sporting events did not significantly increase risk of COVID-19. However, these analyses were carried out between epidemic waves when background incidence and testing rate was low, and need to be repeated during periods of greater transmission. Having a mechanism to identify attendees at events is necessary to calculate risk and feasibility and acceptability of data sharing should be considered.

The Conditionality of Outdoor Sports Events on Weather-Induced Impacts and Possible Solution

All over the globe, outdoor sports events are highly affected by weather conditions that frequently influence the comfort of the players and sports fans, the duration, or even the cancelation of the event. To verify the range of weather-induced impacts on selected Major League Baseball events, this interdisciplinary study investigated the causes of unexpected postponements of several Major League Baseball games in March and April 2018, according to official weather reports in the event host destinations. The impact was measured by a recurrent neural network with long short-term memory as an investigation model. Autocorrelation analysis was conducted between all input and target fields. The research focused on the explanation of the influence of weather risks on the event host destinations. Moreover, the study is based on projecting an effective instrument for managing weather risks and then evaluating the tourism services that the future climatic conditions will support. The long short-term memory analysis revealed that solar activity had the greatest influence on the temperature. On the other hand, humidity and air pressure depended very little on solar activity; this finding was confirmed by the zero values of the sensitivity. These values encourage further research on weather disturbances and their connections with outdoor sports and tourism activities.

Infection from Outdoor Sporting Events\u2014More Risk than We Think?

Competitive sports that involve extensive contact with mud are commonly held events and growing in popularity. However, the natural environment contributes to infection risks, and these events have been implicated in multiple infectious disease outbreaks. Soils and mud contain rich microbial communities and can include pathogens (including viruses, bacteria, and parasites), thereby offering risk of infection; there is also a risk of disease due to shedding, by participants, of pathogens directly into the environment. These disease risks are ubiquitous and are present in the most developed countries, as well as elsewhere. Prevention of the further spread of mud sport-related infections through secondary infections to non-participant community members is of critical importance. We recommend shifts in practice and policy, such as site condition monitoring, improved messaging with regards to infections risk, and implementation of pre- and post-event wash stations to reduce these risks.

Assessing the Ecological Impact of Ultramarathon Events in Protected Natural Sites: ‘Le Grand Raid Réunion’

Outdoor sport events evidently have an impact on the environment. If they are taking place in naturally protected areas this impact is even greater. By taking ’Le Grand Raid Réunion’, an international ultramarathon annually organized in the heart of an UNESCO World Natural Heritage site, as a case study, this paper concentrates on assessing the ecological impact of an outdoor sports event in a protected natural site. On the basis of datasets taken from official logistics lists and from a survey conducted among all event participants the analysis embraces ecological and carbon event footprinting. Measuring those two indicators allows identifying the specific event-related ecological impacts, including diverse variables caused by the athletes, the spectators, and the related organizational requirements. The results of the study thereby have the ability to strongly influence the future event policy and to function as a model for the assessment of the ecological impact of other outdoor sports events.

Microclimate Variation and Estimated Heat Stress of Runners in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Marathon

The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games will be held in July and August. As these are the hottest months in Tokyo, the risk of heat stress to athletes and spectators in outdoor sporting events is a serious concern. This study focuses on the marathon races, which are held outside for a prolonged time, and evaluates the potential heat stress of marathon runners using the COMFA (COMfort FormulA) Human Heat Balance (HBB) Model. The study applies a four-step procedure: (a) measure the thermal environment along the marathon course; (b) estimate heat stress on runners by applying COMFA; (c) identify locations where runners may be exposed to extreme heat stress; and (d) discuss measures to mitigate the heat stress on runners. On clear sunny days, the entire course is rated as ‘dangerous’ or ‘extremely dangerous’, and within the latter half of the course, there is a 10-km portion where values continuously exceed the extremely dangerous level. Findings illustrate which stretches have the highest need for mitigation measures, such as starting the race one hour earlier, allowing runners to run in the shade of buildings or making use of urban greenery including expanding the tree canopy.

Food Safety at Tailgating

While tailgating can be a great fun for family and friends, you need to make plans and take on-site precautions to keep your food safe during these events. Since refrigerators and running water are not always available for the events, you should familiarize yourself with the safe food handling practices for these outdoor events and plan ahead so you will be prepared with enough coolers/ice and all the tools you need to keep and cook your food safely. This 3-page fact sheet provides information on safe food practices for tailgating and other outdoor sporting events. Written by Soohyoun Ahn, Amarat H. Simonne, and Keith R. Schneider, and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, October 2014.&#x0D; FSHN14-10/FS256: Food Safety at Tailgating (ufl.edu)

Ear Raid

Ear Raid

Costs and Perseverance in Serious Leisure Careers

Few studies have explored the impacts of costs on serious leisure careers. This article presents a case study of amateur athletes encountering a significant cost—cancellation of the 2012 Ironman New Zealand triathlon—and how they persevered despite this cost. Through a phenomenological research design incorporating qualitative interviews with 14 amateur triathletes, grounded theory analysis revealed that despite encountering a significant cost, athletes remained committed to their serious leisure careers. Athletes acknowledged and accepted the inherent risk of cancellation associated with outdoor sports events. Their experiences stimulated deployment of cognitive and behavioral strategies aimed at rationalizing or mitigating risk. This article contributes three theoretical propositions regarding costs encountered by serious leisure amateurs, how they persevere around costs, and concomitant impacts on serious leisure career trajectories.

Disruption-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networking for Biomedical Monitoring in Outdoor Conditions

Off-the-shelf wireless sensing devices open up interesting perspectives for biomedical monitoring. Yet because of their limited processing and transmission capacities most applications considered to date imply either indoor real-time data streaming, or ambulatory data recording. In this paper we investigate the possibility of using disruption-tolerant wireless sensors to monitor the biomedical parameters of athletes during outdoor sports events. We focus on a scenario we believe to be a most challenging one: the ECG monitoring of runners during a marathon race, using off-the shelf sensing devices and a limited number of base stations deployed along the marathon route. Field experiments conducted during intra-campus sports events show that such a scenario is indeed viable, although special attention must be paid to supporting episodic, low-rate transmissions between sensors carried by runners and roadside base stations.

Lightning and Severe Thunderstorms in Event Management

There are a few national position stands/guidelines that address environmental conditions in athletics, yet they do not govern all outdoor sports. Extreme heat and cold, lightning, and severe wind can all be fatal, yet the majority of outdoor sports have no published guidelines addressing these conditions in relation to activity. Available research on extreme heat and cold conditions in athletics provides prevention strategies, to include acclimatization. Lightning and severe wind are two environmental conditions to which humans cannot accommodate, and they both can be deadly. There are strong positions on extreme heat/cold and lightning safety in athletics, but none affiliated with severe winds. Medical personnel involved in planning large outdoor sporting events must know of the presence of nationally published weather-related documents and apply them to their event. In addition, research needs to be expanded in the realm of establishing guidelines for safety to participants and spectators in severe wind conditions.

Lightning at "The Master's": An Evaluation of April Thunderstorms in and Near the Augusta National Golf Club

April lightning production in Richmond County, Georgia, from 1995 to 2003 is considered with regard to the associated risk to golfers and spectators at the Master's Golf Tournament and courses throughout the county. An examination of the April lightning climatology of Georgia, focusing on Richmond County, reveals a minimum in lightning activity during the time of the tournament (the first full week of April). A discriminant analysis of Richmond County lightning production utilizes several meteorological variables in order to discern between three categories of April lightning days: little or no lightning activity, minimal lightning activity, and high lightning activity. The analysis distinguishes relatively well between the categories with only 13.5% of the events misclassified. A composite regional analysis of the three lightning categories illustrates the environmental differences between these events. Although the little or no lightning and high lightning categories are somewhat similar environmentally, the intensity of features separates these events and allows for interpretation. The statistical and synoptic analyses together emphasize the importance of low-level instability and frontal proximity and intensity in enhancing lightning production in thunderstorms during April in and surrounding Richmond County. A multitude of meteorological conditions can lead to thunderstorm development. Localized studies of these environments, especially during times of major outdoor sporting events, are needed to help mitigate the risk associated with lightning.

Implementation issues impacting system designer utilization of wireless technologies

Wireless technologies provide the missing link for automating a wide spectrum of applications which previously were not computerized due to constraints of their environment. For example, remote flight line support, outdoor sporting events, and one-time events such as conferences, all could be well served through computer aided support and resources. However, the costs associated with, even solely, the physical labor required to lay conventional cabling for such an event is prohibitive. Weatherproofing and time constraints also come into play; but before wireless technologies can become ubiquitous, many implementation issues must be addressed. This paper provides an overview of these issues and the current trends.

Predictive climatology for the Olympic Marathon and race walking events in Barcelona 1992

During 1990 in New York and again in Barcelona in the following year, the International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA) initiated studies to monitor climatological conditions accompanying several endurance outdoor sports events in different locations. The aim was to identify the changing thermal stress on both a competitor and exposed spectator along the course of any major endurance racing event around the world where there were climatological conditions similar to Barcelona during the 1992 Olympic Games. In this way any combination of type of surroundings, time of day climatological conditions, etc., along an event's course found to present a thermal stress to either an athlete or spectator might be avoided by better scheduling, better routing, increasing the number of aid stations along a route, and other precautions. To evaluate a single measure of the climatological conditions surrounding an event, a monitor with three thermometers was used to obtain the wet bulb global temperature value, which is an index of the risk of heat injury. The present article is an historical review of how this work was started and expanded. Data obtained in New York and Barcelona enabled the President of IMMDA to present, in October 1991, a report to the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission on the possibility of determining daily throughout the period of the Olympic Games the level of thermal stress on both competitors and spectators during long‐lasting events. The events contributing these data were the New York City Triathlon and the Hispanic Half Marathon held in New York City in 1990 and the Race Walking Spanish Championships (20 km), the IAAF Mobil Grand Prix Finals, and the XIV Marathon Catalunya, all held in Barcelona, Spain, in 1991.

Biographical dictionary of American sports. Outdoor sports

Preface Auto Racing Communications Media and Promotions Golf Horse Racing Lacrosse Miscellaneous Sports Skiing Soccer Speed Skating Tennis Track and Field Appendix 1: Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds Appendix 2: Alphapetical Listing of Entries with Sport Appendix 3: Entries by Major Outdoor Sport Appendix 4: Entries by Place of Birth Appendix 5: Women Athletes by Sport Appendix 6: Cross-references for Married Women Athletes Appendix 7: Major U.S. Sports Halls of Fame Appendix 8: Sports Associations, Organizations, and/or Leagues in Outdoor Sports Volume Appendix 9: Major Outdoor Sporting Events Appendix 10: Sites of Olympic Games Appendix 11: Periodicals Covering Outdoor Sports Volume Index