Outdoor Bars Research Articles

Understanding perceptions of unfamiliar drinks using natural language in simulated drinking contexts

How do people make sense of new foods and beverages? Hop water is a recent example of a novel beverage category, advertised as either an alcohol-free, zero-calorie beer alternative or a more “natural” alternative to flavored seltzers. This study aimed to understand what individual or contextual factors may cause consumers to perceive hop water as more beer-like or more seltzer-like. Participants (43 regular seltzer-drinkers, 41 regular beer-drinkers, 45 people who regularly drink beer and seltzer, and 68 people who do not regularly drink either) tasted three commercially-available hop waters in one of three drinking contexts (apartment garden, outdoor bar, or office breakroom) simulated using 360° video projection. A series of open-ended questions elicited descriptions of product perception, similar products, and potential drivers of (dis)liking.Parallel to this, we analyzed descriptions of typical beers, seltzers, and other drink categories from 518 online survey responses with Correspondence Analysis to define a Beverage Category Space. This allowed us to calculate beer-likeness and seltzer-likeness scores for common vocabulary words. The descriptions given during immersive tasting were projected into the Beverage Category Space as supplemental variables to determine their beer-likeness and seltzer-likeness. In the bar, participants more often compared the drinks to beer, while in the breakroom, participants focused more on carbonation. Regular beer-drinkers described the products as less beer-like than regular seltzer-drinkers. These findings suggest that consumers tasting unfamiliar products may assimilate expectations cued by eating or drinking context, but experience contrast effects from expectations based on similar familiar products.

Mehr als nur ein Pop-Up-Phänomen? Veränderte Wahrnehmungen des öffentlichen Raums durch die Errichtung von Freischankflächen im Zuge der Umnutzung urbaner Flächen während der Corona-Pandemie am Beispiel Münchens

This article deals with the change in the perception of public spaces due to the Corona pandemic. The focus is on the conversion of urban spaces through the construction of outdoor bar areas, a current and so far neglected issue from a scientific perspective. Against the background of the conceptual embedding of the concepts of public space and curb side dining areas (or synonymously: “Schanigärten”), the dealing with the latter in the study area of Munich is explained. In the context of the current situation in Munich, the influence of curb side dining areas on the perception of public space is first analysed by means of an explorative survey. The result of a conjoint analysis shows, among other things, a positive correlation between the presence of curb side dining areas and the perception of respective computer-simulated street scenes (with all possible combinations of the presence or absence of curb side dining areas, trees and parking spaces). In addition, a regression analysis is used to analyse the extent to which individual socio-demographic aspects (e.g., age, gender) and aspects of attitude (e.g., toward the conversion of urban parking lots) and behaviour (car use) influence perception. In a further step, specific street scenes are assessed using recent photographs from Munich in order to measure different aspects of perception as well. The evaluation of a semantic differential shows that street sections with “Schanigärten” are consistently perceived more positively (e.g. more interesting, safer, more inviting) than those without. Finally, and in the light of the Corona pandemic, the development of the “Schanigärten” in Munich is explained from an expert’s perspective, before the article concludes with a summary and an outlook.

Bar Atmospherics and Smoking: A Qualitative Analysis of New Zealand Young Adult Smokers.

Smoking among young adults is often associated with social contexts and alcohol use. Although many countries, including New Zealand, have prohibited smoking inside licensed premises, outdoor areas have enabled smoking and alcohol co-use to persist. We examined whether and how outdoor bar areas facilitate and normalize young adult smoking and explored potential policy implications. We conducted in-depth interviews with 22 young adults who had recently smoked in a New Zealand bar or nightclub and investigated how physical design attributes (atmospherics) influenced experiences of smoking in outside bar settings. We used qualitative description to identify recurring accounts of the outdoor bar environment and thematic analysis to explore how participants experienced the bar in relation to smoking. Participants valued outdoor smoking areas that were comfortable and relaxing, and saw attributes such as seating, tables, heating, protection from inclement weather, and minimal crowding, as important. We identified four themes; these explained how participants used smoking to gain respite and make social connections, showed how bar settings enabled them to manage smoking's stigma, and identified potential policy measures that would decouple smoking and alcohol co-use. Evidence bar environments facilitate and normalize smoking among young adults questions whether smokefree policies should be expanded to include all bar areas. Introducing more comprehensive smokefree outdoor policies could reduce the influence of design attributes that foster smoking while also reframing smoking as outside normal social practice. Bar environments contain many stimuli that cue and reinforce smoking and integrate smoking into social experiences. Expanding smokefree bar settings to include outdoor areas would reduce exposure to these stimuli, decrease opportunities for casual smoking, help maintain young people's smokefree status, and support longer-term goals of sustained reductions in smoking prevalence.

Outdoor smoking in Nigeria: prevalence, correlates and predictors

BackgroundThere is a lack of data on smoking in outdoor-open bars in Nigeria that may translate into effective legislation on public smoking.MethodThis study determined the prevalence, demographic and clinical correlates as well as predictors of smoking among a community sample of 1119 patrons of open place bars in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data on current smoking was obtained using the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), while smoking intensity was calculated using the Pack-Year. Prevalence of alcohol use was determined using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), while depression was diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry Interview (MINI). Analysis was carried out by SPSS version 20.0 software using Chi square statistics, t test and ANOVA, and was set at 95% confidence interval.ResultsPrevalence of current smoking was 63.8% and the mean pack years of smoking of all respondents was 19.38 ± 17.16 years. Predictors of outdoor smoking were depression OR = 1.41, 95% CI (1.09–1.83) and alcohol use OR = 2.12, 95% CI (1.44–3.13).Predictors of high pack years were depression OR = 1.47, 95% CI (1.08–2.01), being married, OR = 1.78, 95% CI (1.29–2.45), high income, OR = 1.95, 95% CI (1.42–2.68) and alcohol use OR = 2.82, 95% CI (1.51–5.27). There was no significant relationship between stage of readiness to quit smoking and mean pack years of smoking, F = 0.3, p = 0.5.ConclusionThe high prevalence of outdoor smoking in the sample calls for urgent public health initiatives for intervention. Thus, outdoor bars are potential tobacco use intervention sites to minimize the health consequences of smoking.

Assessment of the alcohol consumption among outdoor bar drinkers in Nigeria by qualitative methods

BackgroundThere are indications that drinking in outdoor bars, such as at motor-parks, by the roadsides or street corners have become popular in Nigeria.MethodThree sets of qualitative assessments were carried out from three outdoor bars, randomly selected from 22 of such in Ibadan, Nigeria. The main sources of data were by direct observation and focus group discussion (FGD), conducted by a non-probabilistic sample of outdoor bar drinkers, alcohol vendors and from community members. The qualitative assessments were recorded, followed by a thematic analysis of the contents of the qualitative assessments.ResultsWidespread use of alcohol was reported. Patrons of outdoor bars reported that their context of drinking was pleasurable to them. Use of local beverages usually called ‘sepe’ is increasing. The majority of them do not have adequate health information about the harmful consequences of alcohol. Alcohol and other substances of abuse were openly displayed, sold and consumed at the study sites. There were poor law provision and enforcement of laws prohibiting open display of alcohol and other substances.ConclusionA high proportion of social drinkers in outdoor bars require intervention for their drinking behaviour. This is important because they have little or no information about the health hazards associated with excessive drinking. Presentation of these findings should contribute to increased awareness and improved response from the policy makers.

New Zealand policy experts’ appraisal of interventions to reduce smoking in young adults: a qualitative investigation

ObjectivesReducing smoking in young adults, particularly young Māori and Pacific, is vital for reducing tobacco harm and health inequalities in New Zealand (NZ). We investigated how NZ policy experts appraised...

Measuring visual exposure to smoking behaviours: a viewshed analysis of smoking at outdoor bars and cafés across a capital city’s downtown area

BackgroundThe influence of visual exposure to health-related behaviours, such as smoking, is increasingly acknowledged in the public health literature. Social contagion or normalisation is thought to operate through the visibility of those behaviours. There has been a lack of systematic and comprehensive approaches to quantifying visual exposure to these behaviours over a relatively large geographic area. We describe the novel application of a geographic tool, viewshed analysis, to estimate visual exposure to smoking outside bars/cafés across a downtown area.MethodsSmoking was observed for different times and days of the week at 14 outdoor areas of bars/cafés throughout downtown Wellington, New Zealand. We used these data to extrapolate to other bars/cafés with outdoor seating. We then conducted viewshed analyses to estimate visual exposure to smoking at bars/cafés for all public outdoor spaces.ResultsWe observed a smoking point prevalence of 16%. Visibility analyses indicated that estimated visible smoking was highest in the evenings (7-8 pm), where the average values across Wednesday and Friday ranged from zero up to 92 visible smokers (mean = 1.44). Estimated visible smoking at midday ranged from zero to 13 (mean = 0.27). Values were also higher at the end of the week compared with midweek in the evening. Maps indicate that streets with high levels of retail shops and hospitality areas had high values of estimated visible smokers, particularly in the evening where numbers were consistently above 50.ConclusionsThis paper highlights a useful method for measuring the extent of visual exposure to smoking behaviours across relatively large areas using a geospatial approach. Applying this method in other locations would require consideration of place-specific characteristics which impact on visibility and could be improved through more sophisticated extrapolation of observational data across the study area. The findings of this and similar research could ultimately support the expansion of smokefree public spaces.

Assessment of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Outdoor Bars and Family Restaurants in Athens, Georgia, Using Salivary Cotinine

Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in outdoor settings is a growing public health concern due to recent indoor smoking bans. The objective of this study was to measure salivary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, in subjects aged 21–30 exposed to SHS outside bars and restaurants in Athens, Georgia. Nonsmokers participated during 6-hr periods in outdoor standing or seating areas of bars and restaurants where indoor smoking was banned, as well as a control outdoor location with no smokers over six weekends during the summer and early fall of 2007. Pre- and post-exposure saliva samples (N = 25 person-days at the bar site, N = 28 person-days at the restaurant site, and N = 11 person-days at the control) were collected and analyzed for cotinine. The mean change in the response, (ln(post) - ln(pre)) salivary cotinine levels, was significantly impacted by the type of site (bar, restaurant, control) (F = 5.09; d.f. = 2, 6.7; p = 0.0455). The median percent increase in salivary cotinine from pre-test to post-test was estimated to be 162%, 102%, and 16% at the bar, restaurant, and control sites, respectively, values that were significant increases at bars (t = 4.63; d.f. = 9.24; p = 0.0011) and restaurants (t = 4.33; d.f. = 4.47; p = 0.0097) but not at the control sites. On average, these pre-test to post-test increases in salivary cotinine were significantly higher at bar sites than control sites (t = 3.05; d.f. = 9.85; p = 0.0176) and at restaurant sites compared with control sites (t = 2.35; d.f. = 5.09; p = 0.0461). Nonsmokers outside restaurants and bars in Athens, Georgia, have significantly elevated salivary cotinine levels indicative of secondhand smoke exposure.

An Interview with Sandra Cisneros

AN INTERVIEW WITH SANDRA CISNEROS SANDRA CISNEROS Sandra Cisneros, former recipient of a prestigious MacArthur grant, is the author of a number of books, including the novella The House on Mango Street, the short-story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories and the poetry collections My Wicked Wicked Ways and Loose Woman. Her first novel, Caramelo, will be published by Knopf in October. Gayle Elliott is assistant professor of English/Creative Writing and coordinator of Women's Studies at Stephens College. Her short fiction and literary criticism have appeared in Writer's Forum, The International Guide to the Short Story in English and The Journal ofModern Literature, among others. She is currently editing a book of interviews with fiction writers for the Society for the Study of the Short Story. 96 · The Missouri Review Sandra Cisneros An Interview with Sandra Cisneros/Gayle Elliott Interviewer: What is your definition of a short story? Cisneros: I don't know what the definition of a short story is, and I don't even care to answer that question. That's something somebody in academia would think about. Ijust want to tell a story, and ifpeople listen , and if it stays with you, it's a story. For me, a story's a story if people want to hear it; it's very much based on oral storytelling. And for me, a story is a story when people give me the privilege of listening when Tm speaking it out loud, whether Tm reading it in a banquet hall for a convention and it's the waitresses and busboys who are looking up from their jobs, or whether it's across an ice house table (ice house is an outdoor bar here in San Antonio), or whether it's a group of my girlfriends when we're having soup. Its power is that it makes people shut up and listen, and not many things make people shut up and listen these days. They remember it, and it stays with them without their having to take notes. They wind up retelling it, and it affects their lives, and they'll never look at something the same way again. It changes the way they think, in other words. Interviewer: What about a story makes it memorable? Cisneros: Well, it's obviously meeting some need that you have in your life. It's memorable because it makes you either laugh or cry. If a story's really good, it does both. Sometimes it's not the story's fault if it doesn't stay with you, because you're too old or too young for it. I feel that, in the Native American sense, the story cycles; there are different times of your life that a story may come to you. You don't remember it, and then you hear it again or read it again later in your life, and because of what's happened in your life it's distinct from the first time you heard it. The story speaks to you then. We may say, "Oh, that story didn't do anything for me," instead of saying, "Tm not ready for that story." We The Missouri Review · 97 blame the author or the story itself; but I really think that you have to hear a good story at the right time in your life. Interviewer: And then it will resonate. Cisneros: Yes, because it was a story that was necessary to you. Interviewer: Do you classify yourself in a particular way: minimalist, magical realist, postmodernist? It would seem to me that you classify yourself maybe more as a storyteller. Cisneros: I don't classify myself as any of those things because I don't know what that means, and I don't have to know. It's not my job to be classifying my stories. Interviewer: What was the process by which you came to understand what your particular gift or stamp would be? Cisneros: You learn things in spirals, you know, and I learned it when I was in graduate school. I've written and talked a lot about that— when we were in seminar, and I was so intimidated when we were...